1、(最新整理)lecture_1920不定式2021/7/261 InfinitiveLecture 19&20Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveNon-finite Forms of Verbsv When a verb is not used as a predicate,its form is not necessarily confined or governed by the subject,the verb then could be called as a non-finite verb,also the non-finite form of the verb.v N
2、on-finite verbs includes the infinitives,the-ing participle and the ed participle.v infinitive to-infinitive bare infinitive(否定否定)not/never to do v-ing participle v present participlev gerund ed participle:past participle 2021/7/263不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not/never to do”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化
3、,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。不定式不定式Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveFocus v time,voice and aspect referencevto infinitive or bare infinitivev infinitive“to”and preposition“to”vsyntactical function of infinitivevactive infinitive&passive infinitive2021/7/265Lecture 19&2
4、0 InfinitiveDiagnostic Test vSyntactical function of infinitive？vTime reference of infinitive?He is said to leave Shanghai.He is said to have left Shanghai.vto infinitive or bare infinitiveRather than(to)cause trouble,he left.Please go to the seaside to swim,(to)get suntanned.v infinitive“to”and pre
5、position“to”Marys father has agreed to her marrying John.We agreed to do it.vThe coffee is bitter to taste.=It is bitter to taste the coffee.?2021/7/266Lecture 19&20 Infinitive1.time,voice and aspect reference active passivesimpleprogressiveperfectiveprogressiveperfectiveinfinitive to do to be done
6、to be doing to have done to have been done to have been doing-2021/7/267Lecture 19&20 Infinitive(1)They pretended not to see us.(2)He pretended to be sleeping.(3)She pretended to have known it before.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎几乎/发生在它之后发生在它之后.).)(在谓语动词发生的同时在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行不定式的动作也正在进行)(完成式表示
7、动作发生在谓语动作之前完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)(4)Were happy to have been working with you.(完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的动作不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续一直在进行而且可能之后也继续)2021/7/268Lecture 19&20 Infinitive(5)The matter to be discussed at the meeting is a hard nut to crack.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎几乎/发生在它之发生在它之后后)(6)I am
8、 sorry for the article not to have been finished in time.(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)2021/7/269Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveShe is still not quite well.She is not supposed to _(work)so hard.Shed better take sometime off from work.Dont disturb him.He seems to _(enjoy)himself.2021/7/2610Lecture 19&20
9、 InfinitiveShe is still not quite well.She is not supposed to be working so hard.Shed better take sometime off from work.Dont disturb him.He seems to be enjoying himself.2021/7/2611Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveSome members of the committee seem to _(bribe).Otherwise,Douglas cant have been elected chairma
10、n as he is recognizably unqualified.Why havent you finished your paper yet?You are supposed to _(finish)it by yesterday evening.2021/7/2612Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveSome members of the committee seem to have been bribed.Otherwise,he cant have been elected chairman as he is recognizably unqualified.Why
11、 havent you finished your paper yet?You are supposed to have finished it by yesterday evening.2021/7/2613Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveOh,what a splendid pair of shoes!But there is no need to _(buy)the shoes for me.2021/7/2614Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveOh,what a splendid pair of shoes!But there is no need to
12、 buy them for me.Oh,what a splendid pair of shoes!But there is no need to have bought them for me.2021/7/2615Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveHe seemed to be ill.He seemed to have been ill.I intended to come.I intended to have come.I had intended to come.Compare:2021/7/2616Lecture 19&20 Infinitive2.1 bare in
13、finitivev A.after modal auxiliaries:marginal modal auxiliary:dare,need,used toe.g.1)Need you go now?-Yes,_./No,_.2)Do you need to pay for it?Yes,_./No,I _.3)He didnt need to water the trees because his sister has already watered them.4)He neednt have watered the trees because it might rain soon.I mu
14、stI needntI need todont need to(实际上她也没浇水）（实际上浇水了）need做情态动词通常用语肯定句和疑问句中，肯定回答用做情态动词通常用语肯定句和疑问句中，肯定回答用must.2.to infinitive or bare infinitive2021/7/2617Lecture 19&20 Infinitive5)She darent say anything.She doesnt dare(to)say anything.Dare he jump off the high wall?Does he dare(to)jump off the high wall
15、?dare做情态动词，一般用于否定句，疑问句和条件中做情态动词，一般用于否定句，疑问句和条件中.dare做实意动词，肯定句中接带做实意动词，肯定句中接带to的不定式，在的不定式，在否定否定句和疑问句句和疑问句中可省略中可省略to.2021/7/2618Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveB.After semi-auxiliaries半助动词：在功能上介乎主动词和助动词之间的一类结构.它们可与主动词搭配构成复杂动词词组并表示情 态意义，有时也可与助动词搭配.be sure to,be due to,be going to,be likely to,be obliged to,be
16、meant to（打算，注定要）（打算，注定要）,be supposed to,be willing to,have to,seem to,had better,tend to,be about to 2021/7/2619Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveC.after modal idiomsWould rather(than)Would sooner (than)Would(just)as soon (than)May/might as well Cannot but/Cannot help but 2021/7/2620Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveD.
17、在在rather than/sooner than 之后：之后：Eg.1)Rather than cause trouble,he left.2)Sooner than marry that man,she would earn her living as a waitress.置于句首时，置于句首时，后跟不带后跟不带to不定式。不定式。You rather than I are going to take part in the speech competition.(是是 而不是而不是)3)The manager believes it is important to invest in
18、new machinery rather than to increase wages.置于句中时，可带置于句中时，可带to也可不带也可不带2021/7/2621Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveE.在“主动词+主动词”固定搭配的第一主动词之后e.g.1)Lets make believe we have a million dollars.2)We hadnt time for luncheon,but we made do with sandwiches.凑合着用凑合着用 3)They are not rich,but they make do on what they ha
19、ve.靠靠维持维持 4)He let fall a hint of his intentions.5)Dont let go of the handle.6)Ive heard tell of him.7)It would be crazy to let a chance like that slip.（可用被动语态）2021/7/2622Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveF.after“causative/sense verb+objective”五看五看 watch see look at observe notice三三使使 let make have 二听二听 liste
20、n to hear一感觉一感觉:feel2021/7/2623Lecture 19&20 Infinitive His actions made people _(respect)him.=His actions made him _ (respect).respectedrespecte.g 1)Let there be an end of this misunderstanding.2)They didnt observe him come in and go upstairs.=He wasnt observed _ and_ upstairs.to come in go被动语态中以上动
21、词要带被动语态中以上动词要带to get/set/leave+object+to do sth.比较 I saw him walk in the garden.I saw him walking in the garden.2021/7/2624Lecture 19&20 Infinitive get+object+to do sth/doing.v说服说服;使得使得vI got him to stay for the night.v我说服他留下过夜。我说服他留下过夜。v使运行使运行,使工作使工作vCan you get the machine running?v你能把这机器发动起来吗你能把这
22、机器发动起来吗?2021/7/2625Lecture 19&20 Infinitive get+to do sth/doing/donev有可能有可能,有机会有机会vHe never gets to go to school.v开始开始vWed better get going.v我们最好现在就走。我们最好现在就走。v被被.vHell get punished if he goes on like this.2021/7/2626Lecture 19&20 Infinitive set+object+to do sth/doing;set to dov使开始使开始,使着手做使着手做vThey
23、set him to mow the lawn.v他们叫他给草坪刈草。他们叫他给草坪刈草。v Her words set me thinking.v她的话使我深思。她的话使我深思。v着手于着手于,开始开始vThey set to work as soon as they arrived.v他们一抵达就开始工作。他们一抵达就开始工作。2021/7/2627Lecture 19&20 Infinitiveleave+object+（to）do sth/doing/adj;v cause or allow(sb/sth)to remain in a certain condition,place,e
24、tc 使或让（某人使或让（某人某事某事物物）处某状态、）处某状态、某地等某地等:v Leave the door open,please.v 让门开着吧让门开着吧.v Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain.v 别让她在外边雨中等着别让她在外边雨中等着.v entrust(sth)to another person 将（某事物）托将（某事物）托付给他人付给他人*I will leave you to attend to the matter.*我委托你办此事。2021/7/2628Lecture 19&20 Infinitive含义是“听过，看过”
25、，被动语态中要用toe.g.I have never known that man smile.Have you ever known him tell a lie?That man has never been known to smile.help 后面的后面的“to”可省去可省去e.g.They often help the grandma(to)carry water.H.After“have known+object”I.after help(or help+object)2021/7/2629Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveJ.after except/but不定式
26、用在介词but,except,besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.1)She could do nothing but _(cry).2)I have no choice but _ (go).3)What do you like to do besides _(sleep).cryto gosleep此规则也适用于此规则也适用于SVC句型中做主语补语的不定式。句型中做主语补语的不定式。The thing to do now is(to)clear up the mess.2021/7/2630Lecture 19&20 Inf
27、initiveL.in some idiomatic expressions with go,come,tryK.after“why./why not.?”e.g.Why argue with him?Why not give Mary some flowers?2021/7/2631Lecture 19&20 Infinitive2.2 Some few notes on the use of the infinitive sign2.2.1 Infinitive sign used alone为了避免重复，可以省略不定式符号之后的动词原形及其补足成分。这种不定式符号的单独使用常见于非正式语
28、体。E.g.1)George says he is going to leave Shanghai,but I dont think he really wants to.2)You may go if you wish to.3)He always speaks faster than he needs to.2021/7/2632Lecture 19&20 Infinitive2.2.2 Ellipsis of the infinitive sign当两个带to不定式由and或or连接时，第二个不定式符号常可省略。E.g.1)I intend to call on him and disc
29、uss this question again.2)She asked me to telephone or write to her on Monday.3)Please go to the seaside to swim,to get suntanned.2.2 Some few notes on the use of the infinitive sign如果没有并列连词，或者是三个或三个以上的带to不定式构成排比结构，不定式符号不能省略。2021/7/2633Lecture 19&20 Infinitive3.infinitive“to”and preposition“to”Pleas
30、e refer to P.226-228.4.syntactical function of infinitive2021/7/2634Lecture 19&20 Infinitivev Our purpose in life is to serve the peoplev We think it necessary to begin right nowv We proved these statements to be correctv He can be depended on to solve this problemv There is no key to open the door
31、withv We use electricity in order to run machinesv To hear him sing,you might take him for a girl v To be honest,I dont really like you v How to do it is a difficult question 2021/7/2635Lecture 19&20 Infinitive1.subject2.object3.object complementation4.post modification of plement7.absolute construc
32、tion8.with wh-words 4.syntactical function of infinitive2021/7/2636Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveTo see is to believe【注意一注意一】不定式的逻辑主语不定式的逻辑主语I promised Tom to play with him.I asked him to play with me.【注意二注意二】同一句型中不同介词的不同一句型中不同介词的不同含义同含义It is+adj+for sb to do sthIt is+adj+of sb to do sth（for 引出动作发出者）引出动作发
33、出者）（of 引出引出adj修饰的对修饰的对 象）象）(1)subject单个不定式作主语时单个不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数,若不定式太长若不定式太长,往往用往往用itit作形式主语作形式主语,不定式置后不定式置后.It seemed selfish of him not to give her anything.2021/7/2637Lecture 19&20 Infinitivefor sb.句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示点，表示客观形式客观形式的形容词，如的形容词，如easy,hard,difficult,interest
34、ing,impossible of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right,wise,cruel,brave,noble,rudee.g.1)Its very hard _ him to study two languages.2)Its impolite _ you to speak to the teacher like that.2021/7/2638Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveMy job is to help the patient.His dream
35、is to become a doctor.(2)complement(3)objectI want to go home.The workers demanded to get better pay.I found it necessary to talk to him again.不定式可放在不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。动词后面，形成表语。有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词动词+不定式不定式 2021/7/2639Lecture 19&20 Infinitive注意注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语
36、补足 语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之 后，而用后，而用it作形式宾语。作形式宾语。e.g.My teacher made it a rule only to speak English in class.Subject+find/think/feel/make it+adj./n.+to do sth.2021/7/2640Lecture 19&20 Infinitive有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构(4)object complementatione.g.He declared himself to b
37、e innocent.We considered him(to be)foolish.I felt something crawl up my arm.能用于此用法的动词能用于此用法的动词 See Textbook P.2372021/7/2641Lecture 19&20 Infinitive不定式与名词搭配，放被修饰的名词后面作名词的定语（后置修饰语），而且不定式要放在其他后置定语之后。v 不定式与它所修饰的名词的关系：A.主动关系：B.动宾关系:C.同位关系：(5)post modification of noune.g.I have something to say.There is
38、nothing to worry about.2021/7/2642Lecture 19&20 InfinitivevHe was the last guest to arrive.vHe is not the man to draw back when his dignity is concerned.vHave you got a key to unlock the door?vThis is the best book on the subject to appear this year.A.Examples:2021/7/2643Lecture 19&20 InfinitivevHe
39、has a large family to support.vThere is a quarter of an hour to kill.vThere was really nothing to fear.注意：注意：作定语的不定式如果是作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词不及物动词，或者不，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有等，不定式后面须有相应的介词相应的介词。e.g.There is something important to write home about.B.Examples:2021/7/2644Lectu
40、re 19&20 InfinitivevThe boy had an impulse to jump over the fence.vI have no wish to quarrel with you.vHe hit back the urge to tell a lie.vNeither of them had any inclination to spend time with Philip.C.Examples:2021/7/2645Lecture 19&20 InfinitivevGive me a list of people to invite/to be invited.vIv
41、e got letters to write tonight.vThe cases to be investigated are not to be made public in press.用主动态还是用被动态用主动态还是用被动态作名词后置修饰语的不定式可以采取主动态作名词后置修饰语的不定式可以采取主动态也可采取被动态。也可采取被动态。2021/7/2646Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveConsider the following factors:v logical subjectv sentence patternv ambiguous meaning2021/7/264
42、7Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveSuch things are _(see)every day.There is no time _(lose).Shops were open,esp.places which sold things for people _(eat).This question is difficult _(answer).It is too hot _(eat).This is a day never _(forget).2021/7/2648Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveSuch things are to be seen every
43、 day.There is no time to lose/to be lost.Shops were open,esp.places which sold things for people to eat and to drink.This question is difficult to answer.It is too hot to eat/to be eaten.This is a day never to be forgotten.2021/7/2649Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveWe have a lot of work _(do).Give me someth
44、ing _(eat).The box is too heavy for me _(lift).He is not a man _(frighten).The disease is likely _(wipe).2021/7/2650Lecture 19&20 InfinitiveWe have a lot of work to do.Give me something to eat.The box is too heavy for me to lift.He is not a man to be frightened.The disease is likely to be wiped out.
45、2021/7/2651Lecture 19&20 Infinitive不定式表示被动含义vShe is to blame.vThe house is to let.vA great deal is yet to do.vThe result is not long to see.vSomething is still to find out.vLittle remains to do.2021/7/2652Lecture 19&20 InfinitivevThe doctor made a bold attempt to save/at saving the childs life.vThey
46、 made an effort to finish/at finishing the work in one day,but they failed.vHave you any intention to go/of going there?“名词名词+不定式不定式”与与“名词名词+介词介词+-ing分词分词”能用于此用法的名词能用于此用法的名词 See Textbook P.2352021/7/2653Lecture 19&20 Infinitive不定式与形容词搭配构成形容词组，做主语补语。v1.主句主语是不定式结构的逻辑主语：vA.表示喜怒哀乐的形容词+不定式vB.表示运气好坏的形容词+不
47、定式vC.表示心理状态、个人态度的形容词+不定式(6)complement2021/7/2654Lecture 19&20 Infinitive“adj.+infinitive”constructionv SVCvsuperficially similar but semantically different construction;deep structure;different categories of adjectivesvType I:adjectives showing emotional feeling;good or bad luck;mental state or pers
48、onal attitude;character or behavioral trait(can be transformed into it-pattern)Ted was surprised to see his computer acting strange.Ted was embarrassed to know that he had opened an email with the I LOVE YOU virus.Ted was angry to learn that the virus had infected his hard disk.2021/7/2655Lecture 19
49、&20 InfinitivevHe is glad to help others.vWe were sorry not to be there.vShe wasnt content to live a quiet life in a small town.vJohn was very pleased to be given the job.vI was surprised to see how angry he was.2021/7/2656Lecture 19&20 Infinitivev He was lucky to find it.vShe was unlucky to spoil i
50、t.vHe was fortunate to escape being injured.2021/7/2657Lecture 19&20 InfinitivevHe is anxious to see her.vHe is not very keen to think about it.vIm determined to finish the work tonight.vWe are ready to make the attempt.vHe is foolish of him to meet her again.vIt is foolish of him to meet her again.
