1、Project Management Focus AreasProject Plan DevelopmentOverall Change ControlProject Plan ExecutionIntegration ScopeScope VerificationScope DefinitionScope PlanningScope Change ControlTimeProcurement PlanningRisk IdentificationComm PlanningOrganizational PlanningQuality PlanningActivity DefinitionSch
2、edule ControlSchedule DevelopmentActivity Duration EstimationActivity SequencingCostQualityHuman ResourceCommun-icationsRiskProcure-mentResource PlanningCost ControlCost EstimatingCost BudgetingQuality ControlQuality AssuranceTeam DevelopmentStaff AcquisitionAdministrativeClosurePerformance Reportin
3、gInformation DistributionRisk QuantificationRisk Response DevelopmentRisk Response ControlSoliciation PlanningSoliciationSource SelectionContract AdministrationContract CloseoutInitiationExecuting ProcessControlling ProcessPlanning ProcessInitiating ProcessClosing ProcessInitiationScope PlanningScop
4、e DefinitionActivity DefinitionResource PlanningActivity SequencingActivity Duration EstimationCost EstimatingSchedule DevelopmentCost BudgetingProject Plan DevelopmentProject Plan ExecutionPerformance ReportingAdministrativeClosureOverall Change ControlContract CloseoutInitiatingPlanningExecutingCo
5、ntrollingClosingcorefacilitatingScope Change ControlSchedule ControlCost ControlQuality ControlRisk Response ControlQuality PlanningComm PlanningRisk IdentificationRisk QuantificationRisk Response DevelopmentProcurement PlanningSoliciation PlanningOrganizational PlanningStaff AcquisitionInformation
6、DistributionTeam DevelopmentQuality AssuranceScope VerificationSoliciationSource SelectionContract AdministrationInitiatingPlanningExecutingControllingClosingProject Management Processes GroupsInitiationProject Plan ExecutionPerformance ReportingAdministrativeClosureOverall Change ControlContract Cl
7、oseoutInitiatingExecutingControllingClosingProject CharterProject Mgr IDd/AssignedConstraints/AssumptionsScope PlanningScope DefinitionActivity DefinitionResource PlanningActivity SequencingActivity Duration EstimationCost EstimatingSchedule DevelopmentCost BudgetingProject Plan DevelopmentPlanningC
8、oreScope StatementSupporting DetailScope Mgmt PlanWBSActivity ListSupporting DetailWBS UpdatesProject Network DiagramActivity List UpdatesActivity Duration EstimatesBasis of EstimatesActivitly List UpdatesProject ScheduleSupporting DetailSchedule Mgmt PlanResource ReqmtsUpdatesResource RequirementsC
9、ost EstimatesSupporting DetailCost Mgmt PlanCost BaselineProject PlanSupporting DetailWork ResultsChange RequestsPerformance ReportsChange RequestsProject ArchivesFormal AcceptanceLessons LearnedContract FileFormal Acceptance&ClosureProject Management Processes GroupsScope ChangesCorrective ActionLe
10、ssons LearnedInitiatingPlanningExecutingControllingScope Change ControlSchedule ControlCost ControlQuality ControlRisk Response ControlQuality PlanningComm PlanningRisk IdentificationRisk QuantificationRisk Response DevelopmentProcurement PlanningSoliciation PlanningOrganizational PlanningStaff Acqu
11、isitionInformation DistributionTeam DevelopmentQuality AssuranceScope VerificationSoliciationSource SelectionContract AdministrationFacilitatingRevised Cost EstimatesBudget UpdatesCorrective Action PlanEstimate at CompletionLessons LearnedClosingProposalsProcurement Mgmt PlanStatement(s)of WorkProcu
12、rement DocumentsEvaluation CriteriaStatement(s)of Work UpdatesContractCorrespondenceContract ChangesPayments RequestsCommun Mgmt PlanProject RecordsPerformance ImprovementsInput to Performance AppraisalsRole/Respons AssignmentsStaffing Mgmt PlanOrganization ChartSupporting DetailProject staff assign
13、edProject team directorySources of RiskPotential RiskEventsRisk SymptomsInputs to other processesOpportunities to PursueThreats to Respond toOpportunities to IgnoreThreats to AcceptRisk Mgmt PlanInputs to other processesContingency PlansReservesContractual AgreementsCorrective Action PlanUpdates to
14、Risk Mgmt PlanQuality ImprovementAcceptance DecisionsReworkCompleted ChecklistsProcess AdjustmentsQuality ImprovementsQuality Mgmt PlanOperational DefnChecklistsInputs to other processesSchedule UpdatesCorrective ActionLessons LearnedFormal AcceptanceProject Management Processes Groups Scope Changes
15、Corrective ActionLessons LearnedInitiatingPlanningExecutingControllingScope Change ControlSchedule ControlCost ControlQuality ControlRisk Response ControlQuality PlanningComm PlanningRisk IdentificationRisk QuantificationRisk Response DevelopmentProcurement PlanningSoliciation PlanningOrganizational
16、 PlanningStaff AcquisitionInformation DistributionTeam DevelopmentQuality AssuranceScope VerificationSoliciationSource SelectionContract AdministrationFacilitatingRevised Cost EstimatesBudget UpdatesCorrective Action PlanEstimate at CompletionLessons LearnedClosingProposalsProcurement Mgmt PlanState
17、ment(s)of WorkProcurement DocumentsEvaluation CriteriaStatement(s)of Work UpdatesContractCorrespondenceContract ChangesPayments RequestsCommun Mgmt PlanProject RecordsPerformance ImprovementsInput to Performance AppraisalsRole/Respons AssignmentsStaffing Mgmt PlanOrganization ChartSupporting DetailP
18、roject staff assignedProject team directorySources of RiskPotential RiskEventsRisk SymptomsInputs to other processesOpportunities to PursueThreats to Respond toOpportunities to IgnoreThreats to AcceptRisk Mgmt PlanInputs to other processesContingency PlansReservesContractual AgreementsCorrective Act
19、ion PlanUpdates to Risk Mgmt PlanQuality ImprovementAcceptance DecisionsReworkCompleted ChecklistsProcess AdjustmentsQuality ImprovementsQuality Mgmt PlanOperational DefnChecklistsInputs to other processesSchedule UpdatesCorrective ActionLessons LearnedFormal AcceptanceProject Management Processes G
20、roups Project Life CycleCONCEPTPHASETERMINATIONCLOSE-OUTPHASEIMPLEMENTATIONEXECUTION PHASEDEVELOPMENTPLANNINGPHASEGather dataIdentify needs&alternatives Establish goals,feasibility,risk,strategyGuessitimate resourcesPresent proposalDevelop Project CharterAppoint key team membersDevelop scope baselin
21、eEstablish master plan,budget,WBS,&policies/proceduresAssess risksConfirm justification and obtain approval to proceedSet up organizationEstablish detailed technical requirementsSet up&execute work packagesDirect,monitor,and control scope,quality,time,&cost Review&accept projectTransfer responsibili
22、tyDocument&evaluate resultsRelease&redirect resources Project PrioritiesAdministrative Procedures SchedulesProject PrioritiesSchedulesAdministrative Procedures SchedulesTechnical IssuesPersonnel Resources SchedulesPersonality ConflistsPersonnel Resources Sources of ConflictProject Selection Techniqu
23、esBenefit Measurement MethodsBenefit-Cost ModelsPeer ReviewScoring ModelsMurder BoardPairwise ComparisonsConstrained Optimization Methods note these are NOT costing modelsLinear&Nonlinear programmingInteger ProgrammingDynamic ProgrammingMultiobjective ProgrammingKey INTEGRATION/SCOPE Terms80 Hour Ru
24、le=W ork PackageConfiguration Management1.develop specifications2.develop general design3.develop detailed design4.implement&test systemChange Control Board-CCBManagement by Objectivessystem of managerial leadership that defines individual managerial responsibilities interms of corporate objectives1
25、.establish unambiguous objectives2.periodically evaluate3.actMidproject Evaluation resultsidentification of problems and need for changessignificant changes in projects objectivesterminationScope Verificationoccurs at the end of each phase;formalizes acceptance of the project scope by stakeholdersDe
26、lphi Techniqueforcasting technique for gathering expert opinionK ey Form ulaeStandard D eviations1=68.3%2=95.5%3=99.7%(Six Sigm a)PER T Estim ateO ptim istic +4*M ost Likely +Pessim istic 6Sigm a=Pessim istic-O ptim istic 6D uration Am ount of W orkAvail R es*R es Productivity R atePresent Value-val
27、ue today of future cash flows PV=M (1+r)tM =am ount paym ent t years from nowr=interest rate or discount ratet-tim e periodIR R -Internal R ate of R eturn=interest rate which m ake PV costs=PV benefitsthe higher the IR R,the better the projectB enefit C ost R atio (B C R)PV R evenue PV C ostC om m u
28、nications C hannels N *(N-1)2Key FormulaeBCWP=earned valueSchedule VarianceBCWP-BCWSdif in budgeted cost of work performed&scheduledSchedule Performance IndexSPI=BCWP BCWSRatio of budgeted cost of work performed vs scheduledSchedule Variance%BCWP-BCWS BCWSschedule variance as percentage of budgeted
29、cost of work scheduledEverything about SCHEDULE is compared to WORK SCHEDULEDPERT-Program Evaluation and Review Techniquethree time estimates per activity:1.Pessimistic,2.Most Likely,3.OptomisticEvent Oriented(SLACK)amount time activity can be delayed w/o delay of projectAOA or AOL-Activity on Arrow
30、/LineCritical Path Methodemphasis on controlling cost&leaving the schedule flexibleone time estimate per activityActivity Oriented(FLOAT)amount time activity can be delayed w/o delay of projectAOA or AOL-Activity on Arrow/LineAOAActivity Sequencing by order of tasksMandatory Dependencies (HARD LOGIC
31、)Discretionary Dependencies (SOFT LOGIC or PREFERENTIAL LOGIC)External DependenciesCritical Path is longest path through the networkDummy ActivitiesAlways F-S (finish to start)Precedence Diagram Methodimproved PERT and CPM by adding LAG(waiting time)relationships to activities LEAD(accelerated time)
32、S-S,S-F,F-S,F-FAON-Activity on NodePM I believes-CPM&PERT tend to underestimate project durations by comparison to Monte Carlo analysisKey TIME TermsKey TIME Terms Crashingadd more resources to activities on the critical pathincreases COSTSFast-trackinganalyze critical path to see what activities ca
33、n be done in parallelincreases RISKResource-constrained scheduleTime-constrained schedule:absence of resources creates negative floatResponsibility Matrix:who does whatResource Spreadsheet:quantifies how much effort needed from each resourceResource Gantt chartt:shows time periods of workResource Hi
34、stogram/Resource Loading Chart:vertical bar representing total number of resources during each periodRange Estimationrange of possible results or the probability that the activity will meet the estimateHeuristic Scheduling (Rule of Thumb)trial and error;simple to use but good resultKey COST TermsWBS
35、 at lowest level=WORK PACKAGECOST ACCOUNT one level below WORK PACKAGE-used for monitoring&controllingPMI-lowest level in a project at which organizational responsibilities are assignedAnalogous Estimatingtop down estimating;usually early in project&relies on similar project outcomesParametric Estim
36、atingregression analysis-uses scatter diagram where regression line estimates average value for dependent variable (e.g.learning curve)Bottom-up Cost Estimatingdetailed estimates from project work packagesAccuracy of Estimates1.Order of Magnitude -early ballparks -25%to+75%2.Budget Estimates -initia
37、l funding -10%to+25%3.Definitive Estimates-detailed data -5%to+10%Law of Diminishing Returnsmore put in,proportionately less get outVariable vs Fixed CostsVariable-rise directly w/project size Fixed-non-recurringDirect vs Indirect CostsDirect-applies to specific project Indirect-spread acrossConting
38、ency Reservenormally included in projects cost and schedule baseline -Known RiskManagement Reserve separately planned quantity to allow for future situations impossible to predictUnknown UnknownsPerformance Measurement Baseline (PMB)Sum of Cost Account w/Contingency Reserves includedBudget Baseline
39、(BBL)PMB+Mgmt ReserveWorking CapitalCurrent Assets-Current LiabilitiesValue AnalysisCost reduction tool-anlyze design to consider whether function is required or can be done at lower costLife-Cycle Cost (LCC)total cost of ownership -cradle to grave -extends beyond projectKey COST TermsPMI-need not m
40、anage pure risk if you can insure against itBusiness RisksInsurable(pure)both gain and lossonly loss (property damage,indirect loss,legal liability,personnel)Key Risk FactorsRisk Event,Risk Probability,Amount at StakeRisk Identification1.potential sources of risks (technical nature,cost&schedule,WBS
41、,staffing plan,procurement plan)2.possible risk events (probabiity,possible outcomes,expected timing,anticipated frequency)3.risk symptomsRisk Quantificationevaluating risks&risk interactions to assess the range of possible project outcomesprimary objective-use set of structured tools to help decide
42、 which risk events warrant a responseStatistical Independencetwo events statistically independent if occurence of one not related to occurence of the otherExpected Monetary Value (EPM)Sum of the products of each Risk Events value and probabilityDecision Tree Analysiseach decision has total sum proba
43、bility of 1.0Monte Carlo Analysissuperior to PERT&CPM because it considers path convergenceImpact Analysisconsiders trade-offs:likelihood of event will occur versus severity of impact if it doesKey RISK TermsRisk Response Development1.AVOIDANCE alternative strategy2.ACCEPTANCE contingency plan (rete
44、ntion)3.MITIGATION take specific actions or deflect/transfer or use reserve (reduce)Risk Response Controlresponding to changes in risk over the course of the project1.whenever a problem or a risk arises2.whenever the project reahes a major decision point or milestoneContingency PlansWorkaroundsKey R
45、ISK TermsTypes of QUALITY Charts and/or DiagramsHISTOGRAM simple probability distributionSPC ChartStatistical Process Control;shows current capability of the processTop-Down Flowchart presents only the major or most fundamental steps in a process or projectDetailed Flowchartprovides very specific in
46、formation about a process flowWork-Flow Diagramgraphic representation of how work actually flows thru a physical spacePareto Charts data is arranged in descending order of their importance,generally bymagnitute of frequency,cost,time,or other similar parametershows frequency but not impactCause-&-Ef
47、fect Diagrams ISHIKAWA or FISHBONEgraphic representation among a list of items or factorsControl Chartsgraph that display data taken over time&computed variations of those datausually shows Upper and Lower Control Limits (natural variations in the process)Rule of Seven applies as indicator that some
48、thing is wrongAssignable(random)Causes are Special Events outside the control limits (problem/defect)Checksheets Key QUALITY TermsQuality is Free-CrosbyQuality Management involved carrying out a project through its phases with zerodeviations from project specificationsQuality Management Maturity Gri
49、d1.Uncertainty,2.Awakening,3.Enlightenment,4.Wisdom,5.CertaintyGold Platinggiving customer more than what was required-not goodFormative Quality Evaluation -Quality AuditSummative Quality Evaluation-Quality ImprovementOwnership of Qualityindividual performing the task has the ultimate responsibility
50、Cost of Qualitycost of Conformance(proactive)and cost of Non-Conformance(failure)85%of cost of quality are direct responsibility of managementKaizen continuous improvementWarusa-kagen refers to things not yet problems,but not yet quite right (Masaaki Imai)Quality should share equal priority with cos
