1、good-better-best一、相关概念一、相关概念词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。1 名词名词 noun n.student 学生学生 2 代词代词 pronoun pron.you 你你3 形容词形容词 adjective adj.happy 高兴的高兴的4 副词副词 adverb adv.quickly 迅速地迅速地5 动词动词 verb v.cut 砍、割砍、割6 数词数词 numeral num.three 三三7 冠词冠词 article art.a/an/the8 介词介词 prepo
2、sition prep.at 在在.9 连词连词 conjunction conj.and 和和10 感叹词感叹词 interjection interj.oh 哦哦前六类叫前六类叫实词实词，后四类叫，后四类叫虚词虚词。特别注意动词分为及物动词动词分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词和不及物动词(vi)Vt:后面可以跟宾语后面可以跟宾语Vi:后面不能跟宾语后面不能跟宾语有些词既可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词，词意一致。有些词既可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词，词意一致。有些词既可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词，词意不一致。有些词既可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词，词意不一致。The meetin
3、g began(vi).（开始）（开始）We began(vt)the meeting at 6.（开始）（开始）The man walked(vi)away.（走）（走）He walked(vt)the dog every day.（遛）（遛）二、句子成分句子成分有哪些？I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语主语主语 subject谓语谓语 predicate宾语宾语 object表语表语 predicative宾补宾补 complement定语定语 attribute状语状语
4、adverbial同位语同位语 appositive句子的主干成分：句子的主干成分：句子的次要成分：句子的次要成分：注意：表语和系动词一起作谓语注意：表语和系动词一起作谓语。1.主语主语1.一般是动作的发出者，一般是动作的发出者，位于句首位于句首。主语常常由。主语常常由名词名词,代代词词,数词数词,动名词动名词,动词不定式动词不定式等充当。等充当。The boy is twelve.Those apples are delicious.She looks attractive.2.不能不能做主语，若在句首，可能做主语，若在句首，可能是倒装。是倒装。倒装语序：倒装语序：On the desk/T
5、here are some books.正常语序：正常语序：Some books are on the desk/there.注意注意there be句型句型：1.be 动词要和其后的实际主语在人称和数的形式上保动词要和其后的实际主语在人称和数的形式上保持一致。如果持一致。如果 there be后实际主语是多个并列项时，后实际主语是多个并列项时，要遵循要遵循就近原则就近原则。如：如：There is a bird in the tree.There are many apples on the tree.There is a pencil and two rulers on the desk.
6、There are two rulers and a pencil on the desk.2.可以用可以用Live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等词等词代替代替be动词动词。There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.(不但不但“有有”而且而且“住住”在那里在那里)There exists no air on the moon.(存在存在)There lies a book on the desk.3.there be 和和 have 的区别。的区别。“there be”表示：某地有某物，
7、某时有某物。表示：某地有某物，某时有某物。“have”表示：某人有某物。表示：某人有某物。There is a ball under the bed.He has a lovely dog.练习划出下面的句子主语，并说出由什么充当。During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.We often speak English in class.One-third of the students in this class are girls.Smoking does harm to the heal
8、thThe rich should help the poor.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.It is necessary to master a foreign language.That he isnt at home is not true._ _ 名词做主语名词做主语_动名词做主语动名词做主语_ 人称代词做主语人称代词做主语_ 名词做主语名词做主语_名词做主语名词做主语_不定式做主语不定式做主语_不定时做主语不定时做主语_从句做主语从句做主语2.谓语 说明主语所做的动作或者具有的特征和状态。简单谓语简单谓语：He reads new
9、spapers every day.They made a cake for me.复合谓语复合谓语：He has caught a bad cold.You may keep the book for two weeks.I have been reading the book all the time.My sister is crying over there.系动词系动词+表语作谓语表语作谓语：His father is a musician.The man is handsome.My grandpa is seventy.主谓要一致主谓要一致练习划出下面句子的谓语，并说出是什么谓语
10、。Miss Mary teaches us English.Many a person has read the novel.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.Her favorite sport is playing football._ _ _ _简单谓语简单谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语3.1.一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词，或名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或者承受者。一般位于及物动词和介词之后。2.宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。We have breakfast at seven.He
11、 bought a new car last week.He is looking at the dog.He gave me some books.间接间接宾语宾语直接直接宾语宾语直接宾语直接宾语指指物物,间接宾语间接宾语指指人人.练习划出下面的句子宾语，并说出由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday.-How many dictionaries do you have?-I have five.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.I wanted to buy a car.I enjoy
12、 watching tv.I think(that)he is fit for his office._ _ _ _名词作宾语名词作宾语名词作宾语名词作宾语动名词作宾语动名词作宾语从句作宾语从句作宾语数词作宾语数词作宾语不定式作宾语不定式作宾语4.补语有些动词虽然是及物动词，但是只能跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的有些动词虽然是及物动词，但是只能跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的句子意思，宾语后必须加上一个补语成分才能使句意完整，句子意思，宾语后必须加上一个补语成分才能使句意完整，所加上所加上的部分就是宾语补足语的部分就是宾语补足语。宾语补语宾语补语：宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的：宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上
13、的主谓关系主谓关系，它们，它们一起构成复合宾语。一起构成复合宾语。He asked me to lend him some money.I heard someone calling for help.主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语宾补宾补主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语宾补宾补主语补语主语补语：对主语的补充。（含有宾语补足语的句子在：对主语的补充。（含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态宾语作主语时，原来的宾语就成了主语补变成被动语态宾语作主语时，原来的宾语就成了主语补足语。）足语。）She was found singing in the next room.主语主语谓语谓语主补主补练习划出下面的句子补语，
14、并说出由什么充当。His father named him Dongming.They pained their boat white.Let the fresh air in.I asked him to come on time.We saw her entering the room.He kept his hand behind his back.I want your homework done on time._不定式短语不定式短语_ _名词名词_形容词形容词_副词副词_现在分词现在分词_ _介词短语介词短语_过去分词短语过去分词短语5.定语n 定语是对定语是对名词或者代词名词或者
15、代词起起修饰限定作用修饰限定作用的词，短语，的词，短语，或句子，汉语中用或句子，汉语中用（的）的）表示表示.形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前。形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前。The next man is a scientist.It is an interesting story.n在英语中，也有很多情况是定语放在所修饰词之后，这在英语中，也有很多情况是定语放在所修饰词之后，这点与汉语的表达习惯不同。点与汉语的表达习惯不同。1.副词作定语，一般要后置。副词作定语，一般要后置。People there are very friendly.（那儿的人们）（那儿的人们）He didnt like
16、 the man downstairs.（楼下的那个人）（楼下的那个人）2.形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The man next to me is a scientist.3.介词短语作定语要后置。介词短语作定语要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.4.现在分词短语，过去分词短语，动词不定式作定语现在分词短语，过去分词短语，动词不定式作定语常后置。常后置。I have something to say.我有我有要说的要说的话。话。The boy crying over there is my brother.在那边在
17、那边哭的哭的那个男孩是我的弟弟。那个男孩是我的弟弟。练习划出下面句子的定语，并说出由什么充当。The letter on the desk is for Mr.Wu.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.We need a place twice larger than this one.She carried a basket full of eggs.Its a book worth no more than one dollar.Its a city far away from the coast._ 介词短语做后置定语介词短语做
18、后置定语_形容词短语作后置定语形容词短语作后置定语_ 形容词短语作后置定语形容词短语作后置定语_形容词短语作后置定语形容词短语作后置定语_with的复合结构作后置定语的复合结构作后置定语_形容词短语作后置定语形容词短语作后置定语6.状语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词或者是整个句子，说明动作状语修饰动词，形容词，副词或者是整个句子，说明动作或者状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。或者状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。He writes carefully.（修饰动词用副词，作状语。修饰动词用副词，作状语。）He walks slowly.（修饰动词用副词，作状语。修饰动词用副词，作状语。）This mater
19、ial is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词（修饰形容词用副词，作状语。）用副词，作状语。）The trees grew extremely slowly.（slowly修饰动词修饰动词grew,是副词，而是副词，而extremely是副词，修饰是副词，修饰slowly。）。）1.几个并列的状语的先后顺序：方式几个并列的状语的先后顺序：方式-地点地点-时间时间He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.2.英语中，时间状语、地点状语的排列一般都是按从小到大英语中，时间状语、地点状语的排列一般都是按从
20、小到大得顺序。得顺序。I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m.on Thursday,August 28th,2015.3.频度副词频度副词often,always,usually,sometimes,never等在句子中的位置是：动前助后（动：谓语动词，助：等在句子中的位置是：动前助后（动：谓语动词，助：Be动词、情态动词、助动词（动词、情态动词、助动词（do/does）。）。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.4.状语状语 如果
21、按照句意分类，如果按照句意分类，有时间状语，地点状语，目的有时间状语，地点状语，目的状语，结果状语，程度状语，条件状语，方式状语和让步状语，结果状语，程度状语，条件状语，方式状语和让步状语等。状语等。练习划出下面的句子主语，并说出由什么充当。1.Mr.Smith lives on the third floor.2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.She put the eggs into the basket with a great care.4.She came in with a dict
22、ionary in her hand.5.To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.6.The boy needs a pen very much._ 目的状语目的状语_ _ 伴随状语伴随状语_ 方式状语方式状语_原因状语原因状语_地点状语地点状语_程度状语程度状语7.同位语同位语同位语是在同位语是在名词或者代词之后的并列名词或代词名词或者代词之后的并列名词或代词，对，对前者加以说明。前者加以说明。We students should study hard.It is good for us stud
23、ents.画出下列句中的同位语画出下列句中的同位语1.The young man,my brother,works in the office.2.Our English teacher,Mrs.Wang,often helps us with study.3.They,some railway workers,are busy repairing the train.8.表语表语表语一般位于表语一般位于系动词系动词之后之后。My father is a musician.The food tastes delicious.系动词系动词1）状态系动词（状态系动词（be动词）动词）例如：例如：H
24、e is a teacher.2）持续系动词持续系动词keep,remain,stay 例如：例如：He always kept silent at the meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。3）表像系动词表像系动词 seem,appear,look,例如：例如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。他看起来很累。4）感官系动词感官系动词(feel,smell,sound,taste)例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。这种布手感很软。5）变化系动词变化系动词(become,grow,turn,fall,
25、get,go,come,run)例如：例如：He became mad after that.6）终止系动词终止系动词(prove,turn out,表达表达“证实证实”，“变成变成”之意之意)例如：例如：The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。注意：系动词不用于被动语态注意：系动词不用于被动语态.句子成句子成分练习练习1、You should study at school.2、The teacher got very angry.3、The boy told me his story.4、We find the task difficult.5、I t
26、old him an interesting story.6、We watched the train leaving the station.状语状语表语表语间语间语+直宾直宾宾语宾语+宾补宾补间宾间宾+直宾直宾宾语宾语+宾补宾补指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.The students got on the school bus.2.He handed me the newspaper.3.I shall answer your question after class.4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!5.T
27、hey went hunting together early in the morning.6.His job is to train swimmers.7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.9.His wish is to become a scientist.10.Do you have anything else to say?1.They work hard.主主 +谓谓 (状）状）2.The flower is dead.主主+系系+表表3.Pla
28、nts need water.主主+谓谓+宾宾4.He gives me some seeds.主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾5.We should keep the plants in the shade.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补6.Many animals live in trees.主主 +谓谓 （状）（状）7.We must keep our classroom clean.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补8.After work he always feels a little tired.（状）（状）主主+（状）（状）系系+（定）（定）表表9.They laughed at us af
29、ter the match.主主+谓谓 宾（状）宾（状）10.She told me a story.主主 谓间宾直宾谓间宾直宾He likes eggs.He doesnt like chickens.He likes eggs,but he doesnt like chickens.He said that he likes eggs.简单句 并列句 复合句并列连词并列连词从属连词从属连词分类分类说明说明例句例句简简单单句句由一个主语或并列主由一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。即谓语构成的句子。即一套主谓关系一套主谓关系。1.Tom and I found
30、 her there.2.We all breathe,eat and work.并并列列句句由并列连词由并列连词（and,so,but,or等）等）把把两个或两个以上的两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起简单句连在一起而构而构成的句子。成的句子。1.He likes eggs,but he doesnt like chickens.2.Work hard or you will fall behind.复复合合句句由由一个主句一个主句和和一个或一个或一个以上的从句一个以上的从句构成构成的句子的句子1.I believe you are right.2.If you study harder,you will pass the exam.
