1、中英思维及语言的差异1主体思维主体思维 VS客体思维客体思维2综合性思维综合性思维 VS 分析性思分析性思维维3形象思维形象思维 VS 具体思维具体思维Content主体思维主体思维 VS客体思维客体思维差异差异中国中国：“天人合一”、“万物戒备于我”、“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然”、“尽其心者，知其性也，知其性，则知天矣”、“仁”“、礼”主体思维主体思维。英语国家英语国家：“主客二分客体思维客体思维。”一、主客体思维差异在语言中的反映一、主客体思维差异在语言中的反映人称人称 vs 物称物称主题主题 vs 主语主语主动主动 vs 被动被动动态动态 vs 静态静态中国中国：人是观察外界事物
2、和分析问题的中心。因此，句子常以人或有生命的名词作主语，而且主语可省略。英语国家英语国家：自然是认识世界的焦点。句子常用无生命、抽象的名词作主语，而少用人作主语。主语通常不能省略。1、人称（、人称（personal）vs 物称（物称（impersonal）1.His management of the hotel is successful.他把这家旅馆管理得很出色。2.Your letter reached me yesterday.昨天我收到了你的来信。3.Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。Examp
3、les1.Not a sound reached our ears.2.The operation gave him back the use of his legs.3.His first appearance on stage was at the age of three.Exercises3.His first appearance on stage was at the age of three.4.A ten minutes walk brought us to the hotel.汉语汉语：句子结构中，主语并不是必要的成分。无主语的句子比比皆是。这些句子是主题句，结构为：主题+述
4、题。主题并非句子的主语而是说明的对象，通常置于句首，述题位于其后，对主题进行评论、说明、解释。英语英语：主语具有重要的位置，是一句话要说明的对象。主语+谓语。主语通常不能省略。2、主题（、主题（topic）vs 主语（主语（subject）活到老，学到老。One is never too old to learn.3.只要用功读书，就能提高成绩。If one studies hard enough,one will improve the grades.2.If you confer a benefit,never remember it;If you receive one,remember
5、 it always.施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。5.The gate is closed at 11 at night.晚上11点关大门。4.夏天很难保存食物。It is very difficult to preserve food in summer.Example and exercises汉语汉语：人作为动作和意识的发出者通常在句中作主语，因此，句子的语态自然多为主动态。英语英语：自然或无生命的事物常作为句子的主语，因此，英语常用被动态。科技文尤其如此。3、主动（、主动（Active）vs 被动（被动（Passive）The meeting was called off.会议取消了。2.It
6、 has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.长期以来，大家知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最主要的。Examples使用中文里的被动表达：被、让、给、叫、挨、受、遭、由、为所。Everyone was moved by his spirit.2.译成无主句。Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.3.增添逻辑主语
7、。All metals are found not to conduct electricity equally well.4.转换成“是的”句型。History is made by the people.英译汉策略英译汉策略Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.注意看看信的地址是否写对了。2.Voices were heard calling for help.有人听见呼救的声音。Exercises3.The lights are usually turned off at 10:30.通常10:
8、30关灯。4.The difficulties have been overcome,the work has been finished and the problem solved.困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。汉语汉语：多用动词。动词语法广泛，可以充当句子的主语、谓语、宾 语、定语、状语、补语等成分。存在大量的连动式和兼语式。英语英语：名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词及介词都可以表达动作。4、动态（、动态（Dynamic）vs 静态（静态（Static)连动式连动式兼语式兼语式解放军打起背包出发了。我给她起了个名字叫小芳。The computer is a far more car
9、eful and industrious inspector than human beings.计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。2.He insisted on meeting her at the airport.他坚持要去机场接她。Examples3.“and that the government of the people,by the people,and for the people shall not perish from the earth.”民有，民治，民享的政府将不会从地球上消失。He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡。2
10、.Fords first pledge was,“Mr.President,you have my support and my loyalty.福特一开始就保证说：“总统先生，我支持您并效忠于您”。Exercises3.有人给他撑腰。He has someone behind him.4.这条铁路正在修建中。The railway is under construction.5.他们是否接受那份合同现在还说不准。Their acceptance of the contract is still doubtful.6.Its my responsibility to lock the door
11、.我负责锁门。Exercises7.这个建筑物称为福特厅，以纪念一位名叫詹姆斯。福特的人。The building was named Ford Hall in memory of a man called James Ford.4.Speakers called for the downfall of imperialism,abolition of exploitation of man by man,liberation of the oppressed of the world.发言人呼吁打倒帝国主义、消灭人剥削人的制度，解放世界上被压迫的人民。综合性思维综合性思维 VS分析性思维分析
12、性思维差异差异 综合性思维：倾向于把一个物体或事件的各个分散的部分合为一个整体，而分析性思维则倾向于把一个整体分成细小的部分。“东方重综合，西方中分析。东方重综合，西方中分析。”Difference汉语：重意合（注重语义的汉语：重意合（注重语义的自然连接。句子结构不强调自然连接。句子结构不强调成分的衔接，无明显语法关成分的衔接，无明显语法关系）；系）；语义逻辑和时间顺序；语义逻辑和时间顺序；形散而神不散。形散而神不散。英语：重形合英语：重形合（词形变化明（词形变化明显，语法系统严谨，句子形显，语法系统严谨，句子形式严格受到语法制约）；式严格受到语法制约）；常用显性连接（关系代词、常用显性连接（
13、关系代词、关系副词、连词等）关系副词、连词等）形合：形合：语句各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语或各种语言连接手段，以表示其结构关系。英语意合意合：句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合多依靠语义的贯通，少用连接语，所以句法结构形式短小精悍。汉语1、形合（、形合（Hypotaxis）vs 意合意合（Parataxis)If winter comes,can spring be far behind？冬天来了，春天还会远吗？2.Modesty helps one go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Examples3
14、.物极必反。Once a certain limit is reached,a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.汉语：汉语：连词数量少且不常用；语义连接。短句英语英语：使用大量显性连接手段，使句子中的各成分和句子间联系成一个整体。长句长句2、短句、短句 vs 长句长句Example The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the i
15、nformation media.因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。Still others are afraid to say no to their childrens endless requests for toys for fear that their children will feel unloved or will be ridiculed if they dont have the same plaything their friends have.还有一些家长，不愿拒绝孩子没完没了买玩具的要求，生怕孩子觉
16、得父母不爱他们，或唯恐孩子因为没有其他小朋友一样的玩具而遭到嘲笑。Exercises2.While I was waiting to enter university,I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.在等待上大学期间，我在一份地方报纸上看到一则广告，说的是距离我的住处大约十英里的伦敦某郊区，有所学校要招聘一名教师。汉语：汉语：事实或描写在前，结论在后，由事实到结论，重心在后后重心后重
17、心英语英语：判断或结论在前，而事实或描写在后，及句子重心在前前重心前重心3、后重心、后重心 vs 前重心前重心You will never amount to anything if you spend your time like that.你要是老这样消磨时间，你将一事无成。Example and exercisesThe stands were still filled with about 20,000 people,even though the final race had ended an hour earlier.尽管赛跑决赛在一个小时之前就已经结束了，但看台上仍然坐满了观众，
18、有2万人左右。My mind went numb when I saw the gun pointing against the car window as we pulled out of the gate.我刚要把车开出车库，就看见一只手枪顶住了车窗的玻璃，顿时我的脑子便麻木了。小桥流水人家，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下夕阳西下枯藤老树昏鸦，枯藤老树昏鸦，断肠人在天涯。断肠人在天涯。形象思维形象思维 VS抽象思维抽象思维差异差异中国中国：“尚象（象：可观可感的形象）”、“托物言志”、“寓情于物”、“观物取象、立象尽意、设象喻理、取象比类”；意象联想想像。形象思维形象思维。英语国家英语国家：“名词优势”；“尚思”，偏重抽象思维；逻辑认证：概念判断推理。抽象思抽象思维维。”龙争虎斗生米煮成熟饭揭竿而起鲸吞蚕食画饼充饥Examples种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆1.He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation.他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。Examples2.She wondered whether her outspokenness might be a liability to Franklin.她怀疑自己那么心直口快，是否会成为弗兰克林的包袱。
