1、医学英语术语学及应用Chapter OneAn Etymological (词源的)Study of English LanguageIndo-European and Germanic InfluencesnEnglish belongs to the Indo-European family of languages,a very broad language family including most of the European languages spoken today.nThe word for father vater(in German),pater(in Greek),p
2、edar in(Persian),pater(in Latin),and pitr(in Sanskrit)Indo-European and Germanic InfluencesnIn case of the word“brother”,it is of similar nature.In Greek it is phrater,in Latin frater,in Sanskrit bhratar,in French frere and in German brudernOf all the different branches in Indo-European family,two a
3、re of paramount importance,the Germanic and the Romance.English is in the Germanic group of languages.Old English(450-1100)nThe Angles,Saxons,and Jutes from northern Germany,Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to populate those areas.nAnglo-Saxons Old English(450-1100)nthe o
4、riginal,Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is know England Scotland,Wales,Cornwall and Ireland,leaving behind a few Celtic words.Old English(450-1100)nThe invaders language,Anglo-Saxon,developed into what we know as Old Englishnwater,stone,foot,fire,sheep,and strong derive from Old English root
5、sThe Norman Conquest and Middle English(1100-1500)nWilliam the Conqueror,the Duke of Normandy,subsequently King William I,invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066.They spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman.The Normans were also of Germanic stock and Anglo-Norman was a
6、 French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.The Norman Conquest and Middle English(1100-1500)nThe influence of the Normans:beef and cownBeef Anglo-NormannCow GermannThe mixture of the two languages:Middle EnglishEarly Modern English(1500-1800)nThe n
7、ext wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance.Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language:grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,and musicnWilliam ShakespeareLate Modern English(1800-Present)nThe principal distinction between Early Modern English and Late m
8、odern English is vocabulary.nTwo historical factors:Industrial Revolution and the British EmpirenNeologism:oxygen,protein,nuclear,vaccine(Latin/Greek roots)Late Modern English(1800-Present)nHorsepower,airplane,typewriter(English roots)nThis burst of neologism continues today,visible in the field of
9、electronics and computers:cyber-,bios,hard-drive,and microchipLate Modern English(1800-Present)nIn addition,the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words into English.nFinally,the 20th century saw two world wars
10、,and the military influence on the languageChapter TwonAn Etymological Study of Medical EnglishnBased on their origin,medical terms can be divided into two large categories:native and borrowed.Words Evolved from Old EnglishnOld English is believed to have essentially developed from dialect spoken by
11、 the Anglo-Saxons.Most medical words from old English denote anatomic structures,organs,substances,and basic concepts of human activities.Anatomic WordsanklebackbladderbloodchesteareyefootgumhairhandkneelipliverlungneckorganthroattongueWords Denoting ConceptsacheblindbreathbruisefeverhealmindcoldWor
12、ds Originated from GreeknFrom Greek,Early Modern English received grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,and music.And medical terminology is one of the areas that have been influenced by Greek.Words Originated from Greekacmeanorexiacoloncomadiagnosisdyspepticglaucomametastasisnecrosispandemicp
13、aralysispneumoniapsychologyWords Originated from LatinnThe earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire.With the expansion,the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire.Greater influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest.Words Originat
14、ed from LatinAbscessacuteaortaautopsybacteriacellcliniccortexdystrophyhydrophobiainflamemedicinemuscleobstetricsplacebopanaceaprognosistumorWords Borrowed from FrenchnAfter the Norman Conquest,the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English languag
15、e.A great number of French words,including those used in medical works,took their roots in English.Borrowing from French has continued till present time.Words Borrowed from FrenchHospitalfaintjaundicedoctorbenigndiseasemortuaryembolismanatomyarteryambulanceantibioticchroniclymphmalaisepathologysurge
16、onpalpitationprostaterehabilitationWords Borrowed from German AspirinbarbituratebiologychemotherapychromosomegenegenomeleukemianeuronpsychoanalysisschizophreniatestosteroneWords Borrowed from ItalianInfluenzamalariaquarantineWords Borrowed from SpanishMosquitoquinineWords from Direct CoinageAcupunctureantacid
