1、第二部分 语法专练专题一名词、冠词和代词,考向分析在高考中,涉及名词的考点主要包括名词复数、名词所有格等;涉及冠词的考点主要包括定冠词和不定冠词的用法,有时在短文改错中会考查零冠词;代词考点主要包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词等的用法。,考点一 名词,考点二 冠词,考点三 代词,本专题考点,考点清单考点一名词一、名词的复数单句填空1.(2017全国卷)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds (crowd) on the roads above as they
2、travelled to and from work.答案crowds根据语境可知,此处表示的是人群,空格前无冠词,因此crowd应用复数形式,故空格处填crowds。,语境运用,2.(2017全国卷)She has turned down several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.,答案invitations空前的several常用于修饰可数名词的复数,故空格处填复数名词invitations。3.In some countries, people eat
3、with chopsticks, while in others, knives (knife) and forks.答案knives根据空后的名词forks可知,可数名词knife应用复数形式。,单句改错4. (2017全国卷)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up!” “Slow down!” “Turning left!” wordwords 答案wordwords根据引号内的内容可知,此处word应用复数形式。,可数名词单数变复数规则1.规则变化,用法精讲,续表,2.不规则变化(1)变内部元音footfeet脚manmen男人
4、womanwomen女人toothteeth牙goosegeese鹅gentlemangentlemen绅士(2)单复数同形的名词sheep绵羊 deer鹿spacecraft太空船aircraft飞行器Chinese中国人Japanese日本人Swiss瑞士人means方法crossroads十字路口headquarters总部series连续species种类,(3)外来名词的复数形式criterioncriteria标准phenomenonphenomena现象analysisanalyses分析basisbases基础crisiscrises危机thesistheses论文bacter
5、iumbacteria细菌mediummedia媒体(4)fish表示不同种类的鱼时,其复数形式通常为fishes,而表示鱼的条数时,其复数形式与单数形式相同。表示“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。There are many different fishes in this river.这条河中有很多不同种类的鱼。I bought five fish today.今天我买了五条鱼。,(5)penny表示便士的“价值”时复数为pence,常与数词搭配来表示钱数:five pence五便士,ten pence十便士;表示便士的“个数”时复数为pennies。(6)people指“人”时是person的一种
6、复数形式,指“民族”时其复数形式为peoples。one person一个人two people两个人a people一个民族two peoples两个民族,二、名词所有格单句填空1. Alberts (Albert) birthday is on next Saturday, and Im planning a surprise party for him.答案Alberts句意:Albert的生日在下周六,我正在计划为他开一个派对,给他一个惊喜。空格处在句中作名词birthday的定语,结合语境可知,空格处应填写提示词的所有格形式。故空格处填Alberts。单句改错2.When I fin
7、ally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes. friendfriends 答案friendfriends句意:当我最终到达朋友家时,他借给了我许多衣服。名词所有格可表示地点,结合语境可知,friend应改为friends。,语境运用,1.名词所有格的用法-s所有格主要用于表示人或其他有生命的名词的所有关系,表示“的”。例如:Well-known for their expertise,his parents company,called“Future Tours”,transported me safely into the fut
8、ure in a time capsule.他父母的公司“未来之旅”以其专业技术而闻名,该公司用时空穿梭机平安地把我送入了未来。Have you read Robert Brownings poems?你读过罗伯特勃朗宁的诗吗?表示时间、距离、价格。例如:today s newspaper今天的报纸a five days journey一次五天的旅行,用法精讲,表示店铺、医院、学校、住宅及公共建筑时,名词所有格后常常不出现它所修饰的名词。例如:at the barber s (shop)在理发店at the doctor s (office)在医院at the tailors (shop)在裁
9、缝店2.-s所有格的构成规则,考点二冠词一、不定冠词的用法单句填空1.For Pahlsson, its return was a wonder.答案a句意:对Pahlsson来说,它的回归是一个奇迹。根据语境可知,空格处修饰wonder且表示泛指,故填不定冠词a。2.Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be a Beethoven.答案a句意:Brian在作曲方面很有天赋,他很有可能会成为一个贝多芬式的人物。本题考查冠词。a在此处表示“一位式的人物”。,语境运用,3.Life is like an ocean:Only
10、 the strong-willed can reach the other shore.答案an句意:生活就像一片海洋,只有那些意志坚强的人才能到达彼岸。ocean在此处为可数名词,在本句中表示泛指,故用不定冠词,o-cean以元音音素开头,故答案为an。单句改错4.(2017课标全国卷)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.第一个aan 答案第一个aan在题干中,名词hour是以元音音素开头的单词,因此它前面的不定冠词a使用错误,应改为
11、an。,v,1.不定冠词有a,an两种形式,当紧跟着冠词的单词的发音以辅音音素(注意:不是辅音字母)时用a;当紧跟着冠词的单词的发音以元音音素(注意:不是元音字母)开头时用an。如:a university,a useful animal,a one-eyed dog,a European car,an hour,an honest boy,an X-ray,an ugly man,an honor等。2.不定冠词的用法:用于单数可数名词前,表示泛指;用于表示数量“一”;用于第一次提到的某人或某物之前;用于序数词前,表示“又一,再一”;,用法精讲,用于时间、重量等名词前,表示“每一”;用于专有
12、名词前,表示具有某种特性的人或物,某一位不认识的人或某个不确定的时间;用于抽象名词具体化时的某些名词之前;用于某些物质名词前表“一杯、一份、一场、一阵”等;Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough days.在那些艰苦的日子里能够买得起一杯饮料是一种安慰。Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should be equally re-spected.任何人,无论是官员还是公交车司机,都应该得到同等的尊重。,二、定冠词的用法单句填空1.(2017江西
13、赣中南五校一模) The World Wide Web is quickly becom-ing the worlds most popular matchmaker(媒人).答案The句意:万维网正在迅速成为世界上最受欢迎的媒人。“World Wide Web”是由普通名词构成的专有名词,这类专有名词常与定冠词连用,故填The。2.(2017课标全国卷)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over the top.答案the根据语境可知,此处表特指,故空格处填写
14、定冠词the。,语境运用,3.This area experienced the heaviest rainfall in the month of May.答案the;the根据语境及第一空之后的最高级可知,第一空应填写定冠词the,而第二空特指的是5月份,因此也应该填写定冠词。单句改错4.(2017课标全国卷)I still remember how hard first day was. first前加the或my 答案first前加the或my序数词first前应用定冠词the,另外,结合语境可知,也可在first前添加物主代词my。,定冠词的常见用法用于特指的人或事物前;用于自然界中
15、独一无二的事物前;用于双方都知道或上文已提到的人或物之前;用于表方向或方位的名词前;用于形容词或形容词化的过去分词前,表示一类人或物;用于表示西洋乐器的名词之前;用于姓氏的复数名词前,表示某某一家人、某某夫妇等;用于整十的数词的复数形式前,表示年代。Sarah looked at the finished painting with satisfaction.萨拉满意地看着那幅已画完的画。,用法精讲,三、短语或句式中的冠词单句填空1.(2017课标全国卷)As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that some
16、thing missing.答案aas a result是常用短语,意为“结果,因此”。故空格处填不定冠词a。2.(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, the other is with mumshe never suspects.答案the根据语境和one可知,此处为常用表达“one.the other.”。故空格处填the。,语境运用,3.(2015陕西卷) The more learned a man is,
17、the more modest he usually becomes.答案The句意:一个人越有学问,他通常就越谦虚。此处为常用句式“the+比较级.,the+比较级.”,意为“越就越”。故空格处填The。单句改错4.(2016浙江卷)Every time he arrived home at end of the day, wed greet him at the door. end前面加the 答案end前面加theat the end of为介词短语,故应该在end之前添加定冠词the。,1.含有不定冠词的常考短语have a cold得了感冒have a good time玩得高兴have a gift for有的天赋have a word with与谈话have/take a rest休息一下have a holiday度假make a living谋生
