1、第9单元 结果句视译英汉汉英视译教程上篇 英译汉第9单元 结果句视译 n 因果关系是宇宙万物的最基本关系之一，因此，在任何语言中因果句也是最常见的。然而，由于不同文化各自的历史渊源大相径庭，从而形成了现实中并非所有语言时时刻刻都是前因后果的思维差异。根据表达的需要，各种语言因果颠倒的现象层出不穷，但是不同语言在相同或相近因果语境中的思维侧重或方式的不同给翻译，尤其是口译，造成了很大的思维转换障碍。这种思维差异给视译造成的困难尤其典型而且是巨大的，因为视译的原语以书面化语言居多，而视译译文的体裁或是书面化，或是口语化，或是半口语半书面化语言。就此而言，其他口译形式的原语多为口语体裁，而视译常常是
2、从书面体裁翻译到口语体裁，因此转换难度增加了许多。因为视译是瞬间转换，有时跨度之大，译员甚至第9单元 结果句视译n有难以逾越的感觉，因而，视译译文更容易出现顺畅方面的瑕疵。应对视译结果句的原则之一是翻译时在因果关系上采取“抓小放大”的办法，即侧重原文细节，淡化原文宏观链接，这样可比较容易地脱离英文的语言形式逻辑，立刻进入汉语思维习惯，从而保障汉语译文语言形式逻辑的地道性。需要说明的是此单元所列是广义上，而非仅语法层面的结果句此单元所列是广义上，而非仅语法层面的结果句。第9单元 结果句视译（要点梳理）n此单元所列是广义上，而非仅语法层面的结果句n各种语言因果颠倒的现象层出不穷n不同语言在相同或相
3、近因果语境中的思维侧重或方式的不同造成了思维转换障碍n视译原文：书面化语言居多，n视译译文：或是书面化，或是口语化，或是半口语半书面化语言n翻译时在因果关系上采取“抓小放大”的办法，即侧重原文细节，淡化原文宏观链接第9单元 结果句视译（例句）n1.Her job at the hospital did not pay much,so she found another on the side.n【笔译】n【视译】n译评她在医院工作的工资低微，因此她另外又找了个兼职工作。她在医院工作收入不高，所以找了个兼职工作。笔译版本过于书面化，后半句有些重复啰唆。视译版本更符合口译原则，简洁、流畅。第9单元
4、 结果句视译（例句）n2.He longed to go abroad,so much so that he often dreamed about it.n【笔译】n【视译】n译评他太想出国了，经常做这方面的梦。他特别想出国，常常梦寐以求。视译版本尽量避免英语原文中的逻辑关联，使得译文语意更清晰、准确。第9单元 结果句视译（例句）n3.We have now heard all the arguments pro and con about the question,hence it is time for us to decide.n【笔译】n【视译】关于这个问题，反对与赞成的理由各位均已
5、听过，因而现在可以作出决定了。关于这个问题，不同的意见都已经得到陈述，因此现在请大家表决。第9单元 结果句视译（例句）n译评 笔译版本在很大程度上保留了英文的思维方式，译文听着费解，甚至困惑。视译版本抛开了英语思维方式，更多地兼顾汉语思维方式和习惯，所以译文更易懂、流畅。第9单元 结果句视译（例句）n4.He had wandered around the world for many years before he ended up in this small mountain village.n【笔译】n【视译】他曾经多年周游世界，最后落户在一个小山村。多年间，他的足迹曾遍布世界各地，最后
6、才落户在这个小山村。第9单元 结果句视译（例句）n译评笔译版本的前半句过于书面化，视译版本的“才”字恰到好处地满足了汉语承上启下的习惯。第9单元 结果句视译（例句）n5.I have never been to Brazil and therefore I dont know much about this country.n【笔译】n【视译】n译评我从未去过巴西，所以对这个国家了解不多。我从未去过巴西，对这个国家了解不多。英语语义链接与语言符号链接多为重叠，但是汉语，无论书面还是口语，常常省略语言符号链接，显得更自然。第9单元 结果句视译（例段）n1.Ma Shuiquan,a 55-yea
7、r-old businessman,established the Lei Feng Memorial Hall in Hangzhou,capital of East Chinas Zhejiang province since 2019.But Ma has faced some problems in running the memorial hall,and as he spends most of his time and energy there,his own business is suffering as a result.n1.Ma Shuiquan,a 55-year-o
8、ld businessman,established the Lei Feng Memorial Hall in Hangzhou,capital of East Chinas Zhejiang province since 2019.But Ma has faced some problems in running the memorial hall,第9单元 结果句视译（例段）时年55 岁的商人马水全，2019 年于中国东部的浙江省省会杭州创建了雷锋纪念堂。但是在开办纪念堂的过程中，马先生遇到了若干问题。第9单元 结果句视译（例段）nand as he spends most of his
9、 time and energy there,his own business is suffering as a result.纪念堂耗费了他大部分时间和精力，他的生意因而受到影响。第9单元 结果句视译（例段）n【笔译】n【视译】今年55 岁的商人马水全，在2019 年于中国东部的浙江省省会杭州市设立了雷锋纪念堂。但是在开办纪念堂的过程中，马先生面临着一些问题。他把多数的时间和精力都花在了这方面，以至于自己的生意受了不少损失。时年55 岁的商人马水全，2019 年于中国东部的浙江省省会杭州创建了雷锋纪念堂。但是在开办纪念堂的过程中，马先生遇到了若干问题。纪念堂耗费了他大部分时间和精力，他的生
10、意因而受到影响。第9单元 结果句视译（例段）n译评此段落的主题是纪念堂，因此译文最后一句改为以纪念堂为表述主体更符合主干逻辑贯穿一个语境意群的原则，最后一句中加上了表达结果的链接词语“因而”，显得十分贴切。第9单元 结果句视译（例段）n2.Another sensible proposal,embraced by President Obama and a number of international experts,is the bank tax.This could be based on an institutions size and leverage,so that bankers
11、 could pay for their cleanupsthe finance equivalent of a pollution tax.n2.Another sensible proposal,embraced by President Obama and a number of international experts,is the bank tax.This could be based on an institutions size and leverage,so that bankers could pay for their cleanupsthe finance equiv
12、alent of a pollution tax.第9单元 结果句视译（例段）另一项合理的银行税提案得到奥巴马总统和诸多国际知名专家的支持，该银行税的征收是以银行的规模和实力为据，一旦开征，银行家们就得花钱清扫他们自己的垃圾相当于缴纳金融领域的污染税。第9单元 结果度句视译（例段）n【笔译】n【视译】另一项明智的银行税提案得到奥巴马总统和很多国际专家的支持，可以根据银行机构的规模和影响力征收银行税，这样，银行家们就能为政府清扫危机残局而买单了即金融领域的污染税。另一项合理的银行税提案得到奥巴马总统和诸多国际知名专家的支持，该银行税的征收是以银行的规模和实力为据，一旦开征，银行家们就得花钱清扫他
13、们自己的垃圾相当于缴纳金融领域的污染税。第9单元 结果句视译（例段）n译评 原文中的结果链接词语so that 在视译中翻译成“一旦开征”，遵从了汉语的表达习惯。汉语中无论是原因还是条件，只要结构复杂冗长，在表达结果前有时需要对原因或条件进行缩略式重复，既获得了逻辑更紧密的语义链接，也收到了承前启后的语言符号链接效果。第9单元 结果句视译（例篇）n Sometimes,we are exclusively goal-oriented,only to find that we view the activity required to achieve the goal as a necessar
14、y evil,so we perform it in the most minimal way that we think will be acceptable.We do not enjoy the process of work,so that we do just enough to earn the paycheck,or to satisfy the boss,or to produce a meal that our family wont reject.In school,for the same reason,we do just enough to get an“A”or w
15、hatever grade we have chosen as our goal.n In contrast,when we allow ourselves to become absorbed in the process as play,we sometimes achieve far more.For sheer fun we may do much more than is needed to produce the originally envisioned product;and the product,as a result,may be far better.It may ev
16、en become an artistic creation.As we can see,play is activity that is done for fun rather than for some end that it produces.Play may have ends,but it is the process of achieving the ends,not the ends themselves,that is most valued.Therefore,lets imbue work with,at least,a high degree of playfulness
17、,which may consequently brings out our best qualities and makes us feel good.第9单元 结果句视译（例篇）n【视译】n 有时，目标是我们的唯一追求，结果却发现我们在追求目标时所从事的必要活动被我们视为必要之恶行，所以我们在自认为可接受的范围内尽可能地缩减这一过程。因为我们不享受工作的过程，所以只做够职责以内的事情，或做到老板满意为止，或挣到够养家糊口即可。在学校里出于相同的原因我们只学到优秀或其他我们选择的目标分数。n 相反，如果我们陶醉于玩耍之类的过程中，有时我们所能做到的要多得多。纯粹为了乐趣也许会比达到预想的结果
18、做得更多，而结果也可能好得多，甚至可能成为艺术品。可见，玩耍是为了乐趣而做的活动，而不是玩耍所产生的结果。玩耍或许产生结果，但是，人们所看重的恰恰是获取结果的过程，而不是结果本身。因此，我们至少可以让工作充满浓厚的趣味，从而使我们有最佳表现并感觉良好。第9单元 结果句视译（例篇详解）n Sometimes,we are exclusively goal-oriented,only to find that we view the activity required to achieve the goal as a necessary evil,so we perform it in the m
19、ost minimal way that we think will be acceptable.有时，目标是我们的唯一追求，结果却发现我们在追求目标时所从事的必要活动被我们视为必要之恶行，所以我们在自认为可接受的范围内尽可能地缩减这一过程。nWe do not enjoy the process of work,so that we do just enough to earn the paycheck,or to satisfy the boss,or to produce a meal that our family wont reject.In school,for the same
20、reason,we do just enough to get an“A”or whatever grade we have chosen as our goal.第9单元 结果句视译（例篇详解）因为我们不享受工作的过程，所以只做够职责以内的事情，或做到老板满意为止，或挣到够养家糊口即可。在学校里出于相同的原因我们只学到优秀或其他我们选择的目标分数。第9单元 结果句视译（例篇详解）n In contrast,when we allow ourselves to become absorbed in the process as play,we sometimes achieve far mor
21、e.For sheer fun we may do much more than is needed to produce the originally envisioned product;相反，如果我们陶醉于玩耍之类的过程中，有时我们所能做到的要多得多。纯粹为了乐趣也许会比达到预想的结果做得更多，第9单元 结果句视译（例篇详解）nand the product,as a result,may be far better.It may even become an artistic creation.As we can see,play is activity that is done fo
22、r fun rather than for some end that it produces.Play may have ends,而结果也可能好得多，甚至可能成为艺术品。可见，玩耍是为了乐趣而做的活动，而不是玩耍所产生的结果。玩耍或许产生结果，第9单元 结果句视译（例篇详解）nbut it is the process of achieving the ends,not the ends themselves,that is most valued.Therefore,lets imbue work with,at least,a high degree of playfulness,wh
23、ich may consequently brings out our best qualities and makes us feel good.但是，人们所看重的恰恰是获取结果的过程，而不是结果本身。因此，我们至少可以让工作充满浓厚的趣味，从而使我们有最佳表现并感觉良好。第9单元 结果句视译（例篇）n译评 这篇文章的结果句比较典型，如only to find 是英语常见的结果性词语，翻译成“结果却发现”十分得当。视译译文在处理结果句时汉语译文的链接更地道，逻辑关系更清晰，语意更容易理解，其中奥秘主要在于“抓神放形”。无论何种语言，作为语言符号的外形都是为内在的“神”，即语意服务的。翻译，尤
24、其是需瞬间转换于两种语言思维之间的视译译员，只有“抓神放形”才可以于瞬息游走在两种语言思维之间，并做到轻车熟路，游刃有余。第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语句）n(1)He had done well in the committee,so that he was given a promotion and an increase in salary.n(2)The essay was written in such beautiful English that it has since been regarded as a classic in prose-writing.n(3)The c
25、lerk explained in an impatient manner,which offended the customers deeply.n(4)The scientist entered his office to find a window was broken and some important design drawings were missing.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语句）n(5)There are many jobs I have left undone,consequently I shall not leave today.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练
26、习：参考答案）n（1）他在委员会中干得挺出色，因而获得提职提薪。n（2）那篇文章的英文漂亮极了，从此被当作散文写作的经典篇目。n（3）这店员以不耐烦的态度作解答，令顾客十分气愤。n（4）这位科学家进办公室后，发现一扇窗子被打破，一些重要的设计图不翼而飞。n（5）我还有几件事没办完，所以今天不走了。第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语段）n(1)The coal revolution fueled the industrial revolution,and,even in the 1900s weve seen a very rapid decline in the price of electr
27、icity,and thats why we have refrigerators,air-conditioning,we can make modern materials and do so many things.And so,were in a wonderful situation with electricity in the rich world.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语段）n(2)But no matter what youre doing,you can be a citizen activist and a citizen diplomat.Youve alrea
28、dy begun to make the connections and partnerships that will give you support throughout your lives.And therefore,I invite you to forge those connections beyond this class.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n（1）当年的煤炭革命推动了工业革命，因此早在20 世纪初，我们就迎来了电价的快速下降，也因此我们有了冰箱和空调，能制作现代材料，做那么多事情。有了电，我们在这样一个富有世界里的生活是多么美好的一件事情！n（2）但是
29、无论你们做什么，你们能够成为一名公民积极分子和公民外交家。你们已经开始建立关系网，这将让你们终生受益。因此，我邀请你们编织本班之外的关系网。第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语篇）n(1)Almost all are being dragged ineluctably towards giving English a bigger role in their societies.More than a dozen EU countries,therefore,require that English be taught in schools.In Thailand and China,the g
30、overnment has fostered English-language learning circles.Francophone Rwanda switched over in 2009 to English school instruction.As a result,English spreads wherever there is democracy or markets or even the slightest inclination towards them.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语篇）n So now we can all talk with peoples o
31、f the world.The universalisation of English has happy consequences.But like the building of the Tower of Babel,it results in negative ones,too.One of those consequences is that English as a lingua franca offers unfair advantages to the half-billion people who speak English as a native language.We as
32、sume that English is a world standard and thereupon import many words into our own languages.But French and German professors,for instance,often grumble that it is hard to build a career when academic journals are all in English.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语篇）n Meanwhile,language shapes mentalities and the spre
33、ad of English may be limiting our ability to think in different ways so that there can be a diversity-stifling effect.Universities,whether in Quebec or Paris or Catalonia,teach classes in global English.Consequently,they adorn their student bodies with exotic people from around the worldthe most tal
34、ented ones,the flower of their respective cultures.But the net effect can be to turn these varied young people into extremely unvaried adults.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语篇）n(2)Mom always told us wed go blind if we read in the dark.Does science back her up?Jim Sheedy,a doctor of vision science and director of t
35、he Vision Performance Institute at Oregons Pacific University,sets his sights on the truth.n a.Dark Matter n Turns out,our parents were wrong.“There is no reason to believe nor evidence to support that any long-term damage to the eyes or change in the physiology to the eyes can be caused by reading
36、in the dark,”Dr.Sheedy says.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语篇）n That is not to say that nocturnal page-turning wont lead to discomfort or fatigue.n The lack of light will cause the pupils to dilate,resulting in a smaller depth of fieldthe distance between the nearest and farthest object that the eye considers to b
37、e in focus.Dr.Sheedy says the added effort to change focus(called the eyes accommodative system)and the effort to change the angle of the lines of sight between the two eyes(called the vergent system)will likely make your eyes feel tired and your body spent.But,of course,thats often the object of re
38、ading under the covers.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语篇）n b.Seeing Clearly n Dr.Sheedy says he assures his students that there isnt enough evidence to argue that what you do with your eyes leads to myopia(nearsightedness),“The predominant determinant of myopia is genetics.”No link to long-term damage has ever bee
39、n conclusively shown,says Dr.Sheedy.“Its an old tale,a ploy used by moms to get kids to go to sleep when they wanted them to,”he says.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语篇）n c.Electronic Age n Reading on a tablet device wont damage your eyes,Dr.Sheedy says.His team has studied various fonts,computer displays and pixel
40、 resolutions,and found the difference in effect on the eye between reading e-ink and the printed word to be negligible.n He adds that pixel density and screen resolution have reached the point at which the eye doesnt know which it is seeing.So if reading a printed book in dim light is fine,so is rea
41、ding a Kindle or iPad.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语篇）n d.Moving from Dark to Light n The eyes adapt quickly when going to the lightemerging from a tunnel into the sun,saybut going to the dark“requires the regeneration of photo pigments,and that takes some time to reach full dark-adaptation,”says Dr.Sheedy.n Adj
42、usting to the dim light next to your bed should only take seconds.But when going from bright light to maximum darkness,studies have shown,eye sensitivity continues to change for up to 25 minutes,he says.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：语篇）n e.Just ask a pirate n “Ever wonder why a pirate wears patches?Its not becaus
43、e he was wounded in a sword fight,”says Dr.Sheedy.Seamen must constantly move between the pitch black of below decks and the bright sunshine above.n Smart pirates wore a patch over one eye to keep it dark-adapted outside.Should a battle break out and the pirate had to shimmy below,he would simply sw
44、itch the patch to the outdoor eye and he could see in the dark right awaysaving him 25 minutes of flailing his cutlass about in near blindness.第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n（1）几乎所有的文化都不得不在各自的社会中赋予英语更加重要的角色，这已成为一种不可避免的趋势。因此，已有十余个欧盟国家要求本国学校教授英语。在泰国和中国，政府对英语学习圈子进行了扶持。法语国家卢旺达2009 年时将学校教学语言改为英语。于是，一个地方只要拥有民主或市场、
45、甚至只要具备向民主或市场靠拢的最轻微倾向，英语就会在该地蔓延开来。第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n 于是，现在全世界的人可以彼此交流了。英语的普及产生了积极的影响。但是，就像建造巴别塔一样，它也带来了消极影响。对以英语为母语的5 亿人来说，作为通用语言的英语为他们提供了一种有失公平的优势。我们将英语视为一种世界标准，从而把很多词汇引入到自己母语中。但法国和德国的教授却经常抱怨道，在所有学术刊物都以英语为书面语言的情况下，他们的职业发展困难重重。这只是一个例子。第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n 另一方面，语言可以塑造人们的心智，那么英语的扩张也许正在抑制我们以不同方式思考
46、问题的能力。因此，英语的普及可能会扼杀“多样性”。大学不管是在魁北克、巴黎还是（西班牙的）加泰罗尼亚都用全球性的英语授课，因此，它们吸引到来自世界各地的留学生，来充实自己的学生队伍。这些留学生极具天赋，是各自文明的奇葩。但这种做法的最终结果却是把这些原本特点各异的年轻人培养成了毫无差异的成年人。第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n（2）妈妈总是告诉我们如果我们在暗处看书会弄坏眼睛。这种说法有科学依据吗？且听俄勒冈的太平洋大学视觉功能学院所长、视觉科学医生希迪博士为我们揭示真相。n a.暗处阅读 n 原来，我们的父母是错的。希迪博士说：“我们没有理由认为，也没有证据证明，在暗处阅读会造成
47、眼睛的长期损害，或引起眼睛的生理变化。”n 但这并不意味着在夜间昏暗光线下看书不会引起不适和疲劳。第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n 光线不足会引起瞳孔扩张，导致景深变小，即眼睛能聚焦的最近和最远的物体之间的距离变小。希迪博士说，费力地去变焦（通过眼睛的调节系统）和费力地去改变两眼之间的视角（通过眼睛的收缩系统）可能会使你的眼睛和身体感到疲倦。当然，这通常是在被窝里看书的后果。n b.看清楚 n 希迪博士说他告诉他的学生现在还没有足够的证据能说明用眼习惯会导致近视：“近视的主要决定因素是遗传。”他说并没有确凿的证据证明长期损害跟近视之间存在关联。希迪博士说：“这只是一个古老的传说，是
48、妈妈们希望孩子们去睡觉时常用的一个说辞。”第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n c.电子时代 n 希迪博士说，在平板设备上阅读文字不会伤害眼睛。他的团队对各种字体、电脑显示器和像素分辨率进行了研究，发现阅读电子读物和印刷文字对眼睛影响的差异是可以忽略不计的。n 他补充说，像素密度和屏幕分辨率已经发展到了让眼睛分辨不出电子读物和印刷文字之间差异的程度。如果在昏暗的光线下阅读印刷书籍没什么问题的话，在Kindle 或iPad 上阅读也不会有问题。第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n d.从暗处到亮处 n 希迪博士说，从暗处到亮处时眼睛适应起来非常快，比如从隧道里出来重见天日时，但从
49、亮处到暗处时“需要新生成光色素，因此需要一些时间来完全适应黑暗”。n 他说，你对自己床边暗光灯的光线的适应只需要几秒钟的时间。但有研究表明，如果从亮如白昼转到漆黑一片，眼睛的感光度要持续变化长达25 分钟的时间。第9单元 结果句视译（视译练习：参考答案）n e.问问海盗吧 n 希迪博士说：“想知道为什么海盗总是戴着眼罩吗？这并不是因为他在剑战中受了伤。”真正的原因是他们必须经常在漆黑的甲板下和明亮的阳光下这两处地方之间变换位置。n 聪明的海盗在一只眼睛上戴着眼罩，就能保证有一只眼睛始终能适应黑暗。如果战斗爆发，海盗必须转战到甲板下面，他只需要把眼罩换到另一边，就可以马上在黑暗中恢复视力这样一来他就不用在近乎失明的情况下挥剑战斗25 分钟了。
