1、病例v足月臀位产新生儿,生后第二天突然抽搐、烦躁不安、尖叫、拒食。入院查体:T 36.3,P 140次/分,R 45次/分,前囟饱满,肌张力高,尖叫。双眼凝视,肢体抖动,唇微绀,心率140次/分,肺未闻罗音,腹软,肝右肋下1。化验:WBC 10109/L,N 0.65。血钙2.2mmol/L。v(1)最可能的诊断及诊断依据v(2)治疗原则 第十节第十节:新生儿颅内出血新生儿颅内出血v新生儿颅内出血是由于缺氧及产伤或医新生儿颅内出血是由于缺氧及产伤或医源性损伤所致的一种脑损伤疾病。源性损伤所致的一种脑损伤疾病。v一、病因:一、病因:v1、缺氧:早产儿多见。、缺氧:早产儿多见。v2、产伤:足月儿、
2、巨大儿多见。、产伤:足月儿、巨大儿多见。v3、其它:快速输高渗液体,先天颅内血、其它:快速输高渗液体,先天颅内血管畸形,全身出血性疾病。管畸形,全身出血性疾病。二、发病机制早产儿足月儿 机机 理理 部部 位位缺氧缺氧产伤产伤其它其它o 病病 因因 三、临床表现:三、临床表现:神志改变:神志改变:激惹、嗜睡或昏迷;激惹、嗜睡或昏迷;呼吸改变:呼吸改变:增快或减慢,不规则或暂停;增快或减慢,不规则或暂停;颅内压力增高:颅内压力增高:前囟隆起,血压增高,抽搐,角弓前囟隆起,血压增高,抽搐,角弓反张,脑性尖叫;反张,脑性尖叫;眼征:眼征:凝视、斜视、上转困难、眼球震颤等;凝视、斜视、上转困难、眼球震颤
3、等;瞳孔:瞳孔:对光反射减弱或消失对光反射减弱或消失;肌张力:肌张力:增高、减弱或消失;增高、减弱或消失;其他:其他:不明原因的苍白、贫血和黄疸。不明原因的苍白、贫血和黄疸。1.1.兴奋型:激惹,脑性尖叫,两眼凝视,惊厥,兴奋型:激惹,脑性尖叫,两眼凝视,惊厥,四肢强直四肢强直2.2.抑制型:意识障碍、昏迷、呼吸不规则、抽泣抑制型:意识障碍、昏迷、呼吸不规则、抽泣样呼吸、四肢肌张力下降样呼吸、四肢肌张力下降先兴奋症状,后转为抑制症状,或交替出现。先兴奋症状,后转为抑制症状,或交替出现。临临 床床 表表 现现v 不同部位出血的临床特点不同部位出血的临床特点 生后生后24h 24h 内或内或3 3
4、天内出现天内出现抑制状态抑制状态(智障、脑瘫智障、脑瘫)、主要见于胎龄小于主要见于胎龄小于3232周、体重低于周、体重低于1500g1500g的早产儿的早产儿临床表现临床表现 亚急性:亚急性:24h后出现惊厥、偏瘫、硬膜下积液后出现惊厥、偏瘫、硬膜下积液 急性大量:生后数小时内死亡急性大量:生后数小时内死亡 无症状或无症状或第第2天出现阵发性惊厥(脑积水)天出现阵发性惊厥(脑积水)v 不同部位出血的临床特点不同部位出血的临床特点脑实质出血脑实质出血 多因小静脉栓塞后使毛细血管压力增多因小静脉栓塞后使毛细血管压力增高、破裂而出血。如出血部位在脑干,则早期可发高、破裂而出血。如出血部位在脑干,则早
5、期可发生瞳孔变化、呼吸不规则和心动过缓等,前囟张力生瞳孔变化、呼吸不规则和心动过缓等,前囟张力可不高。主要后遗症为脑瘫、癫痫和精神发育迟缓。可不高。主要后遗症为脑瘫、癫痫和精神发育迟缓。下肢运动障碍较多见。下肢运动障碍较多见。临床表现临床表现小脑出血小脑出血 多见于胎龄小于多见于胎龄小于3232周、或有产伤史的足周、或有产伤史的足月儿。严重者除一般神经系统症状外主要表现为脑月儿。严重者除一般神经系统症状外主要表现为脑干症状,如频繁呼吸暂停、心动过缓等,可在短时干症状,如频繁呼吸暂停、心动过缓等,可在短时间内死亡。预后较差,尤其是早产儿。间内死亡。预后较差,尤其是早产儿。四、辅助检查:四、辅助检
6、查:vB超、超、CT:无创伤性检查。:无创伤性检查。v脑脊液检查:血性或皱缩红细胞脑脊液检查:血性或皱缩红细胞蛛血、蛛血、脑室出血。脑室出血。v病性危重者及体重极低的早产儿不宜进病性危重者及体重极低的早产儿不宜进行脑脊液检查。行脑脊液检查。五、诊断五、诊断n病史、症状体征病史、症状体征n头颅头颅B B超、超、CTCT及及MRIMRI检检查查n脑脊液检查或硬脑膜脑脊液检查或硬脑膜下穿刺下穿刺n头颅头颅B B超超对颅脑中心部位对颅脑中心部位病变分辨率高,因此成为病变分辨率高,因此成为该类型出血的特异性诊断该类型出血的特异性诊断手段,应手段,应为首选为首选,应在生,应在生后后3-73-7天进行,天进
7、行,1 1周后动态周后动态监测。但蛛网膜下腔、后监测。但蛛网膜下腔、后颅窝和硬膜外等部位出血颅窝和硬膜外等部位出血不易发现,需不易发现,需CTCT、MRIMRI确确诊。诊。六、治疗原则:六、治疗原则:v1、支持疗法 v保持患儿安静,尽可能避免搬动、刺激性操作。保持患儿安静,尽可能避免搬动、刺激性操作。v2、镇静、止痉:v苯巴比妥钠苯巴比妥钠5-10mg/kg/5-10mg/kg/次,地西泮次,地西泮0.1-0.3mg/kg/0.1-0.3mg/kg/次次.v3、降低颅内压:v呋塞米呋塞米(速尿速尿),每次,每次0.5-lmg0.5-lmgkgkg,每日,每日2-32-3次;次;v地塞米松地塞米
8、松0.5-lmg/0.5-lmg/次,每日次,每日2-32-3次;次;v慎用脱水剂甘露醇慎用脱水剂甘露醇0.25-0.5g/kg,q4-6h.0.25-0.5g/kg,q4-6h.v4、止血:VkVk,止血敏,止血敏.v其他:其他:脑细胞代谢激活剂(胞二磷胆碱、脑活素、脑细胞代谢激活剂(胞二磷胆碱、脑活素、脑复康),合并症(脑积水)处理脑复康),合并症(脑积水)处理.七、预防七、预防q提高产科技术,减少难产发生,避免产提高产科技术,减少难产发生,避免产伤和窒息伤和窒息q定期产前检查,避免宫内缺氧及分娩时定期产前检查,避免宫内缺氧及分娩时窒息窒息q对颅内出血可能的新生儿要特别护理,对颅内出血可能
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