1、Grammar Learning 1句子成分(members of the sentence)英语的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲，主要有下列六种句子成分：1)主语(subject)它是句子所要说明的人或事物，是一句的主体。如I study English(我学习英语)中的I。2)谓语动词(predicate verb)它是说明主语的动作或状态的，如I study English中的study。3)表语(predicative)它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身分或特征的，如I am a student(我是一个学生)中的student；Our classroom is clean(我们
2、的教室很干净)中的clean。4)宾语(object)它是表示及物动词动作的对象的，如I study English中的English。介词后面的名词或代词，叫做介词的宾语，如They dont work on Sunday(他们星期天不工作)中的Sunday，就是介词on的宾语。5)定语(attribute)它是限定或修饰名词或代词用的，如He likes to drink co1d milk(他喜欢喝冷牛奶)中的co1d。6)状语(adverbial)它是修饰动词、形容词、副词用的，如He works hard(他努力工作)中的hard。注虚词在句子中一律不能作为句子成分。Step one
3、:Reviewing Test:1.I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.1.I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语Step TwoTeaching aims:Brief introductions to English sentences 句子成分句子成分定义定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有分。句子成分有主要成分主要成分和和次要成分次要成分；主要成分主要成分：主语和谓语：主
4、语和谓语次要成分次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语补足语、同位语Step ThreeStudy again by leading主语（主语（subject）句子说明的人或事物句子说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano.She went out in a hurry.Four plus four is eight.To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.The young should respect the old.What he has said is t
5、rue.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（名词化的形容词（名词化的形容词）（句子）（句子）找出句中主语找出句中主语The sun rises in the east.Twenty years is a short time in history.The poor are now living in the shelter.Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.He likes dancing.What he needs is a book.It is very clear that the el
6、ephant is round and tall like a tree.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（动名词）（动名词）（不定式）（不定式）（句子）（句子）(名词化的形容词）名词化的形容词）（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语谓语说明主语的动作、状态和特征说明主语的动作、状态和特征 简单谓语简单谓语:由由动词动词或或动词词组动词词组组成组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill?He looked after two orphans.复合谓语复合谓语 由由情态动词或助动词情态动词或助动词+动词动词;H
7、e can speak English well.She doesnt seem to like dancing Show your passport,please.She didnt say anything.How many do you want?-I want two.They sent the injured to hospital.They asked to see my passport.I enjoy working with you.Did you write down what he said?（名词（名词）(代词）代词）(数词数词)(名词化的形容词名词化的形容词)(三三)
8、宾语宾语动作的对象或承受者动作的对象或承受者及物动词或介词的宾语及物动词或介词的宾语（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（句子）（句子）宾语分为宾语分为直接宾语直接宾语和和间接宾语间接宾语.直接宾语指直接宾语指物或事物或事,间接宾语指人或动物间接宾语指人或动物.He gave me some books.间接间接宾语宾语直接直接宾语宾语please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.（四）表语（四）表语在在系动词系动词后的部分就是表语后的部分就是表语1.The war was over.2.They seem to
9、 know the truth.3.Time is precious.4.Im not quite myself today.5.That remains a puzzle.6.I dont feel at ease.系动词系动词1）状态系动词状态系动词（be动词）动词）例如：例如：He is a teacher.（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词持续系动词 keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand 例如：例如：He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。3）表像系
10、动词表像系动词 seem,appear,look,例如：例如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。他看起来很累。4）感官系动词感官系动词 feel,smell,sound,taste 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。这种布手感很软。注意：系动词不用于被动语态注意：系动词不用于被动语态.5）变化系动词变化系动词 become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：例如：He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。自那之后，他疯了。6）终止系动词终止系动词 prove,t
11、urn out,表达表达“证实证实”，“变成变成”之意之意例如：例如：The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。（五）定语（五）定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句 He is a clever boy.His father works in a steel work.There are 54students in our class.Do you known bettys sister?He bought some sleeping pills.There is a sleeping baby in bed.His
12、spoken language is good.(形容词形容词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(名词的所有格名词的所有格)(动名词动名词)(现在分词现在分词)(过去分词过去分词)定语后置：定语后置：如果定语是由如果定语是由一个单词一个单词表示时，通常要前置。表示时，通常要前置。而由而由一个词组或一个句子一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置表示时，通常则后置The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the m
13、an who spoke just now?（定语从句）（定语从句）（六）状语（六）状语状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。I will be back in a while.They are playing on the playground.He was late because he got up late.He got up so late that I missed the train.I waited to see you.He often wen
14、t to school by bus.His parents died,leaving him an orphan.Please call me if it is necessary.This book is very interesting.He went to school in spite of his illness.I found the book interesting.Do you smell something burning?He made himself known to them.（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语有些有些及物动词及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾
15、除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let.She asked me to lend her a hand.同位语同位语 位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况 We young people should respect the old.He himself will do the experi
16、ment.He is the oldest among them four.He told me the news that our team won the game.名词名词代词代词数词数词从句从句Step FourTraining and TestingExercises:分析句子结构分析句子结构1）You are a student.2）He felt happy today.3）What you said made me happy.4）Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?5）After he fini
17、shed his homework,he went away.6）He likes pop music.7）The sound sounds strange.8）The food tastes good.9）He gave me a book yesterday.10）We all think it a pity that she didnt come here.Step Five Aim-achieving Again （再检测，实现（再检测，实现“堂堂清堂堂清”）Step Six Summary:课堂小结课堂小结句子成分句子成分定义定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成：构成句子的各个部分叫做
18、句子成分。句子成分有分。句子成分有主要成分主要成分和和次要成分次要成分；主要成分主要成分：主语和谓语：主语和谓语次要成分次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语补足语、同位语短语(phrase)具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词 短语在句子里可以单独作为一个句子成分。a)不定式短语(infinitive phrase)如He 1ikes to read newspapers after lunch(他喜欢在午饭后读报)中的to read newspapers after lunch。b)动名词短语(gerundial phrase)如：Staying in
19、doors all day is unhealthy(整天呆在家里不利于健康)中的staymg indoors all day。c)分词短语(participial phrase)如：I saw many people walking along the lake(我看见许多人在湖边散步)中的walking along the lake。d)介词短语(prepositional phrase)如：He came by bus(他乘公共汽车来)中的by bus。从句(clause)内含主语部分和谓语部分，表达一定的概念，但不成为一个独立句子的一组词，叫做从句。从句在句子里可以作为一个句子成分，一
20、般由连词、关系代词或关系副词所引导。从句在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等句子成分 a)主语从句(subject clause)如What I want to say is this(我要说的是这么一点)中的what I want to say。b)表语从句(predicative clause)如This is what I want to say(这是我要说的)中的what I want to say。c)宾语从句(object clause)如I have said what I want to say(我说完了我要说的话)中的what I want to say。d)定语从句(
21、attributive clause)如This is the thing I want to say(这就是我要说的)中的I want to say。e)状语从句(adverbial clause)如If you want to say something，say it clearly(假如你要说什么，就应说清楚)中的if you want to say something。句子(sentence)内含主语部分和谓语部分，有比较完整的意义的一组词，叫做句子。从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：a)简单句(simple sentence)只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分，如：The peoples
22、Republic of China was founded in 1949.中华人民共和国于一九四九年成立。b)并列句(compound sentence)包括两个或两个以上的简单句，中间常由连词连接，如：Toms father worked from morning till night but he got very little money.汤姆的父亲从早干到晚，但挣得的钱很少。c)复合句(complex sentence)内含一个或一个以上的从句，如：Its a long time since I saw you last.好久没有看见你了。从说话人说话的目的来看，句子可分为：a)陈述
23、句(declarative sentence)用来叙述一件事，如：I saw him yesterday.昨天我看见他了。b)疑问句(interrogative sentence)用来提出疑问，如：Did you see him yesterday?你昨天见到他了吗?c)祈使句(imperative sentence)表示请求、命令等，如：Please come in.请进来。d)感叹句(exclamatory sentence)表示喜怒等各种情感，如：What a beautiful voice she has!她嗓子多好啊!/定语的位置 单词作定语，一般放在被修饰语的前面，短语和从句作定语
24、则放在被修饰语的后面。如：The school library has many books on agriculture.校图书馆有许多关于农业的书。(many和on agriculture，都修饰books，many在books的前面，on agriculture则在它的后面)/状语的位置 修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前；修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前，有的放在动词之后。如动词有宾语，状语一般须放在宾语之后。如：The Summer Palace is very beautiful.颐和园非常美丽。(very为状语，修饰形容词beautiful，放在beautiful之前)I kn
25、ow him well.我十分了解他。(well为状语，修饰动词 know，放在know之后)The students often go on a picnic.这些学生经常出去野餐。(often为状语，修饰动词go，放在它的前面)We take exercise every day.我们每天都运动。(every day为状语，修饰动词take，在宾语exercise之后)Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?on how to learn English well 做后置定语修饰做后置定语修饰advice.去掉这个定语，句子还是完整的。去掉这个定语，句子还是完整的。宾语补足语例子宾语补足语例子 his words made me uncomfortable 名词也可以作为宾语补足语名词也可以作为宾语补足语 His fatherdeath made him an orphan 去掉补足语，句子就显得不完整了去掉补足语，句子就显得不完整了 We all think it a pity that she didnt come here.it是是that从句的形式从句的形式 it作为形式宾语作为形式宾语 that从句是真正的从句是真正的think的宾语的宾语 a pity是宾补是宾补
