1、第三讲 真核菌概述真菌界、色藻界、原生动物界中的菌类肉眼难以见到的一类生物的总称包括：真菌、藻物、原生动物、古细菌、细菌、病毒、类病毒微生物微生物microbe真菌 Eumycota色藻 Chromistan原生动物 Protozoa古菌 Archie细菌 Bacteria病毒 Virus类病毒 Viroid真核菌要点 1.真核菌简介真核菌简介 2.真核菌的生物学和生长真核菌的生物学和生长 3.藻物藻物 4.真菌真菌 接合菌接合菌Zygomycetes 5,6.真菌真菌-子囊菌子囊菌Ascomycetes 7,8.地衣地衣Lichens.8,9.酵母酵母Yeasts 10-12.真菌真菌 担子
2、菌担子菌Basidiomycetes 13.腐败和分解腐败和分解Decay and decomposition 14,15.真核菌的遗传真核菌的遗传Fungal Genetics 16.菌根真菌菌根真菌Mycorrhizae 17.真核菌和食物真核菌和食物Fungi and Food 18,19.植物病原真核菌植物病原真核菌Plant Pathogenic Fungi 20,21 真核菌的生态真核菌的生态Fungal Ecology 22,23 真核菌与健康真核菌与健康Fungi and Health真菌界Eumycota真核生物Eukaryotes真细菌界Eubacteria古细菌界Arch
3、aebacteria原生动物界Protozoa原核生物Prokaryotes植物界 Plantae动物界Animalia藻物界ChromistaProtoctista(单细胞生物)真核菌类真核菌类多细胞二倍体multicellular diploids多细胞单倍体(multicellular haploids)细胞生物七界细胞生物七界1.色藻界色藻界Chromista.1)非真核菌非真核菌 包括褐藻包括褐藻 brown algae(kelps),绿绿藻藻green algae,黄绿藻黄绿藻yellow-green algae,金藻金藻golden algae,diatoms 2)真核菌真核菌
4、卵菌卵菌OomycetesDistinguished by flagella type(one whiplash尾鞭 and one tinsel茸鞭),often have chlorophyll叶绿素 c and walls made of cellulose纤维素 and other materials(but not chitin).Many are unicellular单细胞的.2.真菌界真菌界EumycotaOnly contains fungi.Walls of chitin（几丁质）,mostly no flagellae（鞭毛）Vast majority of fungi
5、are here.Differ in DNA sequence真核菌的两个界The Importance of Fungi 1.Do fungi attack humans?Example?2.Can you name 3 fungal diseases of plants 3.Can you name a fungal disease of a building.4.What fungus caused so many Irish people to emigrate to Boston,New York etc?5.Name some food/beverages which involv
6、e fungi.Answers1.Name some fungal diseases of humansathletes foot,jock itch,ringwormAnswers2.Name some fungal diseases of plantsapple scab,chestnut blight,corn smut,potato blight,wilts,mildews,rusts etc.Answers3.Name some fungal diseases of buildingswet rot,dry rot,bathroom mildewBrown rot-fungus pr
7、oduces only cellulases.White rot-fungus produces ligninases AND cellulasesAnswers4.Why are there so many Irish people in Boston,New York etc?Potato and its parasite Phytophthora infestans both originated in Peru.-reached balance.Potato introduced to Europe 1500sOver next 250 yrs bred for taste etc b
8、ut not resistance.Dependent on potato.Sole food for several million people.By mid-1800s potato blight at last appeared and in 1844/45 warm humid weather lead to it wiping out crop-disaster.Result-starvation,many deaths-over 1 million emigrated to USA.Answers5.Name some food/beverages which involve f
9、ungi.Beer&WineCheeseMushroomsBreadThe Importance of Fungi 6.Name some fungi which spoil food 7.What organisms are part fungus,part alga?8.What causes black stains in bathrooms?9.Name some beneficial drugs derived from fungi10.Name some hallucinogenic drugs or dangerous toxins derived from fungiAnswe
10、rs6.Name some fungi which spoil foodGrey mould of strawberriesBlue mould of cheese(Left)and Oranges(below)You know that green,fuzzy thing on the top shelf at the back?I think it just became a mother!7.What organisms are part fungus,part alga 地地衣衣AnswerslichensWhat causes black stains in bathrooms10.
11、Name some hallucinogenic drugs and toxins derived from fungi-LSD,psilocybin-drugs;amanitin,aflatoxin-toxinsThe Importance of Fungi11.What is ergotism or St.Anthonys fire?12.What connection is there between peanuts and cancer?13.What is the largest organism on earth?14.Why do forests NEED fungi?15.Wh
12、at fungus is hunted by pigs and dogs?Answers11.What is ergotism or St Anthonys Fire?Many epidemics of ergotism in Middle Ages-wiped out whole villages-used to appeal to St.Anthony-due to eating grain containing ergots(Claviceps purpurea)caused gangrenous ergotism-Limbs on fire,then numb,withered and
13、 fall off-also caused convulsive ergotism-CNS problems,twitching,convulsions,madnessNow know that C.purpurea contains LSD,ergotamine tartrate and more.食入麦角的中毒症状 1、急性中毒，出现、急性中毒，出现急性胃肠炎症状，急性胃肠炎症状，并有皮肤刺痒、头并有皮肤刺痒、头晕、感觉迟钝、语晕、感觉迟钝、语言不清、痉挛、昏言不清、痉挛、昏迷，严重者可死于迷，严重者可死于心力衰竭心力衰竭 2、体端坏疽、精神、体端坏疽、精神错乱、記忆欠如、错乱、記忆欠如、
14、产生幻覚（日本）产生幻覚（日本）麦角病症状Answers12.What connection is there between peanuts and cancer?黄曲菌素和曲霉菌黄曲菌素和曲霉菌Peanuts can be infected with a mould,Aspergillus flavus,which produces aflatoxins-carcinogenic.黄曲霉Answers13.What is the largest organism on earth?Fungus Armillaria sp.蜜环菌蜜环菌 forms gigantic underground
15、clones in forests14.Why do forests NEED fungi?trees(and most other plants)form associations with fungi(mycorrhizae菌根真菌菌根真菌)for nutritional purposes.15.What fungus is hunted by pigs and dogs?Truffles-a very expensive delicacy.($1000/kg)蜜环菌菌根真菌The Importance of Fungi16.Name some fungi important for ge
16、netics research?17.Do fungi have sex?18.What other animals beside Man cultivate fungi?19.What is the connection between copper sulphate,aphids and the French Wine industry?20.How can fungi replace pesticides?Answers 16.Name some fungi important for genetics research?yeast(Saccharomyces),Neurospora,A
17、spergillus)17.Do fungi have sex?Yes-many fungi have sexual reproduction(many others have no known sexual stage)18.What other animals beside Man cultivate fungi?Some insects,termite ants酵母菌真菌的有性生殖白僵菌Answers19.What is the connection between copper sulphate,aphids and the French Wine industry?French vi
18、neyards attacked by American root aphid.Controlled by using resistant American rootstock-but this introduced American grape blight.First chemical fungicide used CuSo4 to control grape blight-saved French vineyards 20.How can fungi replace pesticides?Bio-control-use fungi to control other pests葡萄霜霉病波
19、尔多液Bordeaux mixture was originally developed in France in the 1860s to control grape diseases.In October 1882 Millardet noticed that this mixture also controlled the downy mildew,suggested its application as a fungicide 真菌性生防菌第一节 要点真菌的重要性真菌的重要性细胞生物分七界即古细菌界、细胞生物分七界即古细菌界、细菌界、原生动物界、色藻细菌界、原生动物界、色藻界、真菌界、
20、植物界、动物界、真菌界、植物界、动物界界第二节第二节 真菌的生物学真菌的生物学Fungi devoid of chlorophyll-so must be saprophytic,parasitic or symbiotic无叶绿素，只能是腐生、寄生或共生无叶绿素，只能是腐生、寄生或共生Chromistan fungi-many are unicellular with motile forms 藻物界真菌许多是单细胞的，有鞭毛藻物界真菌许多是单细胞的，有鞭毛 Eumycotan fungi-most are filamentous and multicellular真菌界真菌大多数是丝状的，
21、多细胞真菌界真菌大多数是丝状的，多细胞-some unicellular(yeasts)一些是单细胞的如酵母一些是单细胞的如酵母 most non-motile大多数不能运动大多数不能运动菌丝、游动孢子和酵母Nutrition 营养Saprobic obligate（专性）专性）Parasitic 腐生腐生 facultative（兼性兼性）寄生寄生Symbiotic共生共生e.g.endophytes（植物内生菌）植物内生菌）-live within plants without visible effectmycorrhizae（菌根真菌）菌根真菌）-associate with plan
22、t roots to mutual benefitLichens（地衣）地衣）-intimate association of alga and fungus as integrated organism菌根真菌地衣地衣Nutrition/physiology生理Prefer acid environments（喜酸性环境）喜酸性环境）can tolerate cold,low water availability(耐耐冷耐旱冷耐旱)Fungi can make most of their own requirements directly from simple or complex sou
23、rces=prototroph（原养型）原养型）Some strains/mutants have lost ability to make a growth factor(eg vit.B1)=auxotrophic（营养缺陷型）营养缺陷型）mutant-so need this factor as a food source Nutrition/physiology生理2Saprophytes（腐生菌）腐生菌）,particularly Basidiomycetes（担子菌）担子菌）,have developed a wide range of extracellular enzymes
24、which can decompose many complex substances e.g.QLignin木质素木质素(wood)QKeratin角蛋白角蛋白(hair,skin,nails)QSuberin木栓质木栓质(cork)QMelanin黑色素黑色素(highly resistant black pigments)Qchitin 几丁质几丁质(arthropod exoskeleton,other fungi)QCellulose纤维素纤维素(plants)Hence fungi are major recyclers-Motile forms有鞭毛的菌(Chromista 色藻
25、+Chytrids壶菌)Flagellae（鞭毛）typical 9+2 structure2 types of flagellaewhiplash 尾鞭尾鞭-posterior and smoothtinsel茸鞭茸鞭-anterior and hairy-has many fine lateral mastigonemes鞭茸鞭茸Yeasts(unicellular Eumycotan fungi)酵母：单细胞的真菌many species-not all closely related(polyphyletic多源的多源的)mostly divide by budding出芽出芽 or
26、fission裂殖裂殖some can have hyphal菌丝菌丝 phases many have no teleomorph有性阶段有性阶段some normally hyphal fungi have yeast-like stagesFilamentous fungi 丝状菌Filaments are called hyphae-massed together they make a mycelium菌丝体菌丝体hyphae may be aseptate(无隔的无隔的)-so form multinuclear coenocytes（多核体）多核体）-in this case h
27、yphae often wide and fast growingor hyphae may be septate(有隔的，隔上有孔有隔的，隔上有孔)-so forming cells with 1,2 or many nuclei per cell.Here hyphae usually narrower sometimes with special mechanisms to control nuclear content.hyphae grow at tips,usually with frequent branching.Colonies菌落菌落 mostly growing at e
28、dge-youngest cells.锁状联合和菌丝Filamentous fungihyphae can form many kinds of specialized structures:菌丝的变态菌丝的变态infection pegs（侵入丝）侵入丝）,haustoria（吸器）吸器）during infection asexual and sexual spore-bearing structures产孢机产孢机构构-stroma子座子座,sporangiophores孢囊梗孢囊梗,gametangia配子囊配子囊etcrooting structures根状结构根状结构-rhizoi
29、ds假根假根 and rhizomorphs根状菌索根状菌索overwintering structures越冬机构越冬机构 sclerotia菌核菌核侵入丝和吸器子座孢子囊和孢囊梗根状菌索假根、孢囊梗和孢子囊Cell structure 细胞结构Walls 细胞壁细胞壁-one to several layered,complex,contain chitins(Eumycota),cellulose(Chromista),other carbohydrates,proteinsvariety of types of septal pores隔膜孔隔膜孔fairly typical euka
30、ryote cells except that mitosis有丝分裂有丝分裂 is often non-standard.Reproduction生殖Most fungi are haploid（单倍体）单倍体）for most of life cycle(ie mitotic divisions)-transient diploid（二倍体）二倍体）stage goes through an immediate meiosis.some species have both asexual(anamorph无性无性)and sexual(teleomorph有性有性)means of rep
31、roducingmany species only asexual stages known(Deuteromycetes半知菌半知菌).Often difficult to correlate known sexual stage with known asexual stage.Same species?Parasexual cycle（准性循环）准性循环）-occasionally diploid nuclei formed in vegetative cells-recombination can take place by rare crossing-over or chromoso
32、me loss.Anamorphic Stages无性阶段methods of asexual reprod.无性生殖的方法无性生殖的方法provides means of rapid reproduction without much variation快快速生殖且无多大变异速生殖且无多大变异fragmentation of hyphae断裂断裂 oidia粉孢子粉孢子,arthrospores节节孢子孢子spore formation 产孢产孢-via sporangiophores孢囊梗孢囊梗-contain sporangiospores INSIDE a sporangium孢子囊孢
33、子囊Spores（孢子）孢子）can be one to many nucleate（核）核）.spore formation产孢产孢-via conidiophores分生孢子梗分生孢子梗-bear conidia 分生孢子分生孢子on the OUTSIDEsome species produce thick-walled厚壁厚壁 sclerotia菌核菌核 to overwinter无性孢子Teleomorphic stages有性阶段fungi can beHomothallic同宗配合同宗配合-sex.reprod.can begin on a single strain(thall
34、us营养体营养体)Heterothallic异宗配合异宗配合-two strains must come together for sexual reproductionsome fungi secondarily homothallic（次生同宗配合次生同宗配合）(spores start out with 2 kinds of nuclei so one strain sufficient for sex.reprod.)mating-types交配型交配型 determine sexual compatibility.QBipolar双极的双极的 and tetrapolar四极的四极的
35、 systemssome species are hermaphrodite雌雄同体雌雄同体,some dioecious雌雄异体雌雄异体Teleomorphic stagesin some fungi,unspecialized未分化的未分化的 cells fuse融融合合 to begin sexual reproductionin others specialized gametangia配子囊配子囊 produced-either identical in both sexes,or specialized male(antheridia雄器雄器)and female(oogonia藏
36、卵藏卵器器)organs有性孢子Teleomorphic stagesQsexual reproduction involves:-Plasmogamy质配质配-cell fusion between haploids-via conjugation结合结合,anastomosis接合接合of hyphae or fusion of gametangia-can lead to long-lived dikaryons二核体二核体 or heterokaryons异核体异核体Karyogamy核配核配-nuclear fusion to make a diploidMeiosis减数分裂减数分
37、裂-producing 4(usually)haploid nuclei (may later form 8 or 16 nuclei by mitosis)spore formation产孢产孢-packaging nuclei into sporesTeleomorphic stagesPrincipal types of sexual spores有性孢子主要类型有性孢子主要类型an oospore卵孢子卵孢子-thick walled spore found inside an oogonium-germinates to give multinucleate hyphae or sp
38、orangia.a zygosporangium接合孢子接合孢子-thick walled,multinucleate spore-germinate directly to give multinucleate hyphae or sporangiophoresan ascus子囊子囊-thin-walled sac INSIDE of which 4(sometimes 2 or 8,16)ascospores子囊孢子子囊孢子 form.a basidium担子担子-thin walled cell which EXTRUDES 4(usually)basidiospores担孢子担孢子I
39、n most of these at some point the nuclei fuse to make a diploid and later divide by meiosis to produce haploids again有性孢子Heterokaryons and Dikaryons异核体和二核体After plasmogamy质配后质配后,in some groups there is a long gap before karyogamy核配核配Heterokaryons异核体异核体 contain mixtures of genetically different nucle
40、i Dikaryons二核体二核体-each cell contains 2 nuclei-one of each genetic typein some groups maintained by clamp connections锁状联锁状联合合.Homokaryons同核体同核体-cells with nuclei all of same type.Heterokaryon compatibility genes亲合性基因亲合性基因 determine ability of different homokaryotic hyphae to anastomose接合and form heterokaryons要点营养体及变态营养体及变态无性生殖及孢子无性生殖及孢子（游动孢子、孢囊孢（游动孢子、孢囊孢子和分生孢子；节孢子和芽孢子）子和分生孢子；节孢子和芽孢子）有性生殖及孢子（卵孢子、接合孢子有性生殖及孢子（卵孢子、接合孢子、子囊孢子和担孢子）、子囊孢子和担孢子）同宗配合和异宗配合同宗配合和异宗配合异核体和准性生殖异核体和准性生殖锁状联合锁状联合
