1、 高考英语高考英语语法干扰项分析和答题技巧语法干扰项分析和答题技巧 一、 非谓语动词 语法测试中非谓语动词约占 31.1%，平均每年近 5 道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动 词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢？ 1、非谓语动词考查特点 1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断 对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如： All things _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(1999.1) A. had been canceled B.
2、 have been canceled C. were canceled D. having been canceled 四个选项中有三个是谓语动词， 只有 D 是非谓语动词， 只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语， 则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。 2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择 谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。如： I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late. (2000.1) A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. you
3、r delaying to make D. you delay to make Had I remembered _ the windows, the thief would not have got in.(1996.1) A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed Your hair wants _ . Youd better have it done tomorrow. A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut(1997.6) 这类题涉及三个方面： 谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动
4、名词？ 即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别？ 不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式？ 3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择 从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况： (1)对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如： The project _ by the end of 2000, will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.(1999.6) A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished
5、D. having been accomplished If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _.(1996.6) A. to correct B. correcting C. having been corrected D. being corrected 同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断题答案为 C，题答案为 D。 (2)对固定结构的考查，如： The professor could hardly find s
6、ufficient grounds _ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6) A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base The pressure _ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain. A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. havi
7、ng competed 题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为 D，题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为 A。在英语中有些 名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及 means, way, time, moment, reason 等要求其后用不定 式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。 4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择 做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如： _ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.(1996.6) A. Having believed B.
8、Believing C. Believed D. Being Believed _ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.(1995.1) A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming Realizing that he hadnt enough money and _ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.(1995.1) A. not want
9、ed B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not _ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.(1997.1) A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed 从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有： (1)状语类别的判断 不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如。 (2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系 根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。 (3)非谓语动词的否定形式 n
10、ot 否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如。 (4) 独立成分 有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如: generally speaking, judging from., to tell the truth., 等。 5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择 做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各 类宾补都有考查。如： They are going to have the service man _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.(1998.1) A.
11、install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute _.(1998.6) A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled You will see this product _ wherever you go.(2000.6) A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D
12、. advertising His remarks left me _ about his real purpose.(1999.6) A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering When I caught him _ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.(1997.1) A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating The sale usually takes place outs
13、ide the house, with the audience _ on benches, chairs or boxes.(2000.1) A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated 考查涉及到感官动词后的宾语补足语，如。 have, make, let, leave 等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。 regard 类后面的宾语补足语 with 独立分句后面的 常用动词后面的宾语补足语。 6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择 表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为 干扰项，只要
14、能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如： The house was very quiet, _ as it was on the side of the mountain.(1999.6) A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated These surveys indicate that many crimes go _ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them.(2000.6) A. unrecorded B. to be unreco
15、rded C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded 分词做表语可以做系动词 be 的表语， 也可以做其它系动词的表语， 如 go, feel,seem, look, remain 等等。 这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。 7) to 作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择 to 可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如： I have no objection _ your story again.(2000.6) A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to h
16、ave heard The traditional approach _ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems.(1996.6) A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal The man in the corner confessed to _ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6) A. have told B. be told C. being told D.
17、 having told 这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项 to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是 to 的性质；另一种是 to 在题干中，如。 8) 分词前连词的使用 分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况 (1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式 Michael used to look hurt and surprised when _.(1995.1) A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded when 的使用
18、说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是 B，从 scold 与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看， 应该是动宾关系，答案应该是 D。 (2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词 Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs _ directed.(1996.1) A. like B. so C. which D. as 由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是 as。 9) 非谓语动词的体 非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即 having done, having
19、 been done 和 being done，完成体只 用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。 动名词的体也有 having done, having been done 和 being done 的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。 不定式的体有 to be doing 和 to have done，主要用于 pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to 等结构 中。如： The man in the corner confessed to _ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6) A.
20、have told B. be told C. being told D. having told having told 在句中做介词宾语，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。 Id rather read than watch television; the programs seem _ all the time.(1997.1) A. to get worse B. to be getting worse C. to have got worse D. getting worse 从 all the time 的使用可以推断 get worse 是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体。 The
21、speech _ a lively discussion started.(1995.1) A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered 该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语，状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以应该用完成 体，答案为 D。 10）动名词复合结构 动名词符合结构可以做主语、宾语和表语，在对动名词的考查中总是将其逻辑主语包括进来，形成动 名词的复合结构： _ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents w
22、ished for.(1999.1) A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated C. The girls being educated D. The girl to be educated 本题涉及题眼比较多，A，为从句做主语，但缺少 that，D 为不定式做主语，但缺少 for(for the girl to be educated)，B 结构不能做主语，答案是 C，为动名词的复合结构。 Ann never dreams of _ for her to be sent abroad very soon. A. there being a ch
23、ance B. there to be a chance C. there be a chance D. being a chance 介词后用动名词，表示存在时必须用 there be 句型，所以答案为 A，这也是动名词复合结构，there 为 动名词的逻辑主语。 I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. you delaying to make D. you delay to make (2000.1) Mind 要求
24、接动名词,动名词的逻辑主语用形容词性物主代词，答案自然是 B。 I would appreciate _ it a secret.(1995.6) A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep 本题与上一题类似，答案是 A。 2非谓语动词解题策略 1）正确判断非谓语动词 这类题一般出现在独立主格结构中， 如果在选项与句子之间没有连词， 则说明， 所选为独立主格结构， 既名词或主格代词 + 分词。 All things _, the planned trip will have to be called
25、 off. A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered (1998.6) 句子没有连词，说明所选结构不属于从句，那么就是独立主格做状语，根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的 关系为动宾关系，答案应该是 A。 _, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6) A. Other things being equal
26、 B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal 做状语的可以是从句，但 B 的结构是虚拟条件，与这里不符，不表目的，C 不对，不表将来，独立主 格中非谓语动词不能是不定式，答案为 A。 4） 判断动名词复合结构的方式 主语位置上，或动词、介词后的“名词代词 + 非谓语动词“，如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结 构，而不是“名词 + 定语。请看以下各例： He insisted on the windows _ open while he was sleeping. A
27、. left B. being left C. leaving D . be left insist on 后不接从句，D 可以排除。这里表达的是坚持要求“开着窗子睡觉“，所以应该是动名词复合结 构，答案为 B。 The road _ caused us to be for our work for half an hour. A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked 做主语的表示上班迟到的原因，自然应该是“交通堵塞“，而不是“被堵的道路“，所以还是动名词复合 结构，答案为 D。 The concerned mother th
28、rilled at the news of his son _ to college. A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted 消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是“被录取的孩子“，介词 of 后不可能接从句，说明 of 后为动名词 的复合结构，答案是 C。 3） 注意分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系 正确判断非谓语动词与起逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是做什么成分 的非谓语动词都体现以下特点： 如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词； 如果非谓
29、语动词与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词； 如果表示将来，则用动词不定式。 这是非谓语动词运用的基本原则，然后再根据其不同的作用，掌握其更细的规则。如： (1)做定语时 做定语的可以是动名词、分词或不定式。动名词做前置定语，所构成的大多为固定短语， 。主要考查 分词和不定式做定语。分词或不定式做定语一般做后置定语。 The project _ by the end of 2000, will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. A. accomplished B. being accomplished C
30、. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished Hard work _ on time will lead to better grades.(1995.1) A. done B. be done C. having done D. to have been done As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _ 50 households or more.(1998.1) A.
31、 having B. to have C. to have had D. having had Those _ to the conference were mostly famous scientists. A. invited B. were invited C. inviting D. to invite 做定语的非谓语动词有一下几种形式： “doing 结构“:分词与中心词之间是主谓关系,表示正在进行,或状态。如 “being done 结构“： 分词与中心词之间是动宾关系， 表示被动和正在进行， 如： No one is to enter the building being rep
32、aired. “to be done 结构“：不定式与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示将来和被动，如。 “done 结构“：分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动、完成或一般，如。 “to do 结构“：不定式与中心词之间是主谓关系，表示将来。如：The professor to give us a speech tomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works. 完成形式不能做定语，包括分词的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。 (2)做状语 做状语的可以是不定式，也可以是分词。大体结构有： “doing 结构“：分词与句子主语为主谓关系，表示与
33、谓语动词同时发生，或基本上同时发生，或是同时存 在的状态。如： _ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being believed “done 结构“：只要分词与句子主语间是动宾关系就可以用过去分词，可以表示完成，可以表示正在进行， 也可以表示条件。如： _ in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointin
34、g. A. Too look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at (2000.1) He came in, followed by a group of reporters. “having done 结构“：分词与句子主语是主谓关系，切发生在谓语动词之前。Having seen the film already, I declined his invitation to go to the cinema. “having been done 结构“：该结构表示完成被动，即分词与句子主语之间是动宾关系，且发生在谓语动词之 前。如：H
35、aving been showed many times, he still didnt understand the operation of the machine. “to do 结构“：这是不定式结构，在句中可以做目的状语，也可以做结果状语，但不定式动作总是发生在 谓语动词之后。如： _ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree. A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming 表结果时一般为固定结构，如 too to
36、, enough to.，或是表示出乎意料的结果，常可加构成 only to 的结构。如： I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day, she woke to find herself in hospital. “being done 结构“： 该结构表示被动与正在进行， 一般置于句首， 表示原因。 如： Being chased by some spies, he hid himself in the grass. (2)做表语 测试中对表语的考查主要侧重在现在分词与过去分词的
37、区别上，所以对于做表语的非谓语动词，主要 看分词与句子主语之间的关系。 做表语的分词一般只有 doing 和 done 两种形式。 现在分词表示做表语的与 主语是主谓关系； 过去分词表示做表语的与主语之间是动宾关系。 根据使用规律， 如果主语是无生命名词， 则表语分词为现在分词；如果主语是有生命名词，以过去分词居多，但也可以用现在分词，但意思不同。 如： How disappointed he felt at the result of the election. (他感到失望) How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an
38、 election. (他令人失望） 可接表语的系动词很多，除 be 外还有 remain, feel, look, appear, seem, get, become, go。 (3)做补足语 一般做宾补的非谓语动词动词的形式选择与其它成分中的非谓语动词形式选择规则基本相同。 doing 结构：分词与宾语构成主谓关系，表正在进行。 When I caught him _ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to b
39、e cheating done 结构：分词与宾语构成动宾关系，表示被动与完成。 Dont get your schedule _;stay with us in this class.(1996.1) A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change to do 结构：不定式表示将来，如 wish somebody to do, expect somebody to do, arrange for somebody to do 等等。 being done 结构：表示被动和正在进行, watch the flag being raised Corn o
40、riginated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba.(2000.1) A. being cultivated B. been cultivated C. having cultivated D. cultivating to be done 结构：用语表示将来与被动，一般用语主谓关系时可用 to 做宾补的动词后，如：want something to be done, order something to be done 完成形式不能做宾补。 4） 注意分析非
41、谓语动词做什么状语 不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，如表示目的只能是不定式，另外，测试中也常有选择非谓语动 词前连词的试题。因此，同学们应注意根据状语与句子间的关系，判断连词的使用。 5） 注意不定式的特殊句式 不定式在做定语和做状语时都有其特殊句式，注意这些句式的特点，考试中就会少走一点弯路。如： have something to do 类： 这类结构相当于汉语的连动结构，即“有事要做“，“买东西吃“，“借书看“等。 a room in which to live 类： 该类结构是 a room to live in 的变体。但如果不熟悉这个结构，考试中则难以决断。如： You will
42、 want two trees about ten feet apart, from _ to suspend your tent.(1998.1) A. there B. them C. which D. where The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6) A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base the first to do
43、 该结构表示如果名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或序数词、最高级本身做名词用，其后应不定式做定语。 the ability to do 该结构表示，形容词变了的名词后用不定式做定语。 the need to do 该结构表示由动词变来的名词后用不定式做定语。 the way to do 该结构表示，在一些特定的名词后面常用不定式做定语，应注意记忆，如 means, reason, time, pressure, moment。 6） 熟记固定搭配，分清不定式与 to 加动名词 其实容易产生不定式符号与介词混淆的只是为数不多的某些句式，只要平时注意积累即可。 prefer doing somethi
44、ng to doing something look forward to doing something be used to doing something (习惯于做某事) stick to doing something object to doing something/ have objection to doing something be opposed to doing something admit/confess to doing something I have no objection _ your story again.(2000.6) A. to hear B.
45、 to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard The man in the corner confessed to _ a lie to the manager of the company. A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 从出题人的心理来看，如果有 to do something 和 to doing something 的对比项，一般答案是 to doing something。 7） 分清宾补的类别 (1)感官动词后的宾补可以是 doing, do, done,
46、being done 的结构，其中 being done 只用于少数动词后面， 如 find, smell, feel 等。 (2)have somebody do something 让某人做某事 have somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事 wont have somebody do something 不许某人做某事 have something done 使某事被做 have something + ving 让一直 (3)catch,smell,keep,set,等只能接 doing 的结构,表示主动和正在进行。 (4)leave somebody d
47、oing something 让某人一直做某事 leave something undone 使某事只做了一半 leave something to be done 事情有待于解决 leave somebody to do something 让某事做某事，表示将来 (5)with somebody to do something 宾补与宾语是主谓关系，表示将来。 with somebody doing something 宾补与宾语之间是主谓关系，表示正在进行。 with something to do 宾补与宾语间是动宾关系，表示将来，动作执行者在句中找的着。 with something to be done 宾补与宾语是动宾关系，表示将来，但动作执行者在句中找不着。 with something done 宾补与宾语之间是动宾关系，表示完成。 8) 注意下列结构中非谓语动词的体 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something 不定式动作一般为状态动词，也可是终止性动词，表示与谓语动词同时存在或发生。 pr
