1、英语HBJY第二部分第二部分 语法专题透析语法专题透析专题一 名 词 中考解读:中考解读:河北中考主要在完形填空中考查主要在完形填空中考查名词词义辨析,旨在检测考生在具体且有意义的语境中运用目标词汇的能力。解题技巧:解题技巧:名词词义辨析关键是读懂语境,理解词义。相关词汇记背练习详见词汇册。命题点1 名词词义辨析(必考:25道)考点透析考点透析1.Sally can play the piano very well and she wants to be a .A.scientistB.musicianC.doctorD.teacher2.I didnt go to school yester
2、day because I was sick and went to the .A.schoolB.storeC.hospitalD.bank3.The Eiffel Tower was built for the 1889 Paris Expo.It is a of the city now.A.subjectB.symbolC.signD.spiritBCB考点测验考点测验4.Helen,the more careful you are during the exam,the fewer youll make.A.mistakesB.choicesC.decisionsD.troubles
3、5.Many traffic accidents happened yesterday.Do you know?Yes,ice on the road was the for the accidents.A.causeB.reasonC.resultD.key6.My is to be a singer one day and I will do whatever I can do to achieve my dream.A.wishB.planC.habitD.dreamA BD7.Though Bill is very young,he has a lot of about Chinese
4、 history.A.informationB.knowledge C.backgroundD.experience8.WeChat is a(n)which can help people talk to friends,share photos,ideas and feelings freely.A.treasureB.standard C.inventionD.instructionCB9.Spring is the best of the year,because we can see lots of beautiful flowers.A.dateB.dayC.seasonD.vac
5、ation10.Shall we go on Friday or Saturday?Either day is OK.It makes no to me.A.choice B.change C.differenceD.decisionCC11.I go to bed and get up early every day.Thats a good .It keeps us healthy.A.habitB.ruleC.hobbyD.interest12.To keep our city beautiful,the are always very busy in the streets.We sh
6、ouldnt throw rubbish everywhere.A.policemenB.cleaners C.driversD.teachersAB13.Ive got Kathys for her piano concert.Id like to go and enjoy it.A.contributionB.collection C.invitationD.introduction14.My father has made a(n)that he will take me to climb Mount Tai next week.A.promiseB.faceC.adviceD.frie
7、ndCA15.Dont eat too much ,because its harmful to your teeth.Oh,I get it.Thank you.A.milk B.vegetables C.fruitD.candy D命题点2 名词的数与名词所有格辨析 中考解读:中考解读:河北中考仅在2010年考查过一次考查过一次名词的数与名词所有格辨析。解题技巧:解题技巧:遇到此类试题,考生应该首先判定是考查名词的数还是名词所有格,判断方法如下:考点透析考点透析(1)如果空格前有数量词或限定词(如:two,some,any,lots of等)且空格后没有名词,则判定考查名词的数;然后根据空
8、格前的数量词或限定词判断是用名词的单数还是复数。(2)如果空格后是名词,且空格处和空格后名词为一种所属关系或空格处所填词是表示时间、距离、国家等无生命的名词,则判定考查名词所有格。如果判定考查名词的数,则首先排除带如果判定考查名词的数,则首先排除带s或或s的所有格选项,然后再根的所有格选项,然后再根据以下三种方法确定是考查名词的单数还是复数。据以下三种方法确定是考查名词的单数还是复数。1.辨别空格前的修饰语辨别空格前的修饰语(1)只修饰可数名词的修饰语:few很少,几乎没有 a few一些;几个 several几个different不同的 a couple of两个many(a)很多 a nu
9、mber of若干;许多a great/large number of 许多(2)只修饰不可数名词的修饰语:little 很少,几乎没有 a little 一点儿;少量much 很多 a good/great deal of 很多a bit of 有一点儿 a large amount of 大量的 (3)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语:some 一些 a lot of 很多lots of 很多 plenty of 充足的most 大多数的 all 全部的the rest of 剩下的2.判定所给名词是可数还是不可数类型特点可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,如:deskdesks。前面
10、可用基数词、不定冠词(a/an)及many等词修饰,如:three boys,an apple,many students。不可数名词没有复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。物质名词、专有名词及抽象名词为不可数名词,如:tea,Tiananmen Square,courage。前面可用much,little等词修饰,不可以被基数词和不定冠词(a/an)直接修饰;若表示数量,可用量词来修饰、限定,如:a piece of paper,two cups of tea。3.最后,判定可数名词用单数还是复数 名词用单数还是复数取决于物体是单个还是多个,如果只有一个就用单数,若是多个就用复数。具体情况如
11、下:(1)填单数形式的判定方法:a/an/this/that/every/each/another/either/one/序数词/any other+可数名词单数;可数名词单数+be动词单数形式/谓语动词的单三形式;结合上下文语境或者句中对应的提示词,如:it,its等;用于某些固定短语或搭配、专有名词中,如:the Great Wall等。(2)填复数形式的判定方法:these/those/不定代词(many/some/several/few/a few/both/all/other等)/大于1的基数词/one of(+形容词最高级)/quite a few/a pair of/a coup
12、le of/a(great/large)number of/different kinds of/all kinds of+可数名词复数;可数名词复数+and+可数名词复数;可数名词复数+be动词复数形式/谓语动词原形;结合上下文语境或句中对应的提示词,如:them,their;通常用复数或只有复数形式的名词:chopsticks筷子,clothes衣服,glasses眼镜,scissors剪刀,socks袜子,trousers裤子。易错点:易错点:名词作定语时,其单复数的变化情况如下:1.当man或woman作定语变复数时,需将man或woman及其所修饰名词同时变为复数。如:a man d
13、octor men doctorsa woman teacher women teachers2.当其他名词作定语变复数时,只需把其后被修饰的名词变为复数。如:a girl student girl studentsa birthday gift birthday gifts 可数名词单数变复数的规则变化表构成方法举例一般情况加-sstarstars;giftgiftsinventioninventions以字母s,x,sh,ch结尾的词加-esclassclasses;boxboxesbrushbrushes;watchwatches特例:stomachstomachs构成方法举例以f或fe
14、结尾的词变f或fe为v再加-esleafleaves;knifeknivesshelfshelves;wifewives特例:roofroofs;proofproofsbeliefbeliefs以辅音字母加y结尾的词先变y为i,再加-esparty parties;babybabiesstorystories;family families构成方法举例以元音字母加y结尾的词加-skeykeys;holidayholidaysmonkeymonkeys以ce,se,ze,ge等结尾的词加-sfacefaces;licenselicensesprizeprizes;orangeoranges以o结
15、尾有生命的加-es,无生命的加-stomatotomatoes;heroheroespotatopotatoes;photophotospianopianos 特例:bamboobamboos 可数名词单数变复数的不规则变化表构成方法举例改变元音字母manmen;womanwomen特例:GermanGermans humanhumansfootfeet;toothteeth 特例:bootboots单复数同形sheepsheep;deerdeerChineseChinese;JapaneseJapanese其他形式mousemice;childchildren类别举例抽象名词概念advice
16、 劝告;建议 environment环境 help帮助homework家庭作业 information信息;消息luck幸运;运气 knowledge知识;学问 peace和平space太空;空间 trouble问题;苦恼学科chemistry化学 geography地理 math数学 physics物理情感friendship友谊 fun开心;娱乐 joy欢乐;乐趣 初中常见的不可数名词类别举例物质名词材料cotton棉;棉花 gold金子;金币 plastic塑料;塑胶silk丝绸;丝织物饮食milk牛奶 water水 soup汤 tea茶 juice果汁coffee咖啡 wine酒 fo
17、od食物 bread面包 cheese奶酪beef牛肉 meat肉 rice米 salt盐 sugar糖自然物体air空气 ice冰 fire火 grass草;草地 sand沙子 soil土壤 weather天气 wind风 rain雨 snow雪 temperature温度;气温;体温 light光;光线;光亮 既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词的词名词可数不可数名词可数不可数chicken小鸡鸡肉orange橙子橙汁experience经历经验paper试卷,论文纸exercise练习锻炼radio收音机无线电glass玻璃杯玻璃room房间空间iron熨斗铁time次数、倍数时间life生命
18、生活wood树林木头、木材light电灯光;光线work作品工作如果判定考查名词所有格,则首先排除只是名词的选项,然后再根据句意或者空格前的限定词判断是单数的所有格形式还是复数的所有格形式。考生应掌握名词所有格的各类构成方法:类别构成方法举例有生命的单数名词加smy brothers pen 我哥哥/弟弟的钢笔有生命的复数名词以s结尾加the teachers office老师们的办公室不以s结尾加sthe childrens homework孩子们的作业类别构成方法举例表示时间、距离、国家等的名词单数加sChinas development中国的发展复数加ten minutes walk步行
19、十分钟的路程用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加sTony and Jimmysfather托尼和吉姆的爸爸表示分别各自拥有,在两个名词后加sMikes and Johns desks迈克的书桌和约翰的书桌类别构成方法举例表示无生命名词的所有格用of表达the door of the room房门双重所有格of+s所有格a friend of my fathers 我父亲的一个朋友of+名词性物主代词a book of mine 我的一本书 易错点:易错点:1.表示某人的家、店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地名时,所有格后面的名词常常省略。如:the Smiths史密斯夫妇的家
20、;at the doctors在诊所里。2.of所有格与双重所有格的区别。如:Judy is a friend of Henry.朱迪是亨利的朋友。(是朋友关系,不是其他关系)Judy is a friend of Henrys.朱迪是亨利的一个朋友。(是多个朋友中的一个)This is a photo of my father.这是我父亲的一张照片。(照片上的人就是我父亲)This is a photo of my fathers.这是我父亲的一张照片。(照片为我父亲所有,但照片上的人不一定是我父亲)16.Oh,Nancy!Do you live here?No.This house is
21、.Im here to see his baby.A.my sonB.my sons C.the babyD.the babys17.March 8th is Day.My mum often goes to see my grandmother on that day.A.Woman B.WomansC.Women D.Womens BD考点测验考点测验18.How far is it from your hometown to Shijiazhuang?Its about two ride by high-speed train.A.hour B.hoursC.hoursD.hours19
22、.I know the man in a blue shirt is uncle.A.Jack and MarysB.Jacks and Mary C.Jacks and MarysD.Jack and Mary20.This week the online shops sell shoes at very low prices.A.child and mensB.children and mens C.childrens and mensD.childrens and menDCA命题点3 用所给名词填空(9年13考)中考解读:中考解读:河北中考于2015年首次在词语运用词语运用题型中出现根
23、据首字母提示填空题,名词分别考查了Monday,place,river(s),均为可数名词。解题技巧:解题技巧:遇到此类试题,考生应该首先理解句意,根据上下文猜测出空格首字母填空首字母填空(10年3考)考点透析考点透析考向考向 1所填词的词义,然后分析句子结构,弄清空格处在句中作什么成分,以确定填何种词性。若需填名词,还需根据语境判断填其单数还是复数。1.如何判断空格处是否用名词如何判断空格处是否用名词(1)位于句首,在句中作主语。如:English is my favorite subject.英语是我最喜欢的科目。(2)位于动词或介词后作宾语。如:He usually goes to sc
24、hool by bike.他通常骑自行车去上学。(3)位于形容词后(2016.77)。如:What an interesting book it is!多么有趣的一本书啊!(4)位于限定词this,these,those,many,some,any,a lot of,every等后(2017.72,2015.79)。如:She likes this skirt very much.她非常喜欢这条裙子。(5)位于数词后。如:I am the second son in my family.我是家里第二个儿子。(6)其他情况:位于系动词后作表语;冠词、形容词性物主代词之后;名词所有格及一些固定搭配
25、中。如:She is a teacher.她是一位老师。I have no interest in playing computer games.我对玩电脑游戏没有兴趣。2.如何判断空格处是用名词单数还是复数如何判断空格处是用名词单数还是复数此部分具体可参考下面的考向2;名词单数变复数可参考命题点2中的规则变化表和不规则变化表。适当形式填空适当形式填空(10年11考)中考解读:中考解读:河北中考在词语运用中考查用所给名词的适当形式填空,共考查了11次,其中单数变复数考查6次,名词变形容词考查4次,名词变名词考查1次。解题技巧:解题技巧:遇到此类试题,考生首先应该分析句子结构,根据句子前后关系及
26、所填词的“可数与不可数”来确定此空要填哪种形式。考向考向 21.填名词填名词(1)填名词单数或复数的判定方法:填名词单数或复数的判定方法:具体判定方法详见本专题命题点2。(2)填所有格的判定方法:)填所有格的判定方法:名词前 固定搭配中名词所有格的构成方法详见本专题命题点2。(3)填名词的判定方法:)填名词的判定方法:冠词(a/an/the)/名词所有格之后 形容词性物主代词/形容词之后谓语动词之前 介词之后 名词变名词的方法名词变名词的方法n.-ist(表示人)pianopianist sciencescientistviolinviolinist artartistn.-er(表示从事某种
27、职业的人)farmfarmer n.-ese(表示民族、语言)ChinaChinese JapanJapanese其他形式friendfriendship classclassmate musicmusician2.填(名词填(名词)形容词)形容词(1)填形容词的判定方法填形容词的判定方法:用在名词前作定语(2013.82,2010.83);用在be动词之后作表语(2012.83);and连接的前后两个形容词词性保持一致;复合不定代词之后;用在形容词短语中,其结构为:be动词+形容词+介词;位于定冠词the后表示一类人;位于表感观的系动词之后;位于固定句型It is+adj.+(for/of)
28、sb.+to do sth.和make/keep/leave+sb./sth.+adj.中。(2)名词变形容词的方法:名词变形容词的方法:词尾加词尾加-ful(表示(表示“的的”)beautybeautiful cheercheerfulcolorcolorful helphelpfulmeaningmeaningful successsuccessfulpeacepeaceful wonderwonderful词尾加词尾加-y(表示性质)(表示性质)直接加-y:healthhealthy luckluckyrainrainy sleepsleepywindwindy snowsnowy双写末
29、尾字母再加-y:funfunny fogfoggy sunsunny去结尾字母e再加-y:noisenoisy tastetasty词尾加词尾加-ing(形容物)(形容物)interest interesting surprisesurprising词尾加词尾加-ed(形容人)(形容人)interestinterested surprisesurprisedtalent talented词尾加词尾加-al(表示(表示“的的”)culturecultural centrecentralmusicmusical naturenaturalpersonpersonal词尾加词尾加-able(表示能够
30、)(表示能够)valuevaluable knowledgeknowledgeable词尾加词尾加-less(表示没有、无)(表示没有、无)carecareless useuselesshelphelpless homehomelesshopehopeless meaningmeaningless词尾加词尾加-lyfriend friendly lovelovely词尾加词尾加-en/-ernnorthnorthern westwesternwoodwooden goldgolden3.填(名词填(名词)副词)副词(2011.83)若空格处填的词修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子时,此时考虑填
31、副词。名词变副词的方法名词变副词的方法名词变副词一般情况下是先由名词变形容词,再由形容词变副词,常见方法如下:其他其他foolfoolish hungerhungry prideproud名词名词形容词形容词变形方法变形方法副词副词caresuccesscarefulsuccessful词尾加+-lycarefullysuccessfullytruthtrue以“元音字母+e”结尾的形容词,去e再加-lytrulyhappinesshappy以y结尾的形容词,变y为i,再加-lyhappilypossibilitypossible以“辅音字母+le”结尾的形容词,去e再加-ypossibly2
32、1.There are many valuable (chance)hidden in the challenge.Open your eyes to find them and catch them in your hands.22.We are sure that you will be (success)in the Senior High School Entrance Examination.23.I like reading very much because reading can bring me (happy).successfulhappinesschances考点测验考点
33、测验24.She has been a d ever since she graduated from this medical school.25.He has left a m saying that he has something important to do.26.Dont be afraid of making (mistake).We can learn from them.27.How lucky Peter was!Some (policeman)arrived in time and managed to help him out.octormistakesessagep
34、olicemen28.Students cant enjoy the (color)school life if they study at home instead of going to school.29.It is good for our health to eat more fruit and (vegetable).30.Our city is trying to provide (home)people with special shelter(庇护 所)to stay.31.S is my favorite season.There are many beautiful flowers.colorfulvegetableshomelesspring32.My cousin likes to collect (stamp)in his spare time.33.Please open the w and let some fresh air in.34.Many (hero)have set good examples to us to follow.35.I think you can imagine how surprised I was when they told me the n .stampsindowheroesews