1、 非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词及其分类非谓语动词及其分类 1.谓语动词与非谓语动词：谓语动词与非谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词，叫做在句子中担任谓语的动词，叫做谓语动词谓语动词；在句；在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动词，叫做词，叫做非谓语动词非谓语动词。We should serve the people heart and soul.She found English hard to learn.Seeing is believing.The results obtained are quite satisfactory.Pleas
2、e stop speaking.（谓语谓语）（非谓语动词充当状语非谓语动词充当状语）（主语主语和和表语表语）（定语定语）（宾语宾语）Non-Predicate Verbs（非谓语动词非谓语动词）英语中动词的非谓语动词有三类：英语中动词的非谓语动词有三类：1.不定式：不定式：infinitive2.动名词：动名词：gerund3.分词：分词：participle 现在分词：现在分词：present participle 过去分词：过去分词：past participle 1.不定式：不定式：infinitive Form Usage Omission of“to”to do(not to do)
3、一般式（否定）一般式（否定）to be doing 进行式进行式 主动主动 to have done 完成式完成式to have been doing 完成进行式完成进行式to be done 一般式一般式 被动被动to have been done 完成式完成式 Usage1 subject（主语）（主语）2 predicative（表语）（表语）3 object（宾语）（宾语）4 attribute（定语）（定语）5 adverbial（状语）（状语）6 complement（补足语）（补足语）1.不定式（短语）作主语不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成通常转化成“It+is/was+adj./
4、n.+不不定式（短语）定式（短语）”,其中其中it 是形式主语是形式主语(form subject)，真正的主语是后，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）。面的不定式（短语）。To master a foreign language is not easy.Its not easy to master a foreign language.vIt takes sb.some time 不定式vIt costs sb.money不定式2.复合结构：复合结构：for sb.to do sth.It is+adj./n.+for/of sb.to do sth.当形容词为表示当形容词为表示“性格特征或行
5、为表现性格特征或行为表现”的形的形容词时，介词用容词时，介词用of，如，如kind,wrong,polite,wise例如：例如：Its very kind of you.as predicativeHer wish is to be a teacher.She seems to be happy.as objectHe loved to listen to music.I find it difficult to speak English fluently.下列动词要求不定式作宾语：下列动词要求不定式作宾语：afford,agree,aim,appear,arrange,care,choo
6、se,decide,desire,demand,determine,help,hope,intend,learn,manage,mean,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,strive,tend,wish,特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+不定式不定式 介词介词+特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+不定式不定式Where to stay has not been decided yet.（S.）She doesnt know what to do.（O.of v.）He had no idea of how to do.（O.of prep.）疑问词包括疑问词包括how,wh
7、at,where,when,whether,whom,why等等 as attribute 不定式通常作后置定语，不定式通常作后置定语，而而且且vi.后要加介词后要加介词.There is a lot of work to do.He is the best man to consult with.要求不定式作宾补的动词：要求不定式作宾补的动词：ask,tell,want,expect,invite,allow,forbid,force,oblige,urge,advise,persuade(sb.to do sth.)有些动词如有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,fee
8、l,have等与不等与不带有带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加语态时，不定式要加to,如：如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.set phrase(固定表达）固定表达）1 had better/had best(not)do2 had rather/had sooner do sth.than do sth.3 would rather/would sooner do sth.than do sth.4 would just as soon do sth.as do（宁愿（宁愿
9、也不愿也不愿）Eg.I would just as soon stay as go with him.5 may/might(just)as well do（还是（还是好好;还不如还不如;不妨不妨）6 can not but do (不能不；不得不不能不；不得不)Eg.I can not but admire his courage.7 cannot choose but（只得）（只得）8 cannot help but（不得不）（不得不）cannot help+doing(禁不住）禁不住）9 can but=can only （只得，充其量不过）（只得，充其量不过）Eg I cannot c
10、hoose but stay.I cannot help but grieve.set structure 感官动词或使役动词感官动词或使役动词+宾语宾语+动词原动词原形宾补形宾补make/have/let/bid/leave+sb./sth.+do常见感官动词：常见感官动词：see,hear,watch,notice,observe,listen to,look at,feel perceive etc.Bid him go home.（叫他回家）（叫他回家）We will have the boy mail this letter.Let there be no mistake about
11、 it.（这（这事可别出错）事可别出错）Leave him go.（放他走）（放他走）连词连词(than,as)或介词或介词(except,but,besides,save)前有前有 do 的某的某种形式则可以省略种形式则可以省略 to;反之则不省。反之则不省。I did no more than make a beginning.I have no choice but to accept the fact.My dog does everything except speak.作表语的不定式作表语的不定式:若主语中有若主语中有dodo的某种形式，可省略的某种形式，可省略toto也可以不也可
12、以不省省.All I did was(to)hit him on the head.The only thing we can do is(to)encourage him to try again.The only thing to do is(to)encourage him to try again.v典型例题v1.The project _ by the end of 2000,will expand 1.The project _ by the end of 2000,will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1,000,000
13、 the citys telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.users.v a.accomplished b.being accomplished a.accomplished b.being accomplished vc.to be accomplished d.having been accomplishedc.to be accomplished d.having been accomplishedv3.The bank is reported in the local newspaper 3.The bank is reported i
14、n the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday._ in broad daylight yesterday.va.robbed b.to have been robbed a.robbed b.to have been robbed vc.being robbed d.having been robbedc.being robbed d.having been robbedv4.Tim cannot but _ his supervisor to help him 4.Tim cannot but _ his supervisor to
15、help him solve the difficulty he has in solve the difficulty he has in v doing his project.doing his project.va.ask b.to ask c.asking d.askeda.ask b.to ask c.asking d.askedv v典型例题v 7.Could you find someone _?7.Could you find someone _?va.for me to play tennis with a.for me to play tennis with vb.for
16、 me to play tennis b.for me to play tennis vc.play tennis with c.play tennis with v d.playing tennis d.playing tennisv 8.Everyone had an application form in his hand,8.Everyone had an application form in his hand,but no one knew which office room _.but no one knew which office room _.va.to send it t
17、o b.to send it a.to send it to b.to send it v c.to be sent to d.to have it send c.to be sent to d.to have it sendv13.No one had told Smith about _ a lecture the 13.No one had told Smith about _ a lecture the following day.following day.va.there be b.there would be a.there be b.there would be v c.the
18、re was d.there being c.there was d.there beingv Gerund（动名词）（动名词）Form Usage Testing StructureForms:v-ing (主动主动)一般式一般式no v-ing/not doing 否定式否定式having done 主动完成式主动完成式 being done 被动一般式被动一般式 having been done 被动完成式被动完成式 ones doing 复合结构复合结构v（二）动名词：（二）动名词：v动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。法功能。v
19、1动名词的形式动名词的形式：（1）一般式：）一般式：Seeing is believing.眼见为实。眼见为实。（2）被动式：）被动式：vHe came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。他未被邀请就来到了晚会。（3）完成式：）完成式：vWe remembered having seen the film.我们记我们记得看过这部电影。得看过这部电影。（4）完成被动式：）完成被动式：vHe forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.v他忘记五岁时曾被带
20、到广州去过。他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。（5）否定式：）否定式：not+动名词动名词vI regret not following his advice.我后悔没听他的劝告。我后悔没听他的劝告。（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+动名词动名词vHe suggested our trying it once again.他建议我们再试一次。他建议我们再试一次。vHis not knowing English troubled him a lot.v他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。Usage1 subject2 predicativ
21、e3 object 4 attribute as S.There is no denying this.Its no use/no good/useless crying over the spilt milk.as P.His hobby is collecting ancient gold coins.as O.I have finished reading the book.She is very fond of dancing.as Attr.动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能or用途用途现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，是主谓关系是
22、主谓关系sleeping pills a sleeping childTesting Structure:否定式否定式 no v-ing/not v-ing复合结构复合结构:ones v-ing名词所有格或物主代词名词所有格或物主代词+动名词动名词1.Its no use buying books but not reading them.2.His/Him going there wont help much.3.I dont remember his/him giving me back that dictionary.有些动词或短语后需接动名词有些动词或短语后需接动名词作宾语：作宾语：a
23、nticipate,involve,remember,forget,forgive,forbid,imagine,keep,mind,regret,avoid,consider,discuss,deny,encourage,finish,like,love,resist,delay,admit，risk,resume,suggest,advise,allow,permit,dislike,favor,fancy,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,leave off,overlook,miss,pardon,postpone,practice,put off,prevent,
24、prohibit,quit,recommend,require,resent,recall,tolerate,appreciate,stop,approach to doing,be busy doing,object to doing,feel like doing,cant help doing,prefer doing A to doing B,Participle 分词分词Form UsageTesting Structure Present Participlev-ing (主动主动)一般式一般式 not v-ing 否定式否定式 having done 主动完成式主动完成式 bei
25、ng done 被动一般式被动一般式 having been done 被动完成式被动完成式 Past Participle v-ed (被动被动)一般式一般式 not v-ed 否定式否定式Usage1 Predicative2 Attribute3 Adverbial4 Complement三三.分词的用法分词的用法 (现在分词现在分词/过去分词过去分词)1.作表语(具有形容词的特征）This book is very interesting.This play is very moving and instructive.The cups are broken./He is marrie
26、d.比较：比较：The spirit is inspiring the people all over the country.His report is inspiring.as predicativeMy pencil was broken.(过去分词作表语过去分词作表语主语状态主语状态)Her speech was quite stirring.(现在分词作表语现在分词作表语主语性质主语性质)as attributeA lost opportunity never returns.The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary.The mat
27、erial used is cement.注注:分词分词(短语短语)作定语可以转化作定语可以转化成定语从句成定语从句3.作状语作状语Lying on the ice,I would soon die.(时间时间)I struggled to my knees,knowing that some how I had to put my tent up for shelter.(伴随伴随)His parents died,leaving him an orphan.结果结果)Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning,I
28、 decided to do an experiment.(分词的完成时态作时间状语分词的完成时态作时间状语).United,we stand;divided,we fall.Inspired by the spirit of the hero,they worked even harder.分词分词(短语短语)作状语作状语,其逻辑主语必须其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致与句子主语一致.Seeing the professor,the students smiled and said good morning to him.Seen from the hill,the city looks bea
29、utiful.as complementa O.C.（宾补（宾补)I am sorry Ive kept you waiting.I have my hair cut once a month.(谓语谓语 v.多为使役多为使役 v.和感官和感官 v.)b S.C.(主补）主补）She was seen going up stairs.The work was left half done.Testing Structure1 Participle as Adverbial 2 Absolute Structure 现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别:Please fi
30、ll in this form,giving your name,address,etc.Inspired by the spirit of the hero,they worked even harder.一般来说一般来说 现在分词表示现在分词表示主动主动的意思的意思;过去分词表示过去分词表示被动被动的意思的意思.独立主格结构是分词作状语的独立主格结构是分词作状语的一种特殊形式一种特殊形式:分词分词(短语短语)作状语时作状语时,无论是现在无论是现在分词还是过去分词，是一般式还分词还是过去分词，是一般式还是完成式，是完成式，其逻辑主语必须与句其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。否则子的主语保持
31、一致。否则，分词，分词前必需有自己的主语，前必需有自己的主语，即用独立即用独立主格结构。主格结构。独立主格结构的特点：独立主格结构的特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。它独立存在。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。The moon appearing,they decided to go on with their journey.His mother being ill,he had to stay home to look after her.with 独立主格独立主格:He stared at
32、 his friend with his mouth wide openWith you to lead us,our group is sure to succeed 2 have之后的非谓语动词之后的非谓语动词have sb.do sth.叫某人做某事叫某人做某事have sth.Done 使某事被使某事被(他人他人)做做have sb.done 使某人被他人做某事使某人被他人做某事have sb.doing sth.听任某人做某事听任某人做某事Ill have him do it.I have my hair cut every month.You ought to have her e
33、xamined by the doctor.I wont have you saying that.现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词和过去分词的区别1.语态上不同语态上不同 an exciting story /an excited person a moving film /a moved audience。2.2.时间关系上不同时间关系上不同developing countries/developed countriesthe changing world/the changed worldboiling water /boiled water注意：注意：.to do 和和 doing 作
34、主语和表语用作主语和表语用法相同。表示法相同。表示泛指泛指意义的行为时多意义的行为时多用动名词（也可用用动名词（也可用to do）但表示但表示具体的行为具体的行为（特别是将来的（特别是将来的行为）时，必须用行为）时，必须用to do。Seeing is believing。His hobby is collecting stamps。Her wish is to become a singer。2.动名词动名词 作宾语时作宾语时,在意义上比较在意义上比较一般和抽象一般和抽象,时时 间观念不强间观念不强,不指某一次动作。动词不定式作不指某一次动作。动词不定式作 宾语常表示宾语常表示某个具体动作某
35、个具体动作。He likes swimming,but he doesnt like to swim today.只能跟只能跟 to do的动词的动词want、wish、hope、expect、decide、agree、manage、promise、pretend只能跟动名词的动词只能跟动名词的动词enjoy、finish、mind、miss、avoid、risk、suggest、escape、practise、insist on、give up二者皆可无区别二者皆可无区别begin、start、like、hate、prefer、continue、intend二者皆可但有区别二者皆可但有区别s
36、top、remember、forget、try、regret、meandifference动名词动名词名词；习惯性动作名词；习惯性动作不定式不定式将来；一次性动作将来；一次性动作现在分词现在分词:动作正在进行；表主动动作正在进行；表主动过去分词过去分词:动作已经完成；表被动动作已经完成；表被动v典型例题典型例题v 21.Soon,Americans hope,the rains will return and 21.Soon,Americans hope,the rains will return and ease the hardship _ U.S.Farmers.ease the har
37、dship _ U.S.Farmers.va.faced b.faces c.facing d.to facea.faced b.faces c.facing d.to facev 29.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not 29.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba.known in Europe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba.v a
38、.being cultivated b.been cultivated a.being cultivated b.been cultivated v c.having cultivated d.cultivating c.having cultivated d.cultivating v34.After a whole days heavy work,the old worker 34.After a whole days heavy work,the old worker returned home,_.returned home,_.va.hungry and felt exhaustinga.hungry and felt exhaustingvb.hunger and exhaustedb.hunger and exhaustedvc.hungry and exhaustedc.hungry and exhaustedvd.hungry and having been exhaustedd.hungry and having been exhaustedv Thanks a lot!
