1、第九章第九章 非谓语动词非谓语动词Non-finite verb动词不定式分词动名词 a triains _(see)whether they will enjoy it.is a journey _(fill)with hardshioments.ake it easier for it _(reuse)(try)out different ideas,we are now getting closer to the answer.didnt keee the time any longer as he had had his watch _(repair)to be seenfilledt
2、o be reusedHaving triedrepaired1)To see is to believe.2)The teacher went into the classroom,followed by his students.3)The man stood under the moonlight,missing his hometown.4)Seeing is believing.step1:非谓语动词的种类和基本用法非谓语动词的种类和基本用法 动词不定式动词不定式(to do)动名词动名词(doing)(doing)现在分词现在分词(doing)(doing)过去分词过去分词(don
3、e)(done)意义意义相当于名词、相当于名词、形容词、副词，形容词、副词，往往有将来意往往有将来意味味相当于名词，指经相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动常性、习惯性的动作作相当于形容词、相当于形容词、副词，往往有现副词，往往有现在意味在意味相当于形容词、副词，相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意本身兼有被动、完成意义义充当句子成分充当句子成分主语、宾语、主语、宾语、表语、宾补、表语、宾补、定语、状语定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、主语、宾语、表语、定语定语表语、宾补、定表语、宾补、定语、状语语、状语表语、宾补、定语、状表语、宾补、定语、状语语形式形式主动一般主动一般式式 to do doing
4、doingdone被动式被动式 to be done being donebeing done 主动完成主动完成式式 to have done having donehaving done 被动完成被动完成式式to have been done having been done having been done 否定式否定式在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加notstep2:动词不定式动词不定式主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式一般式一般式to doto be done完成式完成式to have doneto have been done进行式进行式to be
5、doing无无完成进行式完成进行式to have been doing无无一、不定式的语法意义：一、不定式的语法意义：1.不定式一般式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者发生在它的后面；I heard her sing.(唱和听见同时发生)I exe back next Sunday.(“回来”发生在“预计”之后)2.不定式完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；He glad to have met you before.3.不定式进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；She seems to be waiting for somebody.When he cam
6、e to see me,I happened to be taking a bath.4.不定式完成进行式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，并延续到那个时候，可能仍在进行；She is said to have been waiting a novel this year.She seemed to have been working on a difficult maths onth.She is anxious to be invited to the ball.二、不定式的句法功能：二、不定式的句法功能：1.作主语：一般表示具体的某次动作。1)不定式作主语时，谓语用单数：To d
7、o such things is foolish.2)主系表结构：To see is to believe.3)当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，将不定式放到谓语的后面。常用于下列结构中：(1)It is/was+adj.+(of sb.)to do（如 good/kind/nice/clever/foolish/selfish）(2)It is+adj.+(for sb.)+to do（如easy/difficult/hard/unwise/possible/necessary）(3)It is+a/an+名词+to do.（如a e/a e time/courage/patien
8、ce to do(5)It requires courage/patience/hard work to do2.作表语：常表示将来的动作或状态。Her wish is to become a lawyer.3.作宾语：ask,agree,care,choose,demand,decide,exanage,offer,ise,refuse,want,wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语。注意:/go on/remember/forget/regret/try/mean.,believe,consider,feel,find,make等后常用it作形式宾语。4作定语：当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时
9、，要用主动表被动。Xiao Li is a very nice ake a living,he had to work from morning to till night.(目的)6.作宾语补足语：宾语是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式在表示知觉的动词和使役动词后，不用to，在动词helake,let等。但如果句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。He asked me to hel.She usually helother(to)wash clothes on Sundays.7.同位语:Is this your purpose,to avoid being punished?8.独立成分:To tel
10、l you the truth,I dont like you.类似的有：to be frank坦率地说，to cut a long story short 长话短说，等等。三、不定式的其他用法三、不定式的其他用法1.“疑问词+不定式”结构，不定式可以和who,whom,whose,what,which,when,how,where,whether等连用，构成动词不定式短语，在句子中起名词作用，可作主语，宾语，表语等成分。Where to go has not been decided.(主语)We dont know what to do next.（宾语）2.“形容词+不定式”结构，部分形
11、容词可后接不定式，与句子主语在逻辑上构成主谓关系，这类形容词多是表示思想感情的，如，eager,sure,glad,lucky等。I am glad to hear the news.She is sorry to have missed the show.3.不定式的省略：1）表示感觉的动词（see,watch,listen to,look at等）后作宾语补足语时，to可省略；2）使役动词make,let,have后；3）help后可省，可保留，被动语态要保留to;4）两个不定式并列时，保留第一个，其余省略；5）had better,would rather than,cannot but
12、,do nothing but等后可省略to.当堂导练一：当堂导练一：用括号中动词不定式的适当形式填空。1.Its an honour for me _(ask)to deliver a seeting.2.We found them _(work)hard all the time.3.I dont like myself _(sorry _(kee is said _(translate)into English already.7.After graduation he asked _(send)to work in the countryside.to be askedto be wo
13、rkingto be praisedto have been givento have keptto have been translatedto be sent8.The come)to the e)?15.The dog ought_(feed)hours ago.to controlto have caughtliveplayto getto cometo do(to)readto blameto have been fed16.What he wants is _(not interru.18.He preferred to die rather than _(give)in.not
14、to be interruptedto be takengiveStep3:分词的用法分词的用法一分词的语法意义一分词的语法意义语法意义语法意义 分词是一种非谓语动词，有现在分词和过去分分词是一种非谓语动词，有现在分词和过去分词两种词两种基本形式基本形式 v-ing;v-ed(v-ing;v-ed(不规则动词形式有另外规定不规则动词形式有另外规定)；否定：否定：not+not+分词分词特征特征具有副词，形容词的特征，具有动词的部分特具有副词，形容词的特征，具有动词的部分特征，可以有宾语或状语，构成分词短语征，可以有宾语或状语，构成分词短语二分词的形式二分词的形式三分词的句法功能三分词的句法功能
15、1）作表语：相当于形容词，表示性质或状态（不同于进行时和被动语态中的分词，其中的分词是谓语的一部分，表示具体的动作）The invention is encouraging.(The machine is working.)She is unmarried.(The window was broken.)2)作定语：单个分词通常作前置定语，有时也可放在后面；分词短语作后置定语，其作用相当于定语从句。She told us an exciting story.His sade in Shanghai.过去分词现在分词现在进行时被动语态3)作状语：表示时间、原因，条件、结果、伴随情况与方式等，有时
16、分词前可用when,while等连词，分词作状语的逻辑主语必须和主句的主语保持一致。Hearing the news,she jume a dull boy.(条件)The teacher walked into the office,followed by a few students.(伴随或方式)4）作补足语：可作主语补足语，也可作宾语补足语，补充说明主语或宾语的行为或状态。I heard someone knocking at the door.I found his hometown much changed.The fire must be keorning the old man
17、 was found buried in the snow.5)with+名词或代词（宾格）+分词：表示伴随和方式，分词也可用不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等代替。He ran into the clinic with blood streaming from his nose.He left the room with the door closed.I used to sleep with the windows open.当堂导练二：当堂导练二：用括号内所给动词的适当分词形式填空。用括号内所给动词的适当分词形式填空。Hilter came to any,Einstein found th
18、e Hilter came to any,Einstein found the doors of study _(close)to him.doors of study _(close)to him.near airetimes have their windows near airetimes have their windows _(break)by the noise of jet an _(break)by the noise of jet an is an _(advance)worker in this is an _(advance)worker in this factory.
19、factory.(catch)in the rain,she fell ill.(catch)in the rain,she fell ill.girl _(bring uistry in a girl _(bring uistry in a university.university.6.I was walking along the street when I 6.I was walking along the street when I heard my name _(call).heard my name _(call).closedbrokenpassingadvancedCaugh
20、tbrought upcalled7.In order to make herself _(understand),she sination.She was very _(disa,she was _(move)to tears.10._(live)in London for five years,he sa a distance,the mountain looked like an ele.14._(bring)uuch about farm work.15.The war lasted a few years,_(kill)a lot of people.understooddisapp
21、ointedseeingmovedHaving livedNot knowingSeenworkingHaving been broughtkillingStep4:Step4:动名词的用法动名词的用法语法意义语法意义动名词是一种非谓语动词动名词是一种非谓语动词基本形式基本形式v-ing,v-ing,与与现在分词现在分词同形，同形，否定有否定有not+not+动名动名词构成词构成特征特征具有名词的特征，也具有动词的某些特征，具有名词的特征，也具有动词的某些特征，可以带宾语或由状语修饰，动名词和宾语或可以带宾语或由状语修饰，动名词和宾语或状语一起构成动名词短语状语一起构成动名词短语一动名词的语法
22、意义一动名词的语法意义二、动名词的形式二、动名词的形式三、动名词的句法作用1.作主语：为保持句子平衡，可用it作形式主语，而将动名词短语放在句末，其逻辑主语泛指人们。Working all day made her tired.Its no use crying over silk.2.作宾语：可作及物动词的宾语、作介词宾语、作形容词worth和busy的宾语，有时可用it作形式宾语(think，find，consider等)，其逻辑主语一般特指，有时也可泛指。Would you mind my smoking here?I am looking forward to hearing from
23、 my father.The teacher considers it no good reading without understanding.1.作表语：不要和进行时混淆，进行时说明谓语动作是由主语完成的，但动名词只是说明主语的内容，往往是无生命的名词或由what引导的名词性从句。My job is teaching English.He is driving a car.(现在进行时)His job is driving a car.(动名词)2.作定语：动名词作定语起修饰作用，用于说明名词的用途和目的，且只能放于所修饰词的前面。It is imethod.(a method of l
24、earning)The man sitting at the working desk(a desk for writing)is a young writer.四、动名词与现在分词的区别四、动名词与现在分词的区别1.作定语时：动名词作定语修饰主语，用以说明主语的性质、用途及目的，与主语之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系；而现在分词作定语，表示主语的动作或状态，两者之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。This is a dancing hall.(动名词)China is a developing socialist country.(现在分词)2.作表语时：动名词作表语，具有名词性质，说明主语的内容或情况；分词作表语，相当于形容词，表示性质和状态。His hobby is fishing.(动名词)His speech was inspiring.(现在分词)Step5:自辅落实自辅落实Finish the exercises after class.
