1、SplanchnologyDepartment of AnatomydownChapter 4 The General DescriptionnDifinition:means the study of viscera(alimentary system,respiratory system,urinary system and genital system)nAssociation:morphology location function origin Up down.The general structure of viscera)The tubular organ mucosa subm
2、ucosa muscular coats serosa/adventitia Up down)The parenchymatous organ hilum/porta Up down.The reference line and abdominal regions)The comman used reference lines of the thorax Anterior median line Sternal line Midclavicular line Parasternal line Up downAnterior axillary linePosterior axillary lin
3、eMidaxillary lineScapular lineParavertebral linePosterior median line Up down)Abdominal regions Quadrants Nine-area method Up down Chapter 5 The Alimentary System Up downCompositionDigestive tube Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Superior digestiv
4、e tube Inferior digestive tube Up downDigestive glands Major salivary glands Liver Pancreas Function:ingestion,digestion,absorption,egesting Up downSection 1 The Oral Cavity Consists of two partsnOral vestibule:between cheeks and lip and teethnOral cavity proper:within arch of teeth Up downBoundarie
5、snAnterior and lateral:gum and teethnPosterior:isthmus of faucesnRoof:palate nFloor:tongue,muscles and mucous membraneOral vestibule leads,by the space behind the molar teeth,into the oral cavity proper Up down.Oral lips.CheekPapilla of parotid duct Up down.Palate Two partsnHard palate:anterior 2/3,
6、formed by the maxilla and palatine bonenSoft palate:posterior 1/3qVelum palatinum qUvula q Palatoglossal arch qPalatopharyngeal arch Up downIsthmus of fauces formed by posterior border of velum palatinum,both side of palatoglossal arches,and root of tongue.down Up .Teeth)Classification and arrangeme
7、nt General Deciduous featuresnTwo sets:qPermanent nClassification:qIncisors qCanine qPremolars qMolars Up downDeciduous teeth:are 20 in numbernTen teeth in each mandibular and maxillary arch nCentral incisor,lateral incisor,canine,first molar and second molar in each quadrantUpper jaw total 20Lower
8、jaw in.in.can.mol.mol.nEruption:stars at about 6 month of age and continues to beginning of 3rd yearnShedding:occurs between 6th and 12th years with replacement by permanent teeth Up down Up downPermanent teeth(adult):are 32 in number nSixteen in each mandibular and maxillary archnTwo incisors,one c
9、anine,two premolars,and three molars in each quadrant Upper jaw 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 total 32 Lower jaw nFirst permanent molar appears at about 6 yearsnThird molars(wisdom teeth)many erupt at any time after 12 years of age or not at all(impaction).Up down Up down)General descriptionnEach tooth consists o
10、f 3 parts:qCrown qNeck qRoot nDental cavitycontains connective tissue,blood vessels and nerves,and is continuous with the periodontal tissue through the root canal and apical foramen.Up down)Calcified tissues nDentine is a yellowish white tissue,that forms the bulk of tooth.nEnamel is a head,brittle
11、 white tissue that covers the crown of the toothnCement is an unusual form of bone that covers the root of the tooth)Periodontal tissuenPeriodontal membrane nAlveolar bone nGum Up down.Tongue muscular organ)MorphologyTwo parts:divided two parts by v-shaped terminal sulcus nBody of tongue ant 2/3，ape
12、x of tongue free rounded tipnRoot of tongue post 1/3 At the apex of terminal sulcus is a small median pit,the foramen cecum of tongue Up down)Lingual mucous membrane nPapillae of tongue qFiliform papillae qfungiform papillae qfoliate papillae contain taste buds qvallate papillae nLingual tonsil mass
13、es of submucosal lymphoid tissue on the root of tongue Up downInferior surface of tongue nFrenulum of tongue a midline fold of mucous membrane connecting tongue to floor of mouthnSublingual caruncle small elevationnSublingual fold Up down)Muscles of tongue nIntrinsic muscles of tongue nExtrinsic mus
14、cles of tongue qGenioglossus nArises from mental spine of mandible and inserts into either side of midline of tonguenAction:acting together draw tongue forward and downward;acting along making apex of tongue to opposite sideqInvolved in determining shape and position of tongue Up down.Major salivary
15、 glands)Parotid gland nSuperficial partnDeep partnParotid duct:arises front anterior border of gland,runs over the masseter a fingers breadth below the zygomatic arch to pierce the buccinator and opens into the mouth cavity,opposite the upper second molar tooth Up down)Submandibular gland nPosition:
16、lies in submandibular trianglenDuct opens on to sublingual caruncle Up down)Sublingual gland nposition:situated beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of mouthnDucts qMajor sublingual ductopens onto the sublingual caruncleqMinor sublingual ductsopen onto the sublingual fold Up downSection two The
17、Pharynx.Location and General featuresnA fibromuscular tube,part of digestive and respiratory systemsnExtends from base of skull to the inferior border of cricoid cartilage(lower border of C6 level).Division Three segments Up down)Nasopharynx posterior to nasal cavitiesnExtends from the base of skull
18、 to level of soft palatenFeaturesqPharyngeal opening of auditory tube Tubal torusqPharyngeal recess qTubal tonsilqPharyngeal tonsil)Oropharynx posterior to oral cavitynLies below soft palate,extends to upper border of epiglottis Up downOropharynx nFeaturesqMedian glossoepiglottic fold qEpiglottic va
19、llecula qPalatine tonsil lies within tonsillar fossaLymphatic ringconsists of pharyngeal tonsil,tubal tonsil,Palatine tonsil,and lingual tonsil,forming a circular band of lymphoid tissue at oropharyngeal isthmus Up down)Laryngopharynx posterior to larynxnExtends from upper border of epiglottis to th
20、e level of lower border of C6nPiriform recessa deep depression on each side of aperture of larynx Up downSection 3 The Esophagus.General features a muscular tuber about 25cm long,connecting the pharynx at level of C6 vertebra,passes through the diaphragm at level of T10 vertebra and after 12 cm ente
21、rs the stomach Division:nCervical part nThoracic partnAbdominal part Up down.Three constrictions nAt its beginning,15cm from incisors,lies at level of C6,is the narrowest part of the esophagusnWhere it is crossed by left main bronchus,25cm from incisors,lies at level of intervertebral disc between T4 and T5.nWhere it passes through the esophageal hiatus of diaphragm,40cm from incisors,at level of T10 Up End
