1、IntercuItural communication involves interaction between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.Our goal in this class is to answer some of the following questions:?Why do we often uncomfortable when encountering people who are diffe
2、rent from yourself?Why do people from different cultures behave in ways that seem strange to you?How do cultural differences influence communication?Which cultural differences are important and which are inconsequential?Why is it difficult to understand and appreciate cultural difference?1CHAPTER 1C
3、ommunication and Culture:The Challenge of The Future345CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureChallenge?Societies around the globe have been interwoven into a complex fabric of interdependent economic,technological,political,and social relationships.This is called Globalizati
4、on.Globalization has greatly increased the economic strength of many nations and bring people together from different cultures.However,it could resulting more competition for natural resources,international conflicts and security,environmental issues,and world health issues.6CHAPTER 1-Communication
5、and Culture:The Challenge of The FutureOther challenges:?Due to the worlds increasing population,we will see.more people are moving to developed countries(shifting populations).This could bring more communication issues in multicultural societies.?Meanwhile,aging population in more developed countri
6、es Could bring more communication issues between older generations and younger generations(this can be treated as co-culture).78?No Direct Mind-to-Mind Contact9?We can only Infer10?We seek to define the world11?Communication is self-Reflective12?The Brain is an open system-we learn to communicate13?
7、Communication has a consequence14CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The Future?Defining Communication:its a dynamic process in which people attempts to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols.?Principles of Communication:a)It is a dynamic processb)I
8、t is symbolicc)It is contextual(situations)d)it is self-reflectivee)we learn to communicatef)it has a consequence?Functions of Communication:a)Gather information about other peopleb)Fulfill interpersonal needsc)Establishes personal identitiesd)Influence others15Dominant Culture?Its the one in power-
9、control.?Control the major institutions within the culture such as:church,gov.,education,military,mass media,monetary systems,etc.Co-Cultures?They are numerous.?Distinct and unique patterns of communication that they have learned.?Can be based on race,ethnic background,age,sex,or other factors.CHAPT
10、ER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The Future1617?We learn our culture through proverbs Offer an important set of instructions18CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The Future?Culture is Transmitted from generation to generation Learned Shared Based on symbols Dynamic An
11、 intergrated system 19?We learn our culture from folk tales,legends,and myths.The Epic of GilgameshWencheng(Sumerian)20?We learn our culture through artArt is a symbolic way of communicating(pics taken from The Corning Museum of Glass)21?We learned our culture through mass media22?Culture is transmi
12、tted from generation to generation23?Culture is based on symbols24?Culture is subjected to change25?Culture is integrated26?Culture is Ethnocentric27?Culture is adaptive28CHAPTER 1-Communication and Culture:The Challenge of The Future?Defining Culture:its a set of human-made objectivesand subjective
13、 elementsthat increased the probability of survival satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche share with those who could communicate with each other and lived in the same time and place.?Subjective elements include:values,beliefs,attitudes,orientations,and underlying assumptions preva
14、lent among people in the society.?Basic functions of Culture:adapt to a particular ecology,and includes the knowledge that people need to have in order to function in their own social environment.?Elements include:History,Regligion,Values,Social organizations,and Language.29CHAPTER 1-Communication a
15、nd Culture:The Challenge of The Future?In order to study cross-cultural communication,we must pay attention to the following:a)Each individual are unique.b)Stereotyping.c)Objectivity.d)Communication is not a Cure-all.30CHAPTER 2The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityCHAPTER 2-The Deep Structu
16、re of Culture:Roots of Reality?The deep structure of cultureis the unconscious assumptions about how the world operates.It makes each culture unique,and explains how and why of a cultures collective action.?At the core of any cultures deep structure are its social organizations(or social institution
17、s).?Lessons about life and ways for living that life?Its based on cooperation?Three most enduring and influential social organizations that deal with deep structure issues are?Family?State(Community)?Religion(Worldview)32CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality?Why do most serious co
18、nfrontations and misunderstandings can be traced to cultural differences?Different civilizations have different views on the relations between God and man,the individual group and the group,the citizen and the state,parents and children,husband and wife,as well as differing views of the relative imp
19、ortance of rights and responsibilities,liberty and authority,equality and hierarchy.-p.5133CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality?The Deep Structure of Culture contains the following:?A cultures most important beliefs?History(origin)?Involves deep and emotional feelings?Supply much
20、 of a persons identity 34CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality?The Importance of Family:?The family is the principal transmitter of knowledge,values,attitudes,roles,and habits from one generation to the next.Through word and example,the family shapes a childs personality and insti
21、lls modes of thoughts and ways of acting that become habitual-p.5535CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality?Traditionally,most people encounter two families during the course of their life:the family they are born into and the family that is formed when and if they take a name.?But
22、there are fewer ypical American families in the U.S.than ever before.Most of these changes were brought about by the following:?Economic changes?Technological innovations?Demographics?Gender roles and opportunities for women(Examples:Single parent,never married couples,adopted child etc.)Can you thi
23、nk of any similar changes in China?36CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality?Globalization has major impact on traditional family structure all through the world.The two characteristics of globalization that have been the most responsible for those changes are(1)mass media and(2)mig
24、ration.?Mass Media?Family values exposed to different set of values?Example:materials&money vs.spirituality&principles?Migration?Millions of workers leave their families and move from one place to another place to seek jobs or higher wages.37CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality?F
25、amilies perform a series of key functions in all cultures.These functions include teaching members of the culture about economics,socialization,values and religion,individualism and collectivism,and social skills.38CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality?History is the witness that
26、testifies to the passing of time;illumines reality,vitalizes memory,provides guidance in daily life,and brings us tidings of antiquity.?A cultures history affects individual perception and behavior and how people relate to another culture.?Two assumptions:?Historical events help explain the characte
27、r of a culture.?What a culture seeks to remember and pass onto the next generation tells us about the character of that culture.39CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory of United States:?Those who originally arrived on the Atlantic coast brought many English values,system of
28、 law,and the basic organization of commerce during 16th century.?“Life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness”liberties had to be secured against abusive power of government(independent from Britain)?Environmental factors brought psychological effects on the settlers:survival based on individualism40C
29、HAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory of Russia:?The history of Russians have been subjected to invasion and suffering.(Mongols,Germans,Turks,Poles,Swedes,French,and English)therefore,militarized absolutism.?Molded by the type of leadership that has control the country for t
30、housand of years follow orders and accept“words”(dictums)of their leaders.?A deep appreciation and devotion to the performing arts and cultural arts.?The size of land have created the people to think(muse)about life.41CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory of China:?“Conside
31、r the past then youll know the present”the importance of history.History links all members of the culture.?Chinas long history of physical and cultural isolation.may partly attributed their intense national pride.They were the source of the culture of most of neighbors.Considered others were inferio
32、r.?View family value as priority and civilization has been built on agriculture-Collectivism42CHAPTER 2-The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of RealityHistory of Japan:?Based on series of islands,Japan is yet another isolated country strong sense of self-identity,acutely aware of anything that comes
33、from outside.?250 years of feudal period loyalty for the feudal lords in the past(now companies);discipline and sacrifice;lack of individualism.?Collectivism cooperative efforts,group identification and group action.43CHAPTER 3 Culture and the Individual:Cultural IdentityCHAPTER 3-Culture and the In
34、dividual:Cultural Identity?How identity influences and guides expectations about your own and others social roles,and provides guidelines for your communication interaction with others.?Factors include:political views,religious beliefs,lifestyle choices,ethnic similarity,economic interest,etc.?Some
35、selected social identities in chapter:?Racial Identity?Ethnic Identity?Gender Identity?National Identity?Regional Identity?Organizational Identity?Personal Identity?Cyber and Fantasy Identity45CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity?The initial exposure to our identity came from our f
36、amily-where we began to learn culturally appropriate beliefs,values,and social roles.?Later,education and mass media can play a considerable role in our identity development.?Three-stage identity development models(Phinney)?Unexamined ethnic identity-ethnic identity search-ethnic achievement?Four-st
37、age identity development models(Martin and Nakayama)?Model for minority:Unexamined identity-conformity-resistance and separatism-integration?Model for majority:Unexamined identity-acceptance-resistance-redefinition and reintegration46CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity47CHAPTER 3-
38、Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity?The Dark Side of Identity-Stereotyping?-a means of organizing your images into fixed and simple categories that you use to represent an entire collection of people.?can be positive or negative?narrow our perceptions(oversimplified,exaggerated,and overgene
39、ralized)?stereotypes are learned(again,begins with our early education)?may evolve out of fear of persons from groups that differ from ones own?How to avoid stereotypes?aware of your tendency to engage in categorization?open to new information and evidence?being aware of your zone of discomfort48CHA
40、PTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity?The Dark Side of Identity-Prejudice(part 1)?-they are deeply held negative feelings associated with a particular group.These sentiments often include anger,fear,aversion,and anxiety.?directed at a social group and its members?involve with evaluativ
41、e dimension(right/wrong,moral/immoral)?possess centrality(strong belief)?Functions?ego-defensive:hold prejudice without having to admit.?utilitarian:receiving rewards by holding on to their prejudicial beliefs.?value-expressive:when they believe their attitudes are expressing the highest and most mo
42、ral values of the culture.?knowledge:able to categorize,organize,and construct their perceptions of other people in a manner that makes sense to them.49CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity?The Dark Side of Identity-Prejudice(part 2)?Five expressions of prejudice:?antilocution;avoid
43、ance;discrimination;physical attacks;extermination?Causes:?Societal sources-major organizations and institutions produce laws,regulations,and norms that create prejudice within a society.?Maintaining social identity-the connection between our identity and culture can be personal and emotional.Anythi
44、ng that threatens that bond can become the target of prejudice.?Scapegoating-minority group gets the blame.?How to avoid prejudice?Personal contact&education50CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity?The Dark Side of Identity-Racism?-is an extension of stereotyping and prejudice-the be
45、lief in the inherent superiority of a particular race.?can be categorized as either personal or institutional.?institutional can refer to schools,corporations,hospitals,or criminal justice system.?may be intentional or unintentional?some can be easily to detect,while others are almost impossible.?Ho
46、w to avoid racism?Try to be honest to yourself?Object to racist jokes and insults whenever you hear them?Respect freedom?Examine the historical roots of racism51CHAPTER 3-Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity?The Dark Side of Identity-Ethnocentrism?-is the notion that ones own culture is supe
47、rior to any other.?links ethnocentrism to the concepts of stereotyping,prejudice,and racism.?can be viewed as three levels:positive,negative,and extremely negative.?most people are ethnocentric?contributes to cultural identity?Why there can be serious consequences if you engage in negative ethnocent
48、rism?The more ethnocentric you are,the more anxious you are;when we are fearful,we are less likely to expect a positive outcome and less willing to trust someone from another culture.?How to avoid ethnocentrism?Avoid dogmatism52CHAPTER 4 Shaping Interpretations of Reality:Cultural ValuesCHAPTER 4-Sh
49、aping Interpretation of Reality:Cultural Values?Perception is the process of selecting,organizing,and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of the world.54CHAPTER 4-Shaping Interpretation of Reality:Cultural Values?Perception is selective.A part of perception is determined
50、 by culture.?Perceptual patterns are learned.Beliefs?A storage system.?Shaped by individuals culture.?Accepted as truths.?Usually reflected in your actions and communication behavior.Values?Beliefs from the basis of our values.?Represents what is expected or hoped for,required or forbidden.?Can be c
