1、Chapter 3Oral Communication Main contentslOral delivery skillslStrategies for successful listening lStrategies for successful speakinglSeveral oral communication formsOral delivery skillslPitch 音调：The pitch should be varied.falling pitch conveys certainty and rising pitch uncertainty.lRate 语速：Proper
2、 pause between major thought groups.lVolume 音量：contrast in emphasis and controlled breathinglVocal quality 音质：relax the throat.Negative-husky,throaty,weak,shrill,muffled Positive-mellow,gentle,silvery,serene,cheerfulHow to improve listening skillslBe prepared:learn something about the topic,speaker,
3、audience and the situation in advance.lListen to understand,not refute:As someone once advised,Grow antennae,not horns.lFocus your mind:Make sure your mind is focused,no wondering!Pay special attention to statements that begin with phrases such as My point is.or The thing to remember is.How to impro
4、ve listening skillslTake notes:Jot down ideas.lDo not interrupt:Let yourself finish listening before you begin to speak!lSummarize and evaluate:Take what you have heard and understand it in your own way.Do you believe what you have heard?Listening PracticelWhat are the main ideas of the speakers?Do
5、you agree with them?Listening tipslAttending tactics:Be alert to your body language:What you do with your eyes,face,hands,arms,legs,and posture sends out signals as to whether you are,or arent,listening to and understanding what the other person is saying.Think about:Glancing sideways/Sighing/Yawnin
6、g/Frowning/Crossing arms on chest/Looking at the ceiling/Cleaning fingernails/Cracking knuckles Listening tipslEncouraging tactics:Give feedback.Sit up straight and look directly at the speaker.Now and then,nod to show that you understand.At appropriate points you may also smile,frown,laugh,or be si
7、lent.These are all ways to let the speaker know that you are really listening.Remember,you listen with your face as well as your ears!Ask questions:door openers and open-ended questions You look upset.Care to talk about it?Listening tipslFollowing tactics:Note-taking or recording if necessaryParaphr
8、ase what you heard.Strategies for successful speakinglPurposes of speaking：General purpose-informative or persuasiveSpecific purpose-precise objectivelAudience analysislOrganization of SpeakingPurposes of speakinglBasically,there are two types of speeches.The informative speech and the persuasive sp
9、eech.There are four general purposes on informative speaking:informing the audience,increases the audiences understanding of the topic,encouraging audience to remember what youve informed them,and inviting the audience to apply the information as quickly as possible.Purposes of speakinglA persuasive
10、 speech is often an argument disguised as an informative speech.True,you are giving information as in the informative speech,but your agenda is to entice someone to your point of view.lThere are three types of persuasive speeches:The speech to inspire,the speech to convince,and the speech to actuate
11、 a change in a persons behaviors or actions.Strategies for successful speakinglAudience analysisTheir likes and dislikesDegree of knowledge of the topicTheir attitude:hostility?Gender and age Physical setting for the speechListening to the dialogue to understand how to be well-prepared for a good pr
12、esentation.Strategies for successful speakinglOrganization of SpeakingIntroduction Body or discussionSummary or conclusion IntroductionlOpening statementlAim lLayout Introductionopening statementStarting off your speech with an attention-getter：lJoke or good-natured story:An interesting communicatio
13、n story isIll begin there.lQuotation:“No man is an island”John Donne said.Thats the basic idea we promote in this company.lGreet your audience sincerely:I thank you.Its good to be here.lA startling statement:Last year we had the lowest turnover rate in the industry6%.lAsk questionsIntroductionaim an
14、d layoutlAim:stating clearly and precisely the purpose of your presentationLet me state up front that our monthly meeting has one purpose:to summarize our positive operating results for the last period.lLayout:giving an overview of your main points followedTo help you understand whyI will discussLis
15、tening practicelListen to the following speech and answer the following questions:lWho is the speaker?how does he/she start this speech?what is the aim or main purpose of the speech?what is the layout of the speech?Body or discussionlFormats for informative speaking:By topical organizationBy chronol
16、ogical organizationBy cause to effectBody or discussionlFormat for persuasive speakingProblem-solution formatProve that one problem exists.The solution or recommendationThe benefits from the solution1)Some supporting devices:examples,illustrations,statistics,quotations,comparisons(analogies)Listenin
17、g practicelListen to the following speech and answer the following questions:lWho are the speakers?Whats the problem they raised?lWhat is the problem raised by the speaker?What supporting devices does he use?1)What are the expressions used to indicate the transition of a presentation?Summary or conc
18、lusionlSummary:put together the main points of you talk.lConclusion:draw inferences or judgments as based on your material,or make one last call to action.Listening practicelHow many points are concluded in the speech?And what are they?lWhat are those expressions used to conclude?Several oral commun
19、ication formslJob interview lTelephone conversationlBusiness meetingJob interviewlPrepare in advanceUnderstand yourselfKnow details about available positionDo homework on companyRehearse possible questionsSpeak with insidersJob interviewlProcedures during the job interviewGive positive first impress
20、ion;offer a warm handshake;show a pleasant smileOrganize your ideas with data or evidence to support your pointsListen.Avoid confrontation.Ask thoughtful questionsFollow up:any specific action,additional information or a thank-you note desired?Job interviewlNegative impressions:Late arrival;Inattent
21、ive,withdrawn,tense,frowningChanging the subject,irrelevant response,long pause,generalize or excessive detailsJob interviewlListen to a job interview conversation twice and rehearse similar roles with your partner.Telephone English quizChoose the right answer to complete the sentence:1 When you pic
22、k up the phone to call someone you hear a _.(ringer/dial tone/receiver).2 If Im not home leave a message on my_(directory/dial/answering machine).3 Sally must be talking to her mom because I have been getting a_(answer/chat/busy signal)for two hours.4 I never answer my_(cordless/cell phone/pay phone
23、)while Im driving.Telephone English quiz5 Im busy right now.Can you_(hang up/call back/telephone book)later?6 You have to _(answer/hang up/dial 0)for the operator.7 I have a_(receiver/busy signal/cordless)so I can do the dishes and chat at the same time.8 You will need a quarter or a phone card if y
24、ou want to use the_(cell phone/pay phone/pager).Telephone conversationTips for telephone English:lPolite greetings:Hi,howve you been?Nice to hear from you.lGetting to the point:Im just calling to see if youd like to set up a meeting.So what can I do for you?Telephone conversationTips for telephone E
25、nglish:lInterrupting without insult May I interrupt you for a second?I would like to say something here.Allow me to make a point.lConfirming ActionPlease let me confirm.So,let me make sure Ive got things straight.Telephone conversationTips for telephone English:lClosing the call Well John,its been a
26、 pleasure talking to you.Ill see you on Friday,then.Useful telephone expressionsIntroducing yourselflThis is Ken.lKen speakingAsking who is on the telephonelExcuse me,who is this?lCan I ask who is calling,please?Asking for SomeonelCan I have extension 321?(extensions are internal numbers at a compan
27、y)lCould I speak to.?(Can I-more informal/May I-more formal)lIs Jack in?(informal idiom meaning:Is Jack in the office?Useful telephone expressionsConnecting SomeonelIll put you through(put through-phrasal verb meaning connect)lCan you hold the line?Can you hold on a moment?How to reply when someone
28、is not availablelIm afraid.is not available at the momentlThe line is busy.(when the extension requested is being used)lMr Jackson isnt in.Mr Jackson is out at the moment.Taking a MessagelCould(Can,May)I take a message?lCould(Can,May)I tell him who is calling?lWould you like to leave a message?Telep
29、hone conversationlConsiderations in international telephoningBe aware of time zones.Speak clearly considering language barrierRestate and summarize more often.Follow up the conversation with a letter or a fax.Listening practicelListen to the conversation and take messages.lListen to the conversation
30、 and paraphrase the appointment.Role-playStudent A:You are a salesperson for Red Inc.You are telephoning a client who you think might be interested in buying your new line of office supplies.Discuss the following information with your client:lNew line of office supplies including:copy-paper,pens,sta
31、tionary,mouse-pads and white boards lYou know the customer hasnt ordered any new products during this past year lSpecial discount of 15%for orders placed before next Monday lAny order placed before Monday will not only receive the discount,but also have its company logo printed on the products at no
32、 extra charge Student B:You work in an office and receive a telephone call from your local office supplier.As a matter fact,you need some new office supplies so you are definitely interested in what the salesperson has to offer.Talk about the following:lNew pens,stationary and white boards lDo they
33、have any special offers lYou would like to place an order for 200 packages of copy paper immediately Business meetinglPreparation workSet the objectiveSelect the participantsArrange for meeting date,time,placeDistribute the announcement for the meetingCheck on the physical arrangementsBusiness meeti
34、ngSkills during the meetinglOpening and closing skills Set the toneStart on timeExplain the agendaGet people to agree on ground rulesInvolve people earlyClose the meetingBusiness meetingDuring the meetingUse good listening skillsShow support for everyones right to speakAvoid dominance by any one or
35、subgroupRelate to othersDont talk too muchBusiness meetingDecision-makinglBy one person or majority rule applieslBy consensusFollow-uplSending out:Meeting minutesAction planListening practicelWhat is the speakers comment on brainstorming?lWhats the existing problem?And all the possible solutions?Lis
36、tening practicelWhat is the problem concerning the memos?lTake the dictation as Mrs Dowson according to the dialogue.Listening practiceListen to the conversation and write relevant meeting minutes according to what you heard.lSuggested template:Topics-Decisions-Actions Agreed Upon-Person responsible-Deadline-Next Meeting(if there is one)Date and Time-Location-Agenda items-Thank you!
