1、 文献背景文献背景 一国是否拥有一个完整良好的风险投资机制关系到其经济是否可以持续发展(Kortum and Lerner,2000;Gordon,2002,2004)风险资本不仅可以给所投资的公司提供了资金,更重要的是风险投资家专业化的管理经验有助于提高公司价值(value-added),具体的途径包括公司战略决策、公司治理、资本结构和人力资源安排等等(Fried et al.,1998;Cyr et al.,2000;Wang et al.,2003;Cumming et al.,2005;Davila and Foster,2005),具体的表现是那些有风险资本支持的公司在IPO时候要比
2、那些没有风险资本支持的公司更能被市场所认可,譬如更低的IPO抑价率,更高的市场回报率等等(Barry et al.,1990;Megginson and Weiss,1991;Brav and Gompers,1997)风险资本与公司风险资本与公司IPO:价值增加的途径:价值增加的途径筛选评估:(1)创业者的个人特征;(2)创业者的经历;(3)成品或者服务的特征;(4)市场特征;(5)财务特征;(6)创业团队(Fried and Hisrich,1994;MacMillan et al,1985;Baum and Silverman,2004);联合投资(Casamatta and Harit
3、chabalet,2007);尽职调查(Lu et al.,2006);信任(Prowse,1998)契约设定:设定风险投资家的现金流权与控制权(投票权、董事会权、清算权)是可以分离的;可转换债券经常被使用以便更好地保护风险资本机构的利益;现金流权和控制权的分配通常会取决于企业可观察的和不可观察业绩;如果企业经营业绩恶化,那么企业的投票权、董事会权和清算权就会归于风险投资家;风险资本家通常会与创业者之间签订一个不完全的股份兑现条款,用以减轻创业者对风险资本机构的“套牢”问题,特别是对于那些投资于早期阶段的企业;分阶段投资(Kaplan and Stromberg,2003,2004;Gompe
4、rs,1995;Neher,1999;Wang and Zhou,2004;Inderst et al.,2007;Li,2008)。监督管理:那些有风险资本支持的上市公司董事会独立性会更强(Sheu and Lin,2007;Suchard,2009;Lerner,1995),会计系统的采用(Davila and Foster,2005),专业化的董事(Clarysse et al.,2007),更高的透明度(Guo et al.,2004),更低的盈余管理(Morsfield and Tan,2006)。样本:样本:获取了133个样本的完整数据,其中有政府背景投资的是36家、民营资本背景的
5、是13家、外国资本背景的是58家、混合型的是26家投资特征:投资特征:风险风险资本背景与投资特征资本背景与投资特征Invest_MonthsInvest_RoundsInvester_ NumberInvest_StageIntester_OwnershipObs均值中值均值中值均值中值均值中值均值中值All13332.51 241.53 11.99 22.60 323.16 20Gov3639.75 391.25 11.36 12.77 218.55 13.82Private1334.92 141.15 11.00 12.62 314.34 9.79Foreign5828.79 171.55
6、 11.98 22.90 324.66 24.94Mix2629.58 222.08 23.38 32.38 230.62 28.29IPO抑价率抑价率风险投资背景与风险投资背景与IPO抑价率统计抑价率统计obs均值中值Total sample13393.0542.86gov36188.13153.81private13186.49193.74Foreign5838.5021.51mix2636.377.62描述性统计描述性统计变量变量定义和描述性统计定义和描述性统计变量名定义均值标准差最小值最大值Director_number董事会人数(个),用来度量董事会规模9.015 2.5015 51
7、8Largest_shareholder最大股东持股比例(%)35.657 15.4608 3.175Director_professinal专业董事比率0.384 0.2041 01VC_SharesIPO之前,风险资本持有公司的股权(%)23.162 16.0420 1.020 100.000 Ipo_Market在样本公司IPO当月市场IPO总数(个)10.248 6.3310 137Market value公司IPO市场价值(万元)35.634 133.5573 0.259 1199.261 Ind虚拟变量,公司是否属于高风险行业 0.496 0.5019 01TobinsQ公司IPO
8、市值与账面价值比率3.159 3.2815 0.079 21.883 Leverage公司IPO当年资产负债率5.794 6.5446 1.048 36.806 Manager_Shares管理层持股比例34.356 26.0184 084.470 Investbank虚拟变量,投资银行是否是当年地区前5大0.353 0.4798 01IPO_place1虚拟变量,公司是否在香港上市0.338 0.4749 01IPO_place2虚拟变量,公司是否在美国上市0.263 0.4420 01IPO_place3虚拟变量,公司是否在大陆上市0.398 0.4914 01stage_1虚拟变量,第一
9、轮风险资本是否投资公司种子期0.128 0.3352 01stage_2虚拟变量,第一轮风险资本是否投资公司发展期0.331 0.4723 01stage_3虚拟变量,第一轮风险资本是否投资公司扩张期0.353 0.4798 01stage_4虚拟变量,第一轮风险资本是否投资公司成熟期0.188 0.3922 01风险投资风险投资背景与背景与IPO抑价率抑价率(1)(2)(3)(4)Private-1.6390-30.7905(0.04)(0.94)Foreign-149.6227-37.7108(5.84)*(1.86)*Mix-151.7561-79.5062(5.51)*(3.72)*D
10、ummyForeign-149.8482-53.4828(7.22)*(3.16)*VC_Shares-0.2034-0.2277(0.47)(0.53)IPO_Market2.00151.5847(1.38)(1.01)Marketvalue0.02110.0172(0.43)(0.37)Ind-32.3524-28.1789(1.98)*(1.83)*TobinsQ10.823110.1026(2.75)*(2.53)*Leverage-0.7298-0.9279(0.65)(0.83)Manager_Shares-0.3826-0.4222(1.20)(1.35)Investbank25
11、.328221.0525(1.49)(1.22)IPO_place2-0.20422.1790(0.01)(0.13)IPO_place3105.864197.1980(4.64)*(4.69)*风险资本背景与市场回报率风险资本背景与市场回报率-10.00%-9.00%-8.00%-7.00%-6.00%-5.00%-4.00%-3.00%-2.00%-1.00%0.00%2712 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67 72 77 82 87图图3.1 所有样本所有样本平均累计异常平均累计异常回报率回报率 风险资本背景与市场回报率风险资本背景与市场回报率-25.00
12、%-20.00%-15.00%-10.00%-5.00%0.00%5.00%10.00%15.00%20.00%2712 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67 72 77 82 87MixForeignPrivateGov图图3.2 不同背景风险资本支持的公司平均累积异常回报率不同背景风险资本支持的公司平均累积异常回报率 风险资本背景与市场回报率风险资本背景与市场回报率-10.00%-9.00%-8.00%-7.00%-6.00%-5.00%-4.00%-3.00%-2.00%-1.00%0.00%1611 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61
13、 66 71 76 81 86图图3.3 所有样本平均购买并持有回报率所有样本平均购买并持有回报率 风险资本背景与市场回报率风险资本背景与市场回报率-30.0000%-25.0000%-20.0000%-15.0000%-10.0000%-5.0000%0.0000%5.0000%10.0000%15.0000%20.0000%16 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86ForeignPrivateGov图图3.4 不同背景风险资本支持的公司购买并持有回报率不同背景风险资本支持的公司购买并持有回报率风险风险资本背景与累计异常回报率(市场指
14、数基准)资本背景与累计异常回报率(市场指数基准):基础方程基础方程CAR10_MCAR30_MCAR60_MCAR90_MCAR10_MCAR30_MCAR60_MCAR90_MPrivate2.9018-5.35939.08684.5593(0.55)(0.77)(0.80)(0.44)Foreign10.953913.004317.819915.2145(2.49)*(2.85)*(2.91)*(1.96)*Mix13.299521.258029.579533.2893(2.72)*(4.18)*(4.36)*(3.60)*DummyForeign10.910016.980919.0490
15、19.5995(3.17)*(4.45)*(3.50)*(3.04)*Constant-9.8233-14.1892-21.2953-20.9578-9.0535-15.6110-18.8845-19.7482(2.61)*(3.95)*(4.81)*(3.75)*(3.11)*(5.07)*(4.40)*(4.21)*Observations133133133133133133133133R-squared0.080.160.110.090.080.130.080.06括号内报告的是t绝对值。*表示在1%水平内显著,*表示在5%水平内显著,*表示在10%水平内显著。风险风险资本背景与异常累计
16、回报率(市场指数基准):扩展方程资本背景与异常累计回报率(市场指数基准):扩展方程CAR10_MCAR30_MCAR60_MCAR90_MCAR10_MCAR30_MCAR60_MCAR90_MPrivate0.7095-10.78735.35002.3579(0.10)(1.42)(0.47)(0.21)Foreign4.125914.369014.836610.1947(0.53)(1.72)*(1.62)(0.95)Mix10.795722.776224.559124.0955(1.61)(2.94)*(2.78)*(2.42)*DummyForeign7.354220.415018.8
17、12216.7742(1.09)(2.56)*(2.23)*(1.81)*VC_Shares0.0336-0.04410.0190-0.12220.0412-0.02400.0263-0.1071(0.27)(0.35)(0.10)(0.55)(0.35)(0.20)(0.14)(0.49)IPO_Market0.71620.31090.18920.27640.74450.24060.26980.3435(2.10)*(0.75)(0.32)(0.39)(2.16)*(0.58)(0.47)(0.50)MarketValue-0.01290.01640.00930.0151-0.01290.0
18、1500.01000.0154(1.74)*(1.60)(0.58)(0.80)(1.69)*(1.40)(0.63)(0.81)Ind3.4313-8.2850-6.1047-5.93713.0212-8.0906-6.9652-6.8452(1.01)(2.07)*(1.00)(0.78)(0.88)(2.01)*(1.17)(0.92)TobinsQ-1.0242-0.9620-0.17070.4228-0.8813-0.70450.00890.7147(2.05)*(1.03)(0.15)(0.32)(1.81)*(0.73)(0.01)(0.51)Leverage-0.1182-0.
19、2703-0.5929-0.8393-0.1199-0.3652-0.5612-0.8360(0.40)(0.79)(1.06)(1.47)(0.44)(1.09)(1.05)(1.55)Manager_Shares-0.1504-0.07210.01620.0434-0.1446-0.06640.02520.0556(1.83)*(0.77)(0.14)(0.33)(1.78)*(0.71)(0.22)(0.43)Investbank-2.9382-2.5685-4.3721-4.5093-2.6943-3.4791-3.5665-3.9092(0.64)(0.55)(0.64)(0.58)
20、(0.59)(0.76)(0.53)(0.50)IPO_place21.512510.936621.768232.57281.352011.345121.308632.1923(0.27)(1.79)*(2.08)*(2.69)*(0.25)(1.91)*(2.09)*(2.70)*IPO_place3-9.44321.0405-1.28621.1451-8.47311.11600.55173.2532风险风险资本背景与购买持有回报率(市场指数基准):基础方程资本背景与购买持有回报率(市场指数基准):基础方程BAHR10_MBAHR20_MBAHR30_MBAHR60_MBAHR10_MBAH
21、R30_MBAHR60_MBAHR90_MPrivate1.3974-3.96219.79381.2183(0.26)(0.62)(0.85)(0.11)Foreign9.268212.703818.303216.8056(2.05)*(2.98)*(2.97)*(2.01)*Mix11.857421.308329.146135.2545(2.25)*(4.13)*(4.16)*(3.28)*DummyForeign9.698916.418319.061022.1927(2.72)*(4.56)*(3.45)*(3.14)*Constant-8.2567-14.8664-22.4161-22.
22、5183-7.8859-15.9176-19.8178-22.1951(2.11)*(4.38)*(5.26)*(4.02)*(2.61)*(5.55)*(4.68)*(4.60)*Observations133133133133133133133133R-squared0.060.160.100.080.060.140.080.06括号内报告的是t绝对值。*表示在1%水平内显著,*表示在5%水平内显著,*表示在10%水平内显著。风险风险资本背景与购买持有回报率(市场指数基准):扩展方程资本背景与购买持有回报率(市场指数基准):扩展方程BAHR10_MBAHR20_MBAHR30_MBAHR6
23、0_MBAHR10_MBAHR30_MBAHR60_MBAHR90_MPrivate-0.8262-8.58806.4572-3.0260(0.12)(1.22)(0.54)(0.25)Foreign0.632415.067315.619010.7800(0.07)(1.84)*(1.77)*(0.97)Mix8.209623.408822.469021.6140(1.05)(2.88)*(2.60)*(2.08)*DummyForeign4.576120.708117.965216.7310(0.56)(2.55)*(2.22)*(1.80)*VC_Shares0.0254-0.07850.
24、0205-0.09720.0355-0.06050.0233-0.0810(0.20)(0.65)(0.10)(0.37)(0.30)(0.52)(0.11)(0.31)IPO_Market0.69780.21010.22680.42090.71520.15950.30790.4291(2.04)*(0.55)(0.38)(0.57)(2.09)*(0.41)(0.54)(0.61)MarketValue-0.01300.01770.01740.0246-0.01320.01650.01830.0241(1.64)(1.84)*(1.04)(1.25)(1.60)(1.66)(1.12)(1.
25、21)Ind2.5680-9.3022-8.8909-10.34842.2016-9.2381-9.6608-10.7599(0.75)(2.39)*(1.40)(1.23)(0.64)(2.34)*(1.56)(1.33)TobinsQ-1.0172-0.58110.43791.3086-0.8441-0.33960.54661.5684(2.04)*(0.69)(0.36)(0.77)(1.75)*(0.38)(0.43)(0.88)Leverage-0.0948-0.2765-0.7181-1.1083-0.1097-0.3538-0.6745-1.1443(0.33)(0.88)(1.
26、38)(1.75)*(0.41)(1.18)(1.39)(1.89)*Manager_Shares-0.1630-0.08230.04960.0797-0.1567-0.07640.05630.0885(1.80)*(0.94)(0.42)(0.59)(1.75)*(0.87)(0.49)(0.66)Investbank-2.7605-3.6430-6.2804-1.0865-2.6535-4.3260-5.4326-1.1259(0.58)(0.80)(0.88)(0.13)(0.55)(0.97)(0.76)(0.13)IPO_place21.767511.597325.610235.21
27、121.670511.892025.145935.1690(0.30)(1.96)*(2.30)*(2.52)*(0.29)(2.09)*(2.31)*(2.55)*IPO_place3-11.35610.5004-2.8294-1.9429-10.41440.7830-1.2705-0.7776风险风险资本背景与累计异常回报率(匹配组合加权指数基准):基础方程资本背景与累计异常回报率(匹配组合加权指数基准):基础方程CAR10_MCAR30_MCAR60_MCAR90_MCAR10_MCAR30_MCAR60_MCAR90_MPrivate3.2905-2.170411.58585.6867
28、(0.62)(0.33)(1.21)(0.60)Foreign12.429011.753217.948115.1884(2.49)*(2.10)*(2.71)*(1.73)*Mix10.917315.658029.043434.2995(1.89)*(2.05)*(3.74)*(3.24)*DummyForeign11.088113.537718.308619.5951(2.81)*(2.88)*(3.25)*(2.75)*Constant-9.2187-15.3693-21.2261-18.4944-8.3457-15.9451-18.1523-16.9856(2.59)*(4.77)*(5
29、.07)*(3.27)*(2.98)*(5.74)*(4.68)*(3.70)*Observations133133133133133133133133R-squared0.050.050.090.070.050.050.060.04括号内报告的是t绝对值。*表示在1%水平内显著,*表示在5%水平内显著,*表示在10%水平内显著。风险风险资本背景与累计异常回报率(匹配资本背景与累计异常回报率(匹配组合组合加权加权指数指数基准):扩展方程基准):扩展方程CAR10_MCAR30_MCAR60_MCAR90_MCAR10_MCAR30_MCAR60_MCAR90_MPrivate-2.3505-7
30、.46038.04625.0969(0.28)(0.84)(0.81)(0.47)Foreign10.157722.195118.37307.7237(1.17)(2.42)*(1.72)*(0.60)Mix9.618425.579826.292423.5813(1.36)(2.84)*(2.74)*(2.05)*DummyForeign10.284725.156720.987214.8221(1.51)(3.09)*(2.35)*(1.45)VC_Shares-0.1453-0.27920.0383-0.0803-0.1439-0.26830.0410-0.0652(0.93)(1.37)(
31、0.18)(0.28)(0.96)(1.37)(0.19)(0.23)IPO_Market0.74270.33980.28270.36860.71950.28320.38180.4670(1.85)*(0.71)(0.43)(0.47)(1.84)*(0.60)(0.61)(0.62)MarketValue-0.0053-0.0196-0.0044-0.0093-0.0056-0.0206-0.0033-0.0088(0.56)(1.15)(0.22)(0.39)(0.59)(1.24)(0.16)(0.36)Ind-1.2312-14.6651-12.1855-10.9674-1.0584-
32、14.3970-13.1110-12.1498(0.29)(2.52)*(1.68)*(1.17)(0.25)(2.53)*(1.84)*(1.31)TobinsQ-1.0577-1.6160-0.22881.1320-1.0540-1.4916-0.10701.4491(1.80)*(1.93)*(0.15)(0.56)(1.89)*(1.76)*(0.07)(0.68)Leverage-0.0480-0.4266-0.7466-1.0732-0.0661-0.4895-0.6915-1.0503(0.11)(0.87)(1.16)(1.26)(0.16)(1.08)(1.14)(1.28)
33、Manager_Shares-0.1896-0.1691-0.0632-0.0528-0.1904-0.1672-0.0555-0.0387(1.89)*(1.56)(0.48)(0.33)(1.90)*(1.53)(0.43)(0.24)Investbank0.2342-6.4224-9.1323-13.4184-0.0246-7.1141-8.0915-12.4828(0.04)(0.91)(1.13)(1.27)(0.00)(1.06)(1.04)(1.22)IPO_place21.04866.720925.025646.91921.18147.048424.458346.3593(0.
34、14)(0.70)(2.07)*(2.95)*(0.16)(0.76)(2.10)*(3.05)*IPO_place3-11.1268-2.0921-4.1826-10.5194-11.4304-2.3679-2.3232-7.8781风险风险资本背景与购买持有回报率(匹配资本背景与购买持有回报率(匹配组合组合加权加权指数指数基准):基础方程基准):基础方程BAHR10_MBAHR20_MBAHR30_MBAHR60_MBAHR10_MBAHR30_MBAHR60_MBAHR90_MPrivate1.9286-0.751314.47525.4278(0.36)(0.13)(1.53)(0.56
35、)Foreign12.626715.177621.835524.3481(2.24)*(2.86)*(3.10)*(2.36)*Mix10.664219.949932.229843.4769(1.95)*(3.06)*(3.58)*(2.79)*DummyForeign11.507616.854121.212428.8289(2.67)*(3.88)*(3.51)*(3.28)*Constant-7.6917-16.3638-23.0302-21.0909-7.1801-16.5631-19.1898-19.6509(2.21)*(5.42)*(5.71)*(3.47)*(2.61)*(6.4
36、1)*(5.03)*(4.03)*Observations133133133133133133133133R-squared0.040.080.090.070.040.080.070.06括号内报告的是t绝对值。*表示在1%水平内显著,*表示在5%水平内显著,*表示在10%水平内显著。风险风险资本背景与购买持有回报率(匹配组合加权指数基准):扩展方程资本背景与购买持有回报率(匹配组合加权指数基准):扩展方程BAHR10_MBAHR20_MBAHR30_MBAHR60_MBAHR10_MBAHR30_MBAHR60_MBAHR90_MPrivate-4.9544-4.977513.094011.
37、2974(0.54)(0.62)(1.26)(0.92)Foreign5.843022.090521.849613.6839(0.62)(2.60)*(2.03)*(0.93)Mix6.075725.372426.183522.8389(0.76)(2.85)*(2.66)*(1.77)*DummyForeign6.798124.580421.809616.3682(0.88)(3.13)*(2.49)*(1.48)VC_Shares-0.1526-0.21050.12210.1157-0.1479-0.20200.11580.1169(0.97)(1.18)(0.47)(0.29)(0.99
38、)(1.19)(0.45)(0.30)IPO_Market0.59730.23480.30310.09350.55310.20040.43630.2261(1.50)(0.55)(0.46)(0.11)(1.42)(0.47)(0.69)(0.27)MarketValue-0.0055-0.00330.01320.0076-0.0062-0.00390.01490.0091(0.58)(0.27)(0.70)(0.26)(0.65)(0.34)(0.79)(0.31)Ind-1.3776-14.8440-13.5611-12.2244-1.0887-14.7214-14.5968-13.415
39、8(0.32)(2.63)*(1.75)*(1.06)(0.25)(2.67)*(1.94)*(1.18)TobinsQ-1.1825-1.19860.77854.5933-1.1445-1.09300.78754.7209(1.85)*(1.94)*(0.46)(1.36)(1.87)*(1.79)*(0.46)(1.37)Leverage0.0740-0.4419-1.1544-2.28320.0344-0.4850-1.0553-2.2037(0.13)(0.99)(1.72)*(2.02)*(0.07)(1.18)(1.65)(2.03)*Manager_Shares-0.2125-0
40、.1601-0.0387-0.0281-0.2130-0.1579-0.0333-0.0188(1.74)*(1.51)(0.28)(0.15)(1.73)*(1.49)(0.24)(0.10)Investbank2.8699-6.0551-11.6424-18.95902.3592-6.4905-10.1666-17.5477(0.44)(0.84)(1.17)(1.22)(0.39)(0.95)(1.06)(1.17)IPO_place24.650512.189133.627272.14254.905212.388632.862471.3824(0.63)(1.26)(2.31)*(3.1
41、6)*(0.66)(1.32)(2.30)*(3.21)*IPO_place3-12.0701-2.5084-5.4563-17.2967-12.5253-2.5542-3.5853-14.9513风险风险资本背景与公司治理资本背景与公司治理Director_NumberLargest_shareDirector_professionalPrivate-0.8646-1.95660.0380(2.28)*(0.43)(0.75)Foreign1.6826-14.28350.1972(2.59)*(3.44)*(3.13)*Mix1.9934-14.14570.1323(3.10)*(3.09)
42、*(2.26)*DummyForeign1.9701-13.85360.1606(3.24)*(3.60)*(2.84)*IPO_place2-2.4431-2.4500-10.3973-10.44020.22550.2241(5.32)*(5.36)*(2.92)*(2.96)*(5.37)*(5.34)*IPO_place32.76962.6770-19.6341-19.77540.22470.2186(4.32)*(4.26)*(4.50)*(4.54)*(3.48)*(3.41)*Ind-0.0811-0.0245-4.2681-4.11280.02490.0237(0.22)(0.0
43、7)(1.42)(1.40)(0.68)(0.65)MarketValue0.00690.00670.01450.01420.00030.0003(3.05)*(3.03)*(1.01)(1.00)(4.54)*(4.92)*TobinsQ-0.1654-0.1525-0.7192-0.70130.00750.0056(4.15)*(3.90)*(2.05)*(2.12)*(1.29)(0.98)Leverage-0.0108-0.01750.02380.0098-0.0022-0.0020(0.52)(0.90)(0.11)(0.05)(0.81)(0.76)Constant7.89657.
44、705067.309066.42460.04980.0768(12.51)*(12.43)*(11.15)*(12.08)*(0.56)(0.88)Observations133133133133133133R-squared0.540.530.280.280.370.36括号内报告的是t绝对值。*表示在1%水平内显著,*表示在5%水平内显著,*表示在10%水平内显著。结论:结论:外资背景和外资参与的混合型背景相对政府背景的风险投资机构,在投资策略上明显更倾向于短周期、更多的投资轮次、更多的联合投资,且更倾向在企业发展后期投资和持有较多的股份,说明外资背景和外资参与混合背景机构的投资策略要更加
45、谨慎;从IPO抑价率来看,外资背景和混合型背景的风险投资机构支持的公司相对于政府背景支持的公司IPO抑价率较低,而民营背景同政府背景差异并不明显,进一步研究发现外资背景参与支持的公司IPO抑价率要低于没有外资背景参与支持的公司;从IPO之后的市场回报率来看,外资背景和混合型背景的风险资本支持的公司市场回报率要高于那些政府背景支持的,民营背景还是与政府背景无显著差异,而且外资背景风险资本参与支持的公司市场回报率也高于那些没有外资背景参与支持的;外资和混合型背景风险投资机构在公司董事会中会安排更多的人,而且会降低最大股东持股比例和提高专业化董事在董事会中比例,这些都表明外资或者混合型背景风险投资机构支持的公司治理要好于政府背景的,进一步研究支持了外资背景支持的公司治理要好于那些没有外资背景风险投资机构参与支持的公司