1、UNIT 4 NATURAL DISASTERS英语 必修一 The kinds of attribute(定语定语):1.My best friend is an honest boy.My best friend is a boy who is honest.2.My best friend is the boy over there.My best friend is the boy who is over there.3.My best friend is the boy who is talking to my teacher.My best friend is the boy ta
2、lking to my teacher.修饰修饰,限定限定(单个的词单个的词作定语时要放于被修作定语时要放于被修饰词的饰词的前面前面，短语或从句短语或从句作定作定语时要放于被修饰词的语时要放于被修饰词的后面后面。）The man who is confused is from foreign country.先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 和和非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 11.限制性定语从句对先行词起限制确定作用，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如去掉，主句的意思就会不完整，不明确或失去意义。2.非限制性定语从句只对先行词作附加的说明，如去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这
3、种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，相当一个插入语。翻译时可译成为一个并列句。非限制性定语从句可以修饰整个主句。而且不能用that引导。1.But the one million people of the city who thought of these events were asleep as usual that night.2.But the one million people of the city,who thought of these events,were asleep as usual that night.关系词关系词关系关系代词代词关系关系副词副词who whomth
4、at whichwhosewhen where why一特殊一特殊as 关系代词Look at the kites which are flying in the sky.The pen(which)Im using is pretty good.The man who is speaking at the meeting is a novelist.The woman(whom)they wanted to visit is a teacher.Whos the boy that is reading a book?Can you show me the photo(that)you lik
5、e best?I know the girl whose mother is a teacher.The house whose windows are closed is mine.which：指物 作主语或宾语who：指人，作主语；whom：指人，做宾语whose：指人或物 做定语that：指人或物 作主语或宾语03Studying the rules I intensely recommend a book.The book enjoys great popularity in China.I intensely recommend a book which/that enjoys gr
6、eat popularity in China.Mulan is a girl.She is a symbol of bravery and responsibiliy.Mulan is a girl who/that is a symbol of bravery and responsibiliy.关系词关系词在从句中作在从句中作主主语，语，从句中的动词形从句中的动词形式要跟先行词式要跟先行词一致一致！Summary指人指人 做主语做主语指人指人 做宾语做宾语指物指物 做主语做主语指物指物 做宾语做宾语who/thatwhom/that/who(口语口语)/省略省略which/thatwhi
7、ch/that/省略省略 只用只用that的情况：的情况：I am sure she has something(that)you can borrow.1.当先行词指物，是当先行词指物，是不定代词不定代词all,little,few,much,none,anything,nothing,everything等或被这些词修饰时等或被这些词修饰时。2.当先行词当先行词既有人又有事物既有人又有事物时。时。We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited there.This is the first b
8、est book(that)I have read.This is the very book that belongs to him.3.先行词被先行词被序数词、最高级以及序数词、最高级以及the only,the very,the few,the last修饰时。修饰时。4.在在who或或which的特殊疑问句的特殊疑问句中。中。Who is the girl drove the car?Which is the book you bought last week?5.当先行词在定语从句中作当先行词在定语从句中作be表语時表语時 She isnt the girl（she used to
9、be 10 years ago.6.有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词用有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词用which,另一个另一个则用则用that They went to a shop which sold womens clothes that suited them.（1）当先行词为those(那些人),one,anyone,nobody，somebody,someone,everybody等指人的不定代词时，用who。The one who knows me well is Tom.（2）主句为there be+sb.句型，用who.There is a man who wants
10、to see you.不用that的情况：（3）介词后面（指物：prep.+which;指人：prep+whom)I like the house in _ I live now.比较：I like the house_I live in now.Is the boy to _ you were talking a moment ago called Jack?比较：Is the boy _ you were talking to a moment ago called Jack?不用that的情况：whichwhom(whomwhothat)(whichthat)注意：不是所有的动词词组都能
11、拆He is the man that/who/whom/we are looking for.He is the man for whom we are looking.一般look的词组都不能拆！要观察句子的动词是否能与先行词直接连用，会不会漏掉介词！I like the chair that he sits.XXon(4)非限制性定语从句中，引导词不能用that;(5)当先行词是前面整个句子的时候，只能用which;I have passed the mid-term exam,which makes my mother very excited.My sister has won th
12、e first prize,_ is for great singers.My sister has won the first prize,_ is good news.whichwhichI know the doctor.His daughter studies abroad.I know the doctor whose daughter studies abroad.Have you seen my book?The books cover is red.Have you seen my book whose cover is red？（作定语）（作定语）（作定语）（作定语）表示先行
13、词的所属关系，表示先行词的所属关系，不论人不论人/物，物，都用都用whose,可理解为可理解为“的的”*注意比较下面两个句子：I know the doctor whose daughter studies abroad.I know the doctor the daughter of whom studies abroad.Have you seen my book whose cover is red？Have you seen my book the cover of which is red？Summary 指代指人指物指人或物主语宾语定语在从句中的在从句中的作用作用whowhich
14、 thatwhom(口口语中可用语中可用who,可省可省)which(可省可省)that(可省可省)whose of whomwhose of which 1.All _ we need is to be supplied with food and clothing.A.what B.that C.which D.whom2.The man_talked to you just now is an engineer.A.who B.whose C.which D.whatExercises:3.Can you tell me the name of the factory_ you visi
15、ted last week?A.what B.in which C./D.when4.The most important thing_ we should pay attention to is the first thing _ I have said.A.which;that B.that;which C.which;which D.that;that6.She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons_ none of us has ever heard of.A.which B.who C.whom D.
16、that 7.Who is the person_ is talking about the accident _ happened on Highway 104?A.which;which B.who;what C.that;that D.what;what1.The famous basketball star,_ tried to make a comeback,attracted a lot of attention.(北京 2002春季)A.where B.when C.which D.who2.Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a
17、 day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont.（2006 北京）A.who;不填 B.who;不填 C.who;who D.不填；不填3.His movie won several awards at the film festival,_ was beyond his wildest dream.(2007 上海)A.which B.that C.where D.it4.The thought of going back home was kept him happy while he was wor
18、king abroad(2007 上海春)A.that B.all that C.all what D.which关系词关系词关系关系代词代词关系关系副词副词who whomthat whichwhosewhen where why一特殊一特殊as 一、关系副词引导的定语从句一、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词关系副词_用在定语从句中，表示事情发生的用在定语从句中，表示事情发生的时间时间，作状语。，作状语。_用在定语从句中，表示事情发生的用在定语从句中，表示事情发生的地点地点，作状语。，作状语。_用在定语从句中，表示事情发生的用在定语从句中，表示事情发生的原因原因，作状语。，作状语。when,
19、where when,where 或或 why why可以可以用用介词介词+_+_代代替。替。whenwherewhywhichWell never forget July 1st,1997 Hong Kong returned to its motherland.on whichwhen 引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词名词,在定语从句中作在定语从句中作 _,相当相当于于“介词介词+which”。时间状语时间状语whenThis is the factory I worked ten years ago.wherewhere 引导的定语从句修饰表示地点引导的定语从
20、句修饰表示地点的名词的名词,并在定语从句中作并在定语从句中作 _,相当于相当于“介词介词+which”。in which地点状语地点状语why 引导的定语从句修饰先行词引导的定语从句修饰先行词 reason,在从句中作原因状语在从句中作原因状语,相当于相当于“for+which”。There are many reasons people like traveling.for whichwhy注意：注意：“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”前可有前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或数词等代词或数词 。(1)He loved his p
21、arents deeply,_ are very kind to him.(2)There are 60 students in our class,_are very lovely.all of whomboth of whom在在“介词介词+which/whom”的结构的结构中，中，介词的选择介词的选择注 意 2.2.根据定语从句中根据定语从句中形容词形容词与与介词介词的搭配的搭配He referred me to some reference books _ I am not very familiar.with which1.1.根据定语根据定语从句从句所表达的所表达的意义意义来确定介
22、词来确定介词Air,_ man cant live,is really importantwithout which uHe made a hole in the wall,_ he could see what was going on outside the house.uThe librarian _ I just shook hands works carefully.with whom 4.4.根据定语根据定语从句中的从句中的动词动词(词组词组)与与先行词先行词的搭配的搭配through which 3.3.根据定语从句中根据定语从句中动词与介词动词与介词的搭配的搭配He is th
23、e man _ I think you can depend.on whom 5.5.根据根据先行词先行词与与介词介词的习惯搭配的习惯搭配p 当先行词表示当先行词表示“领域、方面领域、方面”(aspect,respect,area,field )时，时，用用 in which；p 当先行词表示当先行词表示“价格、利率、速度、海拔、代价价格、利率、速度、海拔、代价”等等(rate,price,speed，altitude,cost)时，用时，用 at which;p 当先行词表示当先行词表示“程度程度”(degree,extent)时，用时，用 to which;p 当先行词表示当先行词表示“根
24、据、依据、基础根据、依据、基础”(base,basis,foundation)时，用时，用 on which。Yesterday we had a meeting _ we discussed many problems.at which 1.Do you like the book _she spent$10?2.Do you like the book _she paid$10?3.Do you like the book _ she learned a lot?4.Do you like the book _ she often talks?5.He built a telescope
25、_ he could study the skies.6.There is a tall tree outside,_ stands our teacher.7.China has a lot of rivers,the second longest _ is the Yellow River.8.The tower _ people can have a good view is on the hill.9.The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at writing.10.He paid the boy$10 for w
26、ashing ten windows,most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.on whichfor whichfrom whichabout whichthrough whichunder whichof whichfrom whichto whomof which练习练习:介词介词+关系代词的使用关系代词的使用2when,where,why 和和 which,that 的选择。的选择。1.I shall never forget the day _ Shen Zhou VIII was launched,_ has a great eff
27、ect on my life.2.Mr.John came here at six,_ the sun was setting.3.It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year,_ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.4.The film brought the hours back to me _I was taken good care of in that faraway village.5.The film brought the ho
28、urs back to me,_ is unforgettable and important for me.6.I always look back on the days _ my father spent with us.which when when when when which which/that 1.This is the museum_ Ive ever visited.2.This is the only museum_ Ive ever visited.3.This is the museum_ Ive ever worked.4.This is the museum_
29、Ive ever seen some mummies.5.Dont forget the time _ we will get together.Dont forget the time _ I told you to get together.辨析练习辨析练习which(that)wherewhen(that)where6.-How did you manage to get back the wallet you lost？-I found it at the _ place _ I had lost it.7.There were dirty marks on her trousers
30、_ she had wiped her hands.where where verysameexact 8.Let me think of a proper situation _ this sentence can be used.9.I think theyve got to the very point _ a change is needed,otherwise they will fail.10.I can think of many cases _ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but
31、couldnt write a good essay.where where where 1.Ive come to the point where I cant stand him.2.The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time.我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。wherewhere引导的定语从句先行词大多数情况下是表示地点引导的定语从句先行词大多数情况下是表示地点的名词，但也有的名词，但也有特
32、殊情况特殊情况。难点难点:一些特殊词之后的一些特殊词之后的where解析：如果定语从句分别修饰解析：如果定语从句分别修饰point,situation,part,point,situation,part,condition,stage,statecondition,stage,state和和casecase等表示抽象意义的词，如果作状语，常用等表示抽象意义的词，如果作状语，常用where where 引导，意思是引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中到了某种地步，在某种境况中”。对比练习：1.He is now in a difficult situation_ he is likely t
33、o lose his job.2.We are now getting in a difficult situation _ we cant change.3.They fought with their boss because they tried to set up a state _ they would be treated equally.4.They tried to set up a state _ is the most beautiful one.11.Do you know the reason _ we see the sun rise in the east and
34、set in the west?12.It seems to me no reason _ you gave us for your mistake is sound.13.Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?A.he explained B.what he explained C.how he explained D.why he explained why(that)A辨析练习a)Is this room _ you once lived in?b)Is this the only roo
35、m _ you have lived in?c)Is this the room _ you once lived？d)Is this the room in _ you once lived?e)Is it this room _ you once lived?A.which B.where C.that D.the oneDCBABas 在定语从句中的使用在定语从句中的使用31.1.在所引导的限制性定语从句中，在所引导的限制性定语从句中，as as 可用作关系代词或可用作关系代词或关系副词，既可作主语、宾语，又可作状语。关系副词，既可作主语、宾语，又可作状语。它代替的它代替的先行词既可是人
36、，又可是物先行词既可是人，又可是物。uSuch students as were praised just now worked hard.uSuch books as I borrowed yesterday are all here.uPlease do it in the same way as I did.(as(as 作主语作主语)(as(as 作宾语作宾语)(as(as 作状语作状语)2.2.当先行词被当先行词被so,as,such,the same 所所修饰时，关系代词用修饰时，关系代词用asas 。Ive never seen such a tall tree _ it is.
37、A war is so cruel that it always causes so great losses _ has happened in Iraq.由as引导的定语从句 as可作为关系代词和关系副词来引导定语从句。such as+不完整从句 “像一样的”，such that+完整句子 “如此以至于”the sameas “像之类”（同类）the samethat “像之类”(同物)注意！注意！1.This is the same thing _ we are in need of.2.Thank God!The police has found the same bike _ I l
38、ost.3.Such people _you say are short now.4.I have never heard such stories _ he tells.5.His idea was such a good one _ we all agreed to use it.asthatasasthat3.3.在引导非限制性定语从句中，在引导非限制性定语从句中，as as可指代后面整个主句可指代后面整个主句，有，有“正如、像正如、像一样一样”的含义，其位置可放在主句的含义，其位置可放在主句前面，也可放在后面。前面，也可放在后面。uAs we all know,Gandhi was l
39、oved and respected by all Indians.正如我们所知道的那样，甘地为所有印度人所爱戴和尊敬。正如我们所知道的那样，甘地为所有印度人所爱戴和尊敬。uAs is well known to all,Taiwan is a part of China.众所周知，台湾是中国的一部分。众所周知，台湾是中国的一部分。uThe match was wonderful,as we had expected.正如所预料的那样，比赛棒极了。正如所预料的那样，比赛棒极了。uShe married him,which was unexpected.她嫁给了他，这是出乎意料的事。她嫁给了他，
40、这是出乎意料的事。而而which which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，且引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，且无无“正如正如”之意。通常还有出乎意料之意之意。通常还有出乎意料之意 As is known to us all,the earth moves around the sun.As is mentioned above,the anti-Japanese soldiers fought over sixty years ago.As is known to everybody,the moon travels around the earth once every
41、month.As has been announced,we shall have our final exams next month.As is reported in newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.As is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.The earth is round._ is known to all.The earth is round,_ is known to all._ is known to al
42、l,the earth is round _ is known to all that the earth is round._ is known to all is that the earth is round.Itwhich/as AsItas 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：as you know/as you see/as we planned/as we expectedWhat3._ is known to all,he is the best student.4.Jim passed the driving test,
43、_ surprised everybody in the office.Aswhichasthatwhich1.It is such a big stone _ nobody can lift.2.It is such a big stone _ nobody can lift it.asthat归纳归纳：as引导限制性定语从句先行词前常被引导限制性定语从句先行词前常被such,the same,so,as 修饰，即构成修饰，即构成suchas,the same as,soas,结构，做题时容易忽略。结构，做题时容易忽略。as在定语从句中应充在定语从句中应充当成分如：主语、宾语或表语。当成分如
44、：主语、宾语或表语。as 与与which引导定语从句引导定语从句都能指代整句内容都能指代整句内容，但定语从，但定语从句位于句位于句首句首时，只能用时，只能用 as,意为意为“正如正如、恰如恰如”。the way+不填不填 /that /in which4填上合适的关系词并分析原因填上合适的关系词并分析原因：1.The way _he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.2.The way _he explained to us was quite simple.that/which/不填不填that/in w
45、hich/不填不填缺状语缺状语缺宾语缺宾语the way用做先行词用做先行词3.What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it.（湖北）（湖北）A.the way B.in the way that C.in the way D.the way which高考题链接：高考题链接：What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it.A.the way B.in the way that C.in the way D.the way whichI dont like the
46、way _ he spoke to me.I felt most angry about the way _ Ive been treated.A模拟训练模拟训练 ：1.He is such a lazy man_ nobody wants to work with_.A.as;him B.that;/C.as;/D.whom;him2.Mrs.Black took the police back to_ place _ she witnessed the robbery.A.the same;as B.the same;where C.the same;that D.as the same;
47、asCorrect the sentences:1.Im using the pen which he bought it yesterday.2.The man whom I spoke is from Canada.3.July 1,1999 is the day when well never forget.which_toCorrect the sentences:4.I still remember the holidays I stayed with them.5.I still remember the holidays when I spent with them.6.Im g
48、oing to work in the hospital where needs me.7.Those that havent been to the West Lake will gather at the school gate.8.I dont like the way which you talked to your friend.inwhen_who_that/which_that/whichCorrect the sentences:9.This is the last time when Ive given you lessons.10.Soon they came to a f
49、arm house,and in front of which sat a small boy.11.We heard the news which our team won the game.12.The reason which he didnt explained it sounds reasonable._that_ that _whyit_13.Those at the desk want to buy tickets write down your names.14.That was the reason because she looked old.15.Miss Chen is
50、 the only one of the few teachers who give us wonderful English lessons in our school.16.Taiwan,that we know,belongs to China.aswho_giveswhy17.It is the one of the best films that have been shown recently.18.The third place which we are going to visit is Hangzhou.19.Which is known to all,many satell
