1、1英汉互译教程英汉互译教程 -英汉语言对比英汉语言对比Contentl教学目的：教学目的：旨在让学生了解英汉词汇,语言结构以及思维方式方面的差异。l教学内容：教学内容：1.英汉词汇对比 2.英汉语言结构对比 1)重形合重意合 2)前重心后重心 3)主体与客体 3.英汉思维方式对比 对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。吕叔湘 You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages.Engels Sino-Tibetan family 汉藏语系 ideographic charact
2、er 表意文字 Indo-European family 印欧语系 orthographic spelling 表音文字 汉语英语英汉词汇对比 1)equivalents 2)partial equivalents 3)no equivalents 4)polysemy 5)culture英汉词汇对比1)equivalents microwave supermarket right-wing keyboard nuclear weapons chain reactions cold war open secret The U.S.State Department The Pacific Oce
3、an2)partial equivalentswear gunmarriagepresidentunclefrycut 穿、戴 枪、炮 嫁、娶 总统/校长/主席/长官 叔/伯伯/姑父/舅/姨夫 煎/炒/炸/煸/炝 割/切/剪/修 山 门 大学 笑 叫 看 hill/mountain gate/door college/university laugh/smile call/shout/cry see/look/peer/peep glance/glimpse/stare /gaze/glare/gape 走 生气 英勇/临危不惧 walk/stroll/saunter/trudge/plod/
4、toddle/stride/march/trot/strut/wobble/amble irate/angry/enraged/indignant/wrathful/infuriated/incensed brave/bold/courageous/valorous/valiant 3)no equivalents DINK DINK(Double Income No Kid)有双份收入而没有小孩的夫妇 couch potato 整日呆在沙发上看电视的人 hacker 计算机迷 黑客 气功 功夫 粽子 磕头(kowtow)阴阳八卦 太极 雨水 三九 4)polysemy A young man
5、 came to Scottis with a story.一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。Her story is one of the saddest.她的遭遇最惨。Hell be happy if that story holds up.如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。Its quite another story now.现在情形完全不同了。The war is becoming the most important story of this generation.这场战争已成为这一代人的最重大事件。The official refused to confirm the stor
6、y.那个官员拒绝证实这个消息。Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.有些那次会议没有到场的记者把内情揭露出来。The record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May.自从五月份创造了这个纪录以来，人们一直认为它是很容易被打破的。Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug.大麻通常被看作是软性（毒性较轻的）麻醉毒品。At this stage there is only sof
7、t intelligence about the enemy intention.We should not shoot him from the hip.在目前，关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事。Dont be so soft,theres nothing to be afraid of.别这么窝囊,没什么可怕的嘛.上班 上课 上场 上演 上阵 上台 上任 go to work;attend class;appear on the stage/court;perform;go into battle;come to power;take up an official po
8、st 上当 上火 上瘾 be taken in;get angry;be addicted 表该上了。The watch needs winding.这事已上了电视。It has been publicized on TV.一连上了好几盘菜。Several courses were served in succession.5)culture as close/dumb as an oyster(牡蛎）守口如瓶 west wind as busy as a bee,as firm/hard as a rock as white as snow,as cold as ice as strong
9、as a horse,as bright as daylight as blind as a bat as silly as a goose/as ass as swift as an antelope as stubborn as a mule as clear as crystal,as cunning as a fox as easy as ABC/pie,as brave as a lion as light as feather/air,as tough as leather as mute as a fish,as soft as silk/butter as timid as a
10、 hare as slippery as an eel英汉语言结构对比 1.重形合重意合 2.前重心后重心 3.主体与客体1.重形合重意合 英语重形合(hypotaxis)以形显意 句子逻辑关系靠关联词等显性连接手段来直接标示 句子结构比较严谨但缺少弹性 一串葡萄 汉语重意合(parataxis)以意役形 句子各成分之间靠隐形连贯来间接显示，不用或少用关联词，句子结构比较松散但富有弹性。竹竿型(1)His children were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.他的几个孩子都穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，没爹没娘似的。(2)Im
11、glad you showed up when you did.你来的正是时候。(3)I cant trust him,because he is not honest.他不老实，我不能信任他。跑得了和尚,跑不了庙.The monks may run away,but never his temple.上梁不正下梁歪。If the upper beam is not straight,the lower ones will go aslant.你死了，我就做和尚。（红楼梦）If you are dead,I will be a monk.重形合的英语的显著特点是介词丰富 重意合的汉语是动词丰富
12、 Party officials worked long hours on meager food,in cold caves,by dim lamps.党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。小辣椒见是书记，一愣，松开手，跟着就瘫了下来，滚地皮，大哭大闹。Dumbfounded at seeing the secretary,Little Pepper relaxed her hands,then collapsed,rolling on the ground with cries and screams.有些语言学家用植物来作比，把英语句子有些语言学家用植物来作
13、比，把英语句子的结构称为的结构称为“葡萄型葡萄型”结构，意为在短短结构，意为在短短的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋，节外生枝，汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋，节外生枝，而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延伸，因而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延伸，因此被称为此被称为“竹竿型竹竿型”结构。结构。基本方法：基本方法：英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构，形英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构，形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义；式，才能确定句子的功能、意义；汉译英时，往往要先分析句子的功能、意汉译英时，往往要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式义
14、，才能确定句子的结构、形式 例：翻译的形合和意合It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth,and some of them their lives,before the leaves turned again in a peace time fall.那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，对于那些在和平时期的秋天树叶再度转黄之前将要失去青春、有的要失去生命的人们是一个动人的送别。那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，动人的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到站后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天
15、再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的失去了生命。2.前重心后重心汉语:前重心 left-extending heavy-headed 狮子型语言 英语:后重心 right-extending heavy-tailed 孔雀型语言Chinese:left-extending,heavy-headed like a lion 树 一棵树 一棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 花园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 李家花园一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 同里镇李家花园一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 English:right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacockThis is the cat.This
16、 is the cat that killed the rat.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt（麦芽）.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack.(1)生活中既有悲剧,文学作品就可以写悲剧.Tragedies can
17、 be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.(先果后因)(2)小国人民敢于起来斗争,敢于拿起武器,掌握自己国家的命运,就一定能够战胜大国的侵略.The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country,if only they dare to rise in struggle,dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own c
18、ountry.(先“断言”后“条件”)3.主体与客体主体与客体 英语常选择不能施行动作或无生命事物的词语作主语。英语重物称 被动语态 汉语注重思维的主体性，因此常常用人称词作主语 汉语重人称 主动语态 The thought of seeing her filled him with fear.他一想到要见她，就感到万分恐惧。A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilive in.奥格尔维进门时带进来一缕雪茄烟雾。他突然感到不寒而栗。A chill of horror suddenly swept over him.我经历了种种不幸。Misfortunes a
19、ccompanied me.她突然有个好想法。A good idea struck her.被动语态与主动语态(1)It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.长期以来，大家知道心脏与肝脏的关系是最主要的。(2)New computers viruses and logic bombs are discovered every week.每个星期，我们都能发现新的计算机病毒和“逻辑炸弹”。(3)地球上早期的火是大自然而不是人类引燃的.Ea
20、rly fires on the earth were caused by nature,not by man.(4)他出现在台上,群众报以热烈的掌声.He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.英汉民族思维方式对比 1.抽象思维 VS 形象思维 2.直线思维 VS 曲线思维 3.整体思维 VS 解析思维 4.直觉经验 VS 逻辑思维1、抽象与具体 (1)I talked to him with brutal frankness.S1：我用近乎冷酷的直率和他谈了话。S2：我以近乎残忍的坦诚跟他谈了话。参考译
21、文：我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言 (2)The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments.S1：信息的缺失表明发展很顺利。S2：信息的缺乏是发展充分的表现。参考译文：没有消息即表明有令人满意的进展。抽象与具体（textbook)disintegration 土崩瓦解 perfect harmony 水乳交融 lack of perseverance 三天打鱼，两天晒网 画饼充饥 feed on illusion 他这一阵子心里如十五只吊桶打水-七上八下，就是安静不下来。His mind is
22、in turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight.(喝酒来个)瓶底朝天 gulp down a whole bottle 如坐针毡 sit on thorns 纸包不住火 Truth will come to light sooner or later.2.聚集与流散 Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part,thus creating a new gen
23、eration of portable minicomputers.S1：目前，电脑组成部分之一的集成电路已经被缩小了好几倍，因而创造出了新一代的便携式微型电脑。S2：经过多次的综合线路的简化，在体积上使电脑已经成为一个整体，因此新一代便携的迷你电脑已经问世。Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part,thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers.原句的主干是circ
24、uit has reduced the size，其他部分均是对基本成分的修饰。原句由连词(which)、介词(of)、分词(creating)连接，十分紧凑。而S1 的译文首先理解有误，由于受到by many times 的干扰，理解为“集成电路已经被缩小了好几倍”；S2 的译文很难懂，将“the integrated circuit”误解为“综合线路的简化”，导致前半句理解错误。参考译文：现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的袖珍式微型计算机。3.物称与人称 由于没有深刻地意识到汉语以主体为主，英语以客体为主的思维习惯，在翻译过程中，译文表达不太自然。
25、(1)The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps。S1：厚厚的地毯掩去了我的脚步声。S2：厚厚的地毯使我的脚步声变轻了。参考译文：我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。(2)必须调整高等院校的专业设置，改进教学方法。S1：We should arrange the major offered in the institution of high learning,to reform our teaching way.S2：We must adjust the arrangement of specialty and improve the
26、 teaching method in high school.参考译文：Specialties in colleges and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved。在汉译英中，虽然学生补上了原句主语“我们”(we)，以人做主语，但我们知道英语在表达政策、法规、规定时倾向于以物做主语。可见，学生还没有培养起在物称和人称间相互转换的意识。4.直觉经验与形式逻辑 由于英民族注重形式逻辑，其句式结构呈主从扣接式，而汉民族不太重形式逻辑，因而汉语的句式结构呈流散铺排式。在翻译中如果译者忽视了这种思维差异而造成的句式
27、特点，那么得到的译文很可能会是英译句支离破碎，汉译句冗长板结。学得有趣，效率就会高；学得很苦，效率就低。Learn with fun,efficiency will high,learn very drudgingly,efficiency will low.既不合英语词法，也不符合英语句法。正确的译文应该是 Learning is more efficient when it is fun,less efficient when it is drudgery.汉民族的主体性思维方式，只强调主观感受，将理性功能和交流目的融于直觉，而忽视了对客观现实进行符合逻辑的形式表现，以致在翻译中体现不出语
28、态的变化，而造成误译。They were beaten,refused anything to read.这里如果忽视了语态，就很容易误译成：“他们受到毒打，拒绝阅读任何书籍。其实句中的“refused”是表示被动的过去分词，应译为“不准”。5.语序的安排语序的安排 由于思维方式的差异，英汉两种语言在语序安排上多有不同。汉语汉语句子语序以逻辑为序，往往先因后果，先假设后推论，先叙事后表态，先说以前发生的事，再说最近发生的事，空间上，一般是从上到下，从大到小，由远及近，从大范围到小范围。谈问题由重要意义到次要意义，由程度强者到程度弱者，由一般到具体的顺序排列。而英语英语可以借助它的形态和丰富的关
29、联词语，按意思和结构的需要，灵活安排，且英民族在叙事时往往先说最近发生的事，再说以前发生的事。Mike did not remember his grandmother who died of cancer when he was three years old.迈克三岁时祖母死于癌症，所以不记得她。I was unhappy when I heard the bad news.听到那个坏消息，我很不高兴。exercises 另一方面，必须用上述材料进行广泛宣传，使人们认识到，自然保护区是保护自然及文化遗产的基本单位，它们是在人类进步里程中长期斗争中形成的，对经济建设有着重要的作用。On th
30、e other hand,it is necessary to carry on the extensive publicity,enabling the public to know that the protected areas are the basic unit of the management of the natural and cultural heritages which are formed in the struggle process against the nature by human beings and will play an important role
31、 in the economic construction.为保护海洋环境，促进海洋经济发展，必须提高对海洋环境监测的认识，增加投入，加强“热点”海域的监测，减少海洋的损失，加强海洋生物监测，避免潜伏的海洋灾害发生。In order to promote the development of sustainable marine economy and conserve marine environment,we should pay great attention to reinforcing awareness of marine environmental monitoring,incr
32、easing investment and strengthening the monitoring in hot spots as well as biological monitoring to avoid marine calamity.饭菜虽然简单，但别有一番风味，屋外一团漆黑，穿过松林的风发出如火车的轰鸣声，我们在摇曳不定的煤油灯下豪情与老人干杯。When we enjoyed the simple but tasty food and drank cheerful toasts with the old man under the flickering oil-lamp,darkness reigned the outside world where the wind was thundering through the pinewood like a train.
