1、 HypertensionDepartment of Cardiology,Jinan Central Hospital 定义定义(Definition)是以体循环动脉压升高为主要表现的临床综合征是以体循环动脉压升高为主要表现的临床综合征(It It is a clinical symptom in which high of systemic arterial pressure is major)是最常见的心血管疾病(是最常见的心血管疾病(the most common cardiovascular disease)分类分类(Classification)Classification)原发性
2、高血压原发性高血压(primary hypertension)病因不明,占高血压的病因不明,占高血压的95%95%继发性高血压(继发性高血压(secondary hypertension)病因明确,占高血压的病因明确,占高血压的5%5%Diagnosis 收缩压收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)140 mmHg and/or 舒张压舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)90 mmHg分类(Classification)(成人18岁)收缩压(mmHg)舒张压(mmHg)理想血压(Ideal blood pressure)120 and 8
3、0正常(Normal)130 and 85正常高限(Normal limit)130139 and/or 8589高血压(hypertension)1级(轻度)(light)140159 and/or 9099 亚组(临界高血压)borderline hypertensive 140149 9094 2级(中度)(midrange)160179 and/or 100109 3级(重度)(Severe )180 and/or 110单纯收缩期高血压(Isolated systolic hypertension)140 and 90 亚组(临界)(subset)140149 and 90分类(Cl
4、assification)(成人18岁)收缩压(mmHg)舒张压(mmHg)正常血压(Normal)120 and 80正常高值(Normal limit)120139 and/or 8089高血压(140 90 1级(轻度高血压)(light)140159 and/or 9099 2级(中度高血压)(midrange)160179 and/or 100109 3级(重度高血压)(Severe )180 and/or 110单纯收缩期高血压 140 and (low latitudes)低纬度,(high altitude)高海拔 (low elevation)低海拔4.Seasonal di
5、fferences(季节差异)。winter冬季summer夏季5.relations of the eating habits(与饮食习惯有关)。特别是盐(salt)、饱和脂肪酸(fatty acids)、酒精(alcohol)的摄入量l6.the positive correlation with economic and cultural development level(与经济文化发展水平成正相关)l7.the positive correlation with obesity and mental stress,the negative correlation with the l
6、evel of physical activity(与人群肥胖程度和精神压力呈正相关,与体力活动水平呈负相关)l8.There is a certain genetic basis.Immediate family members are obviously related to blood pressure.People of different races and ethnic groups have a certain blood pressure difference(有一定的遗传基础。直系亲属血压有明显相关。不同种族和民族之间血压有一定的群体差异)Severe status of h
7、ypertension in China(我国高血压病的严峻现状)高高高 低 低 低误区 误区 误区 “三高”患病率(prevalence)高致残率(disability)高 我国600万脑卒中 150万/年死亡率(mortality)高 1998年我国居民死因 城市居民 脑血管病第二位 农村居民 脑血管病第一位“三低”知晓率低 1991年 30省市 95万人知晓率(%)awareness 城市(city)36.3%农村(rural)13.7%服药率低 1991年 30省市 95万人服药率(%)treated 城市(city)17.4%农村(rural)5.4%控制率低 血压控制在 140/9
8、0mmHgcontrolled 城市(city)4.2%农村(rural)0.9%“三个误区”不愿服药 降压鞋 降压表 降压草不难受不服药 无症状不服药 血压正常就乱停药不按医嘱服药 按广告服药2 3%16%2%9%Hypertensive patients who are treated but uncontrolledHypertensive patientswho are treated and controlledHypertensive patients who are unawarePatients who are awarebut remain untreatedand unco
9、ntrolled The Challenge 22%of Canadian adults 18 to 70 years of age have hypertension19%42%病因病因 Etiology 遗传遗传+后天环境因素后天环境因素 Genetic and Environmental factors 发病机制发病机制pathogenesis MBP=COPR 1.Sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity 2.Defect in natriuresis 3.Renin-angiotensin system 4.Intracellular sodi
10、um and calcium 5.Insulin resistance 病理病理 Pathology 高血压高血压(Hypertention)(Hypertention)持续进展持续进展动脉粥样硬化动脉粥样硬化(artherosclerosis)(中大动脉(中大动脉(large-midst artery)为主为主)血管重构血管重构(vascular remodeling)狭窄狭窄 (小动脉小动脉(arteriole)为主)为主)靶器官缺血及功能损害靶器官缺血及功能损害 (target organ ischemic and functional lesion)Left ventricular h
11、ypertrophy Coronary atherosclerosis Cerabral hemorrhageIschemic cerebral infarction 正常眼底正常眼底(normal fundus)桔红色(reddish yellow),视盘(optic papilla)边界清 楚,可见黄斑(puncta luteum).动/静脉血管比为2:3 动脉细红色反光条纹Artery reflective thin red stripe 动脉变细动脉变细(artery thinning)-银丝动脉银丝动脉silver wire artery动静脉交叉异常动静脉交叉异常 (arterio
12、venous crossing anomalism)视网膜出血视网膜出血 (retinal hemorrhage)VI 级级 视乳视乳头水肿头水肿 渗渗出出 出 血出 血视乳头水肿视乳头水肿 渗出渗出 出血出血 Clinical findings Symptoms Signs Dizziness BP Headache a loud aortic second sound Fatigue an early systolic ejection click Palpitation malignant hypertension DBP 130mmHg Headache Blurred vision
13、Subhyaloid hemorrhage、exudation optic disc edema Proteinuria、hematuria、cylinderuria Complications Hypertensive crisis Hypertensive encephalopathy Cerebrovascular disease Congestive heart failure Chronic renal failure Dissection of aorta 高血压危险度分层 血压(mmHg)I级 II级 III级 SBP/140159 160179 180 DBP 9099 100
14、109 110其它危险因素和病史其它危险因素和病史无其它危险因素 低危 中危 高危12个危险因素 中危 中危 极高危 3个危险因素 高危 高危 极高危 或靶器官损害 或糖尿病有并发症 极高危 极高危 极高危typical 10 year risk of stroke or myocardial infarction:low risk 30%routine laboratory tests 尿液分析(尿液分析(Urinalysis)全血细胞记数(全血细胞记数(Complete blood count)血生化(血生化(Blood chemistry):血糖血糖(blood sugar)、血、血脂脂
15、(blood fat;)、电解质、电解质(electrolytes)、肾功能肾功能(renal function)、血尿酸、血尿酸(blood uric acid)ECG(12-lead electrocardiogram)LVHPlain Film RadiographyOptional Laboratory Tests Examination of ocular fundus Ambulatory BP Monitoring(ABPM)Echocardiography and IMT Heart rate variabllity ABPM哪些病人需要?哪些病人需要?白大衣高血压白大衣高血压
16、(white coat hypertension)white coat hypertension)了解血压昼夜规律了解血压昼夜规律(To understand the law of blood pressure of the day and night)指导降压治疗和评价药物疗效指导降压治疗和评价药物疗效(Guiding treatment and evaluating efficacy of drug)诊断发作性高血压及低血压诊断发作性高血压及低血压(Diagnosing hypertension-attacking and low blood pressure)高血压正常上限标准高血压正常
17、上限标准 2424小时平均血压小时平均血压(MBP)值值130/80 130/80 mm Hgmm Hg 白昼均值白昼均值 135/85 mm Hg135/85 mm Hg,夜间夜间 125/75 mm Hg125/75 mm Hg 夜间血压均值比白昼低夜间血压均值比白昼低10%10%(否则为昼夜节律消失)(否则为昼夜节律消失)Diagnosis 正确测量血压正确测量血压 +排除继发性高血压排除继发性高血压 (Correcting to measure blood pressure and ruling out the possibility of secondary hypertension
18、)Treatment改善生活方式1992年美国心脏健康会议“维多利亚宣言”低盐饮食(low salt diet)控制体重(control body weight)适当运动(proper exercise)戒烟限酒(NO smoking and alcohol)心理平衡(psychologic equilibrium)降压药种类利尿剂利尿剂 (diuretics)受体阻滞剂受体阻滞剂 (beta blockers)钙拮抗剂钙拮抗剂(CCB)血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)血管紧张素血管紧张素受体阻滞剂(受体阻滞剂(ARB)其它其它降压药利尿剂(diuretics)药物(m
19、edicine):吲哒帕胺(indapamide)(寿比山 钠催离)噻嗪类(双氢克尿噻(DHCT)副作用 低钾,血糖、血尿酸、血胆固醇(有关病慎用)保钾类(螺内酯、氨苯蝶啶)副作用 高血钾,不宜与ACEI合用,肾功不全禁合用 袢类(呋塞米(furosemide))快速利尿剂用于(utendus):轻中度高血压,尤其老年或并心衰时降压药受体阻滞剂受体阻滞剂(beta blockers)种类:非1选择性 普萘洛尔(心得安)(naphtalin)(variety)1选择性 美托洛尔(倍他乐克)(metoprolol)阿替洛尔(氨酰心胺)(atenolol)比索洛尔(康可)(bisoprolol)及受
20、体阻止剂 拉贝洛尔(labetalol)、卡维地洛(carvedilol)副作用:心动过缓(bradycardia),乏力(acratia),(side reaction)四肢发冷 (Coldness of extremities)用于:主要用于轻中度高血压,尤其静息下心率快(80bpm)的中(use)青年患者或合并心绞痛者降压药钙拮抗剂(CCB)种类:二氢吡啶类(Fluazifop)阻断血管平滑肌钙通道(variety)短效:硝苯地平(nifedipine)尼群地平(nitrendipine)长效:氨氯地平(amlodipine )(络活喜)非洛地平(felodipine)(波依定)副作用:
21、扩血管-反射性交感兴奋-心率、(side effect)面色潮红(facial expression aestus)、头痛(headache)、便秘(constipation)、下肢肿 (以上副作用主要见于短效药)用于(use):各种程度高血压(心衰除外)降压 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)种类 卡托普利(开博通、Captopril)(variety)贝那普利(洛丁新、Benazapril)用于 高血压合并糖尿病(hypertension and diabetes)、(use)或心功能不全(cardia insufficiency)、肾损害(kidney damage)副作用(side e
22、ffect)干咳(dry cough)(1020%)禁用于 高血钾(hyperkaliemia)、妊娠(gravidity)、肾动脉狭窄(renal artery stenosis)Cr265umol/l 降压药-血管紧张素II(AgII)受体(AT1)拮抗剂(ARB)种类:氯沙坦(科素亚)(Losartan)缬沙坦(代文)(Valsartan)用于:同ACEI,不能耐受ACEI者降压药物的选择 JNC7强适应证 利尿剂 blocker ACEI ARB CCB 醛固酮拮抗剂心力衰竭 心肌梗死后 冠心病高危因素 糖尿病 慢性肾病 预防中风复发 Journal of Hypertension 2
23、007,25:11051187.?群雄争霸群雄争霸三国鼎立三国鼎立两强联合两强联合锦鸡独立锦鸡独立降压目标140/90mmHg糖尿病(diabetes)、肾脏病变(renal lesions)130/80mmHg老年收缩期高血压(systolic hypertension)1401506590mmHg降压方法#终身治疗(lifelong treatment)#满意控制后可逐渐减药量,但仍需长期用药#轻中度高血压 小量/一般剂量开始,23周后未满意控 制者可加量、换药、合用(ABCD规则NICE高血压指南)55岁 第一步 A或B C或D 第二步 A或BC或D 第三步 A或BCD#白昼及夜间稳定降
24、压(ABPM 有助于评价效果)#尽可能用长效药物,每日一次,保证稳定降压 高血压急症的治疗高血压急症的治疗 原则:原则:静脉用药,迅速降低血压静脉用药,迅速降低血压 硝普钠硝普钠(nitroprusside sodium)10 g/min +5 g/min /510min 硝酸甘油硝酸甘油(glycerol trinitrate)5-5-10 g/min +5-10 g/min/510min 尼卡地平尼卡地平(nicardipine)0.5 g/kg.min 6 g/kg.min 乌拉地尔乌拉地尔(Urapidil Hydrochloride)25mg IV 50-100mg+100ml/iv
25、gtt 0.4-2mg/min secondary hypertension 肾实质病变(Renal disease)肾动脉狭窄(Renal vascular disease)嗜铬细胞瘤(Pheochromocytoma)原发性醛固酮增多症(Primary aldosteronism)库欣综合症(Cushings syndrome)主动脉狭窄(Aortic coarctation)Renal diseaseRenal diseaseMost common causes of secondary hypertension Glomerular disease Tubular interstiti
26、al disease Polycystic kidneys Diabetic nephropathy TreatmentNa3g/dBP130/80mmHgACEI/ARB Renal artery stenosis Sudden onset or Worsening of hypertension at age below 30 or over 55,Abdominal bruit,Hypertension resistant to three or more drugs,Rise in creatinine with a ACE inhibitor or angiotensin recep
27、tor blocker,Presence of overt atherosclerotic lesions,or Recurrent pulmonary edema of unknown cause.DiagnosisDiagnosis :Doppler Doppler、intravenous pyelographyintravenous pyelography、radionucleiorenogramradionucleiorenogram、renal arteriography renal arteriography TreatmentTreatment :operation operat
28、ion PheochromocytomaPheochromocytoma Paroxysmal BP elevation accompanied by headache、palpitation、sweating DiagnosisDiagnosis:Doppler Doppler 、CTCT、MRI;VMAMRI;VMATreatmentTreatment:OperationOperation Primary aldosteronism Primary aldosteronismCause:adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia aldosteroneClinical f
29、indings:BP+hypokalemiaDiagnosis:DopplerDiagnosis:Doppler、CTCTTreatment:operation,SpironolactoneTreatment:operation,Spironolactone Cushing Cushings syndromes syndrome Cause:ACTH adrenal adenoma or hyperplasiaglucocorticoid Clinical findings:BP +central obesitymoon facebuffalo humpDiagnosis:DopplerDia
30、gnosis:Doppler、CTCT;urine 17-hydroxysteroidurine 17-hydroxysteroid 17-17-ketosteroidketosteroidTreatment:operation,Treatment:operation,diuretics设备方面设备方面equipment:血压计不精确或未校正血压计不精确或未校正 血压计气囊袋不合适血压计气囊袋不合适病人准备方面病人准备方面Patient Preparation:未在静息舒适环境下休息未在静息舒适环境下休息5分钟以上分钟以上 30分钟内用过含咖啡因的饮料或抽烟分钟内用过含咖啡因的饮料或抽烟观测技术观测技术Observation Technology:对臂的支撑不够,骨骼肌干扰对臂的支撑不够,骨骼肌干扰 前臂未放至心脏水平前臂未放至心脏水平 未将袖袋中心对准肱动脉未将袖袋中心对准肱动脉 未在测前触诊桡动脉估测未在测前触诊桡动脉估测SBD 未注意水银面未注意水银面 未采用未采用Korotkoff Phase IV/Phase V 音测音测DBP 气囊充的慢,放的快气囊充的慢,放的快 第一次未测双侧血压第一次未测双侧血压 未完全排空气囊(未完全排空气囊(12分钟)后再测分钟)后再测 Error in Blood pressure measurementThank you!