1、2022-12-19何家弘法律英语课件第二课何家弘法律英语课件第何家弘法律英语课件第二课二课何家弘法律英语课件第二课If there were no bad people,there would be no good lawyers.Charles Dickens,British novelist倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。律师。英国小说家英国小说家 狄更斯狄更斯 CC何家弘法律英语课件第二课Background 律师律师法官法官检查官检查官法学教师法学教师法律职法律职业业变换频繁变换频繁 Harlan Fiske Stone何家弘法律英语课件第二课何
2、家弘法律英语课件第二课Part 1 The BarBar法庭中将公众与法官、律师法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板隔板。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。美国律师协美国律师协会会何家弘法律英语课件第二课何家弘法律英语课件第二课律师律师美国美国LawyerAttorneyAttorney at-lawCounselerCounseler at-law英国英国Barrister诉讼律师诉讼律师大律师，出庭律师大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师非诉律师诉状律师，事务律诉状律师，事务律师师何家弘法律英语课件第二课The r
3、egulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states,each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice.对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的各州都有自己的允许律师执业允许律师执业的条件。的条件。何家弘法律英语课件第二课Most require three years of college and a law degree.Each state administers its ow
4、n written examination to applicants for its bar.三年大学三年大学法律学位法律学位书面考试书面考试何家弘法律英语课件第二课Almost all states,however,make use of the Multistate Bar Exam,a day-long multi-choice test,to which the states adds a day-long essay examination emphasizing its own law.各州律师联考各州律师联考州综合问答题州综合问答题何家弘法律英语课件第二课 The Multis
5、tate Bar Examination(MBE)is a six-hour,two-hundred question multiple-choice examination covering contracts,torts,constitutional law,criminal law,evidence,and real property.何家弘法律英语课件第二课A substantial fraction of all applicants succeed on the first try,and many of those who fail pass on a later attempt
6、.通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第二次考试的人很少。二次考试的人很少。何家弘法律英语课件第二课In all,over forty thousand persons succeed in passing these examinations to the bar in their respective states.每年各州有每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。万多人通过律师考试。No apprenticeship is required either before or after admission.在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有
7、学徒经历。学徒经历。何家弘法律英语课件第二课The rules for admission to practice before the federal courts vary with the courts,在在联邦法院执业联邦法院执业的要求各州不同。的要求各州不同。but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts upon compliance with minor formalities.在在州最高法院
8、州最高法院执业的人办理了一些执业的人办理了一些无关无关紧要的手续紧要的手续后可以在后可以在联邦法院联邦法院执业。执业。何家弘法律英语课件第二课A lawyers practice is usually confined to a single community for,although a lawyer may travel to represent clients,one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted.律师通常在一个地区执业律师通常在一个地区执业可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务可以代表
9、当事人到其他州办理事务只能在获准开业的州从业只能在获准开业的州从业何家弘法律英语课件第二课 It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions.在其他管辖区保留在其他管辖区保留当地律师的身份当地律师的身份是一是一种种惯例惯例。有些州曾把有些州曾把“本州居民本州居民”规定为申请律规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在19851985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民并不必须是美国公民
10、。何家弘法律英语课件第二课One who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time,often five years.如果一个人如果一个人已经执业已经执业5 5年以上年以上，那，那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，通常通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考不用再参加该州的律师资格考试试就可以就可以获准执业获准执业。何家弘法律英语课件第二课A
11、 lawyer may not only practice law,but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens.从事律师业务从事律师业务参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动何家弘法律英语课件第二课It is not uncommon for practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients,to engage in business,and to participate act
12、ively in public affairs.在公司的董事会任职在公司的董事会任职从事商业活动从事商业活动积极参与公共事务积极参与公共事务何家弘法律英语课件第二课A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge,an employee of the government or of a private business concern,or a law teacher,any may return to private practice from these other activities.律师在成为律师在成为
13、法官法官、受雇于政府受雇于政府或或私营私营企业企业或者成为或者成为法律教师法律教师以后，还以后，还保留保留着律师的身份着律师的身份。他们可以放弃其他活。他们可以放弃其他活动，回来再做律师。动，回来再做律师。何家弘法律英语课件第二课 A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry.有有很少数量很少数量的律师为了从事工商业活的律师为了从事工商业活动而动而放弃放弃律师业务。律师业务。何家弘法律英语课件第二课The mob
14、ility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidence by the career of Harlan Fiske Stone who was,at various times,a successful New York lawyer,a professor and dean of the Columbia School of Law,Attorney General of the United States,and Chief Justice of the United States.
15、律师律师教授教授院长院长总检总检察长察长首席大首席大法官法官何家弘法律英语课件第二课Harlan Fiske Stone1872-1946Distinguished jurist Harlan Fiske Stone was born on October 11,1872 in Chesterfield,New Hampshire.著名法理学家著名法理学家何家弘法律英语课件第二课 After graduating from Amherst College in 1894,he continued on to Columbia University from which he received
16、his law degree in 1898.The next year he was admitted to the New York bar.加入纽约律师协会加入纽约律师协会何家弘法律英语课件第二课In 1910 Stone became the dean of the Columbia Law School.In 1924 he was appointed by President Coolidge to be Attorney General.哥伦比亚大学法学院院长哥伦比亚大学法学院院长司法部长（总检察长）司法部长（总检察长）何家弘法律英语课件第二课In 1925 he was nom
17、inated to the Supreme Court.While on the Court,Stone was a strong supporter of President Roosevelts New Deal legislation.Roosevelt appointed Stone Chief Justice in 1941.Stone died in 1946 at the age of 73.最高法院法官最高法院法官罗斯福新政罗斯福新政最高法院首席大法官最高法院首席大法官何家弘法律英语课件第二课These is no formal division among lawyers a
18、ccording to function.美国没有律师职业的划分。美国没有律师职业的划分。英国：英国：Barristers：出庭律出庭律师师、大律师、诉讼律师、大律师、诉讼律师Solicitors：诉状律师诉状律师、小律师、非诉律师小律师、非诉律师 何家弘法律英语课件第二课there is no branch of profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court,nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of legal instru
19、ments.美国：美国：出庭代理诉讼出庭代理诉讼准备法律文书准备法律文书attorney何家弘法律英语课件第二课 The American lawyers domain includes advocacy,counseling,and drafting.Furthermore,within the sphere broadly defined as the“practice of law”the domain is exclusive and is not open to others.代理诉讼，出庭辩护；代理诉讼，出庭辩护；咨询服务；咨询服务；起草文书；起草文书；律师实务律师实务何家弘法律英
20、语课件第二课 In the field of advocacy,the rules are fairly clear:any individual may represent himself or herself in court but,with the exception of a few inferior courts,only a lawyer may represent another in court.出庭辩护：出庭辩护：当事人本人当事人本人代理律师代理律师何家弘法律英语课件第二课The lines of demarcation are less clear in the area
21、s of counseling and drafting of legal instruments,as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the field of federal income taxation.咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不明确。明确。就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划分不清。分不清。何家弘法律英语课件第二课 However,the strict approach of most American cour
22、ts is indicated by a decision of New Yorks highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York,even though the advice is limited to the law of foreign country where the lawyer is admitted.纽约最高法院纽约最高法院
23、规定，在外国而不是在纽约取规定，在外国而不是在纽约取得执业资格的律师，得执业资格的律师，不得给纽约的当事人提不得给纽约的当事人提供法律咨询供法律咨询，即使咨询在该律师允许执业的，即使咨询在该律师允许执业的国家是被允许的，美国大多数法院都采取了国家是被允许的，美国大多数法院都采取了这一严格的措施这一严格的措施。何家弘法律英语课件第二课A foreign lawyer may A foreign lawyer may be be admitted to the baradmitted to the bar of one of of one of states and may,even withou
24、t states and may,even without being admitted,being admitted,advise an advise an American lawyerAmerican lawyer as a as a consultant on foreign lawconsultant on foreign law.外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会接接纳为会员纳为会员，甚至在没有被接纳的情况，甚至在没有被接纳的情况下，下，作为外国法律顾问作为外国法律顾问向美国律师咨向美国律师咨询询。何家弘法律英语课件第二课Part 2 Lawyers in
25、 private practice独立开业的律师独立开业的律师Among these fifteen lawyers in practice,nine,a clear majority,are single practitioners.在独立开业的律师中，大多数在独立开业的律师中，大多数（9/15）是）是单独开业者单独开业者。何家弘法律英语课件第二课The remaining six practice in law firms,which are generally organized as partnerships.剩下的剩下的6个人组成律师事务所，一般采用个人组成律师事务所，一般采用合伙制
26、。合伙制。Four or five of these six are partners and the others are associates,a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer.6个人中有个人中有4、5个是合伙人个是合伙人；其他其他1、2个是合作者，他们受雇于律师事务所或个是合作者，他们受雇于律师事务所或其他律师，领取工资。其他律师，领取工资。何家弘法律英语课件第二课This trend toward group practice is relatively recent orig
27、in.合伙开业合伙开业何家弘法律英语课件第二课Throughout most of nineteenth century,law practice was general rather than specialized,its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counseling and drafting,and the prototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner.律师业务是一般化的，而不是专业化的律师业务是一般化的，而不是专业化的主要业务是出庭辩护，而不是提供咨询
28、和起主要业务是出庭辩护，而不是提供咨询和起草文书草文书美国律师的原型是单独开业者。美国律师的原型是单独开业者。何家弘法律英语课件第二课 Marked specialization began in the later part of that century in the large cities near the financial centers.the work of the lawyer accommodated itself to the needs of clients for expert counseling and drafting to prevent as well as
29、 to settle disputes.19世纪后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出世纪后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出现了显著的现了显著的律师专业化律师专业化。律师为客户提供律师为客户提供专业咨询和起草文书专业咨询和起草文书，以防止和解决争议。以防止和解决争议。何家弘法律英语课件第二课The best lawyers were attracted to this work 最好的律师最好的律师被吸引来做这些事。被吸引来做这些事。leadership of the bar gravitated to persons who rarely if ever appeared in courts and
30、 who were sought after as advisors,planners,and negotiators.律师界的领导人物多为那些律师界的领导人物多为那些极少出庭极少出庭即即使确曾出庭的话使确曾出庭的话的人，和那些作为的人，和那些作为顾问、顾问、计划者和谈判者计划者和谈判者而深受欢迎的人。而深受欢迎的人。何家弘法律英语课件第二课 Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients business problems and to participate at
31、all steps in shaping of their policies.目前律师们都认为一直目前律师们都认为一直了解客户的商务了解客户的商务问题问题，并，并参与商业决策形成的每一个步参与商业决策形成的每一个步骤骤是是理想的活动理想的活动。何家弘法律英语课件第二课Part 3 House Counsel 受雇于某公司而非独立开业的律师受雇于某公司而非独立开业的律师Out of every twenty lawyers,two are employed by private business concerns,such as industrial corporations,insurance
32、 companies,and banks,usually as house or corporate counsel in the concerns legal department.20个律师中有个律师中有2个受雇于个受雇于私人企业私人企业，如工业，如工业公司、金融公司、银行。公司、金融公司、银行。专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问何家弘法律英语课件第二课 the growth of corporationsthe complexity of businessthe multitude of problem posed by government regulationfir
33、ms to have in their employ persons with legal training非常了解企业的非常了解企业的特殊问题和条件特殊问题和条件何家弘法律英语课件第二课The general counsel(总法律顾问总法律顾问)An officer of the companyServe on important policy making committeesServe on the board of directors.公司管理人员公司管理人员重要决策委员会重要决策委员会董事会董事会何家弘法律英语课件第二课House counselremain members of
34、the bar 保留律师协会会员身份保留律师协会会员身份entitled to appear in court有资格出庭进行诉讼有资格出庭进行诉讼何家弘法律英语课件第二课House counselHowever,it is the house counsels skill as advisor rather than as an advocate that is a valued asset.专职律师的专长是专职律师的专长是法律顾问法律顾问而不是而不是辩护律师辩护律师，这是个珍贵的财富。，这是个珍贵的财富。何家弘法律英语课件第二课Constantly in touch with the emp
35、loyers problem,house counsel is ideally situated to practice preventive law and may also be called upon to advise the company on its broader obligation to the public and the nation.专职律师一直接触雇主的问题，他们专职律师一直接触雇主的问题，他们理当致力于理当致力于预防性的法律预防性的法律，并应该建，并应该建议公司为公共事务和国家承担议公司为公共事务和国家承担更多的更多的义务义务。何家弘法律英语课件第二课Part 4
36、 Lawyers in Government Two out of twenty lawyers are now employees of the federal,city,county,and municipal governments,exclusive of judiciary.20个律师中有个律师中有2个个受雇于联邦、都市、受雇于联邦、都市、县和地方政府，这中间还县和地方政府，这中间还不包括法官不包括法官。何家弘法律英语课件第二课Many of those entering public service are recent law graduates 许多加入公共服务的是许多加入公共
37、服务的是刚毕业的法学大学生刚毕业的法学大学生。who find government salaries sufficiently attractive at this stage of their careers 政府政府薪水薪水有足够的吸引力有足够的吸引力seek the training that such service may offer as a prelude to private practice.锻炼自己，作为锻炼自己，作为私人开业的前奏私人开业的前奏何家弘法律英语课件第二课 Limitation on top salaries discourage some from con
38、tinuing with the government.最高薪水的限制最高薪水的限制使一些人不再为政使一些人不再为政府工作。府工作。何家弘法律英语课件第二课The majority serves by appointment in legal departments of a variety of federal and state agencies and local entities.大多数的政府律师在大多数的政府律师在联邦、州政府联邦、州政府和和地方机构地方机构的的法律部门法律部门任职。任职。何家弘法律英语课件第二课The United States Department of Just
39、ice alone employs more than two thousand,and the Law Department of the City of New York more than four hundred.美国司法部美国司法部2000多人多人纽约司法局纽约司法局400多人多人何家弘法律英语课件第二课Others are engaged as public prosecutors.Federal prosecutors,the United States attorneys and their assistants,are appointed by the President a
40、nd are subordinate to the Attorney General of the United States.其他政府律师是其他政府律师是检查官检查官。联邦检查官、联邦检查官、美国政府律师美国政府律师和和助理检查官助理检查官由由总统总统任任命，受命于美国命，受命于美国总检察长（司法部总检察长（司法部长）。长）。何家弘法律英语课件第二课Attorney General总检察长，总检察长，司法部长司法部长John Ashcroft 约翰约翰阿什克里夫特阿什克里夫特何家弘法律英语课件第二课 The Attorney General,as head of the Department
41、 of Justice and chief law enforcement officer of the Federal Government,represents the United States in legal matters generally and gives advice and opinions to the President and to the heads of the executive departments of the Government when so requested.The Attorney General appears in person to r
42、epresent the Government before the U.S.Supreme Court in cases of exceptional gravity or importance.何家弘法律英语课件第二课States prosecutors,sometimes known as district attorneys,are commonly elected by each county and are not under the control of the state attorney general.州检查官州检查官，又叫，又叫地区检查官，地区检查官，一般由一般由其所在县
43、的公民选举产生，不受其所在县的公民选举产生，不受州司州司法局长法局长的控制。的控制。何家弘法律英语课件第二课Lawyers in government are directly engaged in legal work政府律师直接从事法律工作。政府律师直接从事法律工作。law training is infrequently sought as preparation for general government service.因为一般政府服务因为一般政府服务很少很少要求事先进要求事先进行法律培训。行法律培训。何家弘法律英语课件第二课A small but important minori
44、ty an exceptionthose who have been appointed to high executive positions those who have been elected to political office.例外：例外：被任命担任高级行政职务被任命担任高级行政职务，被选举担任政治性官职的人。被选举担任政治性官职的人。何家弘法律英语课件第二课Lawyers have made up roughly half of the Congress of the United States and of the state government.美国美国国会国会和和地方政
45、府地方政府中有大约一半中有大约一半的人是律师。的人是律师。何家弘法律英语课件第二课Chief Justice StoneHarlan Fiske Stone1872-1946“No tradition of our profession is more cherished by lawyers than that of its leadership in public affairs.”在我们的职业传统中，没在我们的职业传统中，没有一个像其担任有一个像其担任公共事务公共事务领导的传统那样受到律师领导的传统那样受到律师们的钟爱。们的钟爱。何家弘法律英语课件第二课Legal ProfessionM
46、ultistate Bar Exam federal courtsboards of directorsJudgeAttorney GeneralChief Justice重点专业词汇重点专业词汇何家弘法律英语课件第二课BarristersSolicitorsAttorneypractice of lawLawyers in private practicesingle practitionerhouse Counselcorporate counsel何家弘法律英语课件第二课The United States Department of Justicepublic prosecutorsFederal prosecutorsdistrict attorneysCongress of the United States2022-12-19何家弘法律英语课件第二课
