1、语法专题二代词-2-高考感悟考点归纳1.(2019天津卷,单项填空改编)A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than who are not.those句意:一项研究表明参与课外活动的学生比那些不参与的更快乐。这里指那些不参与课外活动的学生们,所以用those。2.(2018全国,语篇填空)When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find(they)alive.them分析句子成
2、分可知,所填的词做find 的宾语,故用代词的宾格them。-3-高考感悟考点归纳3.(2017全国,语篇填空)However,the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months,more than 25,000 people were using every day.itit在这里指代前面提到的名词the railway。4.(2016四川,语篇填空)By that time,the panda no longer needed(it)mother for food.itsits在此处修饰其后的名词mo
3、ther,故此处用it的形容词性物主代词its做定语。-4-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九-5-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九注意形容词性物主代词通常用作定语,修饰名词,如:her father她的父亲。“of(介词)+名词性物主代词(或名词所有格)”构成双重所有格,如:a friend of mine我的一个朋友。-6-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九1.指代时间、距离、自然现象等。如:It is half past two now.现在两点半。(指时间)It is 6 miles to the nearest hospital.离最近的医院有六英里。(指距离)It is very
4、 cold in the room.房间很冷。(指温度)-7-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九2.指代前面所提到过的事物、群体、想法、性别不明或性别被认为不重要的人或动物、未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况。如:Whos that at the door?门口那人是谁?It is the milkman.是送奶工。(it指代性别不明或性别被认为不重要的人)Ive broken a plate.我打碎了一个盘子。It(=Breaking the plate)doesnt matter.没关系。(it指前面所提到过的事情)-8-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九3.it可以用作形式主语或形式宾语
5、,而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面,真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动词-ing形式和不定式充当。如:It is said that all of them have gone to the cinema.据说他们都去看电影了。No matter where he is,he makes it a rule to go out for a walk before breakfast.无论在哪儿,他总是习惯在早餐前出去散步。-9-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九4.it用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词(短语),尤其是表示好恶的动词(短语)后面,如:enjoy,like,love,dislike,hate,
6、dont mind,be fond of,feel like,see to后,即这些动词(短语)后面的宾语从句前要加it。如:Id appreciate it if you could help me.如果你能帮我,我会感激不尽。5.it的固定结构:make it;get it;see to it that;put it。如:If you put your heart into it,you can make it.如果你全心全意地去做,你会成功的。-10-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九1.it特指上文所提到的同一事物,它所代替的名词常由the,this,that等修饰。one泛指上文提到
7、的同类事物中的一个,不特指,相当于a/an+单数名词;ones泛指上文提到的同类事物的复数名词;the one特指前面的可数名词单数,有时可以用that来代替(尤其是后面有后置定语时);the ones特指上文提到的复数名词,有时可以用those代替,尤其在有后置定语的情况下。that特指前面出现的单数名词或不可数名词,相当于“the+可数名词单数/不可数名词”;that 的复数形式为those,替代可数名词复数,既可指人也可指物。-11-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldnt find it.So I had to buy
8、 one.(it指代my pen;one替代a pen)昨天我丢了钢笔而且没找到。所以我不得不再买一支。The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.(those/the ones替代the books)桌子上的书要比桌子下面的好。No pleasure can equal that of a cool drink on a hot day.没有什么能比得上在炎热的天气里喝上一杯冷饮那样快乐。(that替代pleasure)-12-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九2.that和one的主要区别:that
9、既可替代可数名词单数,也可替代不可数名词,常有后置定语,一般不指人,复数形式为those;one只能替代可数名词单数,复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时,只能用one,不用that。当of短语做可数名词单数的后置定语时,用that,不用one。The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.这所规模较小的学校的教育质量比一些规模较大的学校好。If youre buying todays paper from the stand,could you get
10、 one for me?如果你从摊上买今天的报纸,能给我捎一份吗?(one替代a paper 一份报纸)-13-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,有this,that,these,those。this,that是单数,these,those是复数。指示代词可以在句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语等。This is what I want to say.这就是我想要说的。That was twenty years ago.那是二十年前的事了。These are not my books.这些不是我的书。Those are her papers.那些是她的试卷。-
11、14-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九1.both(两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。John and Mary have both won the prizes.约翰和玛丽都得了奖。Ive lived in New York and Chicago,but dont like either of them very much.我曾经在纽约和芝加哥居住过,但是这两个城市我都不是很喜欢。The research group produced two reports based on the survey,but neither c
12、ontained any useful suggestions.这个调查组在调查的基础上提供了两份报告,但是没有一份包含有用的建议。-15-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九2.both与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。There are flowers on both sides of the street.街道两旁都有花。There are flowers on either side of the street.街道的每一边都有花。-16-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九3.all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。
13、All the students in my class like our teachers.我们班的所有学生都喜欢我们的老师。Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years,she lost none of her enthusiasm for life.虽然罗斯玛丽患上这种严重的疾病多年,但是她一点儿也没有失去对生活的热情。4.each可指两者,也可指两者以上。They each have a car.他们都有车。-17-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九1.no不能单独使用,相当于not a或not any,
14、做定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。He has no worry about safety.他一点也不为安全担心。2.none既可以指人,也可以指物,侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物,可与介词of连用,用于回答how many/much引导的疑问句。How many people are there in the room?房间里有多少人?None.没有人。-18-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九3.nobody指人,用于回答who引导的疑问句;nothing指物,用于回答what引导的疑问句。The meeting will be held in September,but nobody kno
15、ws the date for sure.这次会议将在9月举行,但没人知道确切的日期。What are you doing?你正在做什么?Nothing.没干什么。-19-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九1.another既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用于“another+数词+复数名词”中,表示“再,又”。Recycling is one way to protect the environment;reusing is another.循环利用是保护环境的一种方式,重新利用是另一种方式。You have to wait for an
16、other three weeks.你还得等待三周。2.other 可用作形容词,意思为“别的,其他的”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。You can ask other people to help you.你可以让其他人帮你。-20-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九3.the other指两个人或物中的一个,不能用another,此时other为代词。The old man has two sons.One is a teacher;the other is a doctor.这位老人有两个儿子。一个是老师,另一个是医生。4.the other 后可接可数名词单数也可接可数名词复数,不接不可
17、数名词。此时other为形容词。On the other side of the street,there is a tall tree.在街道的另一边,有一棵高树。He is taller than the other students in his class.他比班里其他学生都高。-21-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九5.others 是other的复数形式,泛指“另外几个;其他的”。others不能做定语,表示复数意义,相当于“other+复数名词”;the others相当于“the other+复数名词”,指剩下的全部。In some countries,people eat
18、with chopsticks,while in others,knives and forks.在一些国家,人们用筷子吃饭,而在另一些国家,人们用刀子和叉子。Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exam.班里两个学生没及格,但其他学生全部通过了考试。-22-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九everyone/everybody意为“每个人”;someone/somebody意为“某人,有人”,其特殊含义是“有价值的人或者重要的人”;anyone/anybody意为“任何人,无论谁”;nobody意为“没
19、有人,无人,谁也不”。everything意为“每件事;所有事物”;something意为“某事/物”,其特殊含义是“大致;左右;有价值的事物或者重要的事物”;anything意为“任何事物”;nothing意为“没有”。You can ask anyone for help.Everyone here is willing to lend you a hand.你可以向任何人求助。这儿的每个人都愿意帮助你。Somebody has parked his car right in front of mine.有人将车子正好停在我的车子前面。-23-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九He was
20、 such a fast talker that nobody could understand him.他讲话很快,没有人能听懂。Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?$4,000,or something like that.你算出这次旅程会花多少钱了吗?四千美元,或者大约那样的数目。A smile costs nothing,but gives much.微笑花费不了什么,却给予很多。-24-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九常见搭配:nothing but只不过anything but绝不;根本不something of有点儿
21、;在某种程度上是nothing to do with和没关系for nothing免费;白白地;白费;无缘无故地-25-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五七六八九none,no one,nobody,nothing,neither,not any 以及“no+名词”均表示全部否定;但当not 与表示全部肯定的不定代词连用时,不管not的位置在其前还是其后,都表示部分否定。None of them smoke.他们都不吸烟。Such a person cant be found everywhere.(部分否定)这种人并非随处可见。-26-.单句填空1.Many people called Cha a“
22、hero”even though he considered(he)a writer of hero stories.(2019重庆一中高三期中测试)himself句意:许多人称查为“英雄”,尽管他认为他是英雄故事的作者。句子的宾语和主语指的是同一人,所以用反身代词。2.Realizing it was our last high school sports meeting,we decided to make an unforgettable experience for all of us.(2019河北邯郸一中质检)it所填的词指代前面的our last high school spor
23、ts meeting,所以填代词it。-27-3.While making a choice from various ways of spending the time,we ought to ensure something that restores(we)lost energy.(2019山东泰安模拟)our所填的词做定语,修饰lost energy,所以用形容词性物主代词。4.Five years later,I found(I)working in the offices of a movie company.(2019浙江杭州模考)myself句意:五年后,我发现自己在一家电影公
24、司的办公室工作。宾语和主语指的是同一个人,故填反身代词。5.Scientists researching(it)effect on our moods are beginning to understand that we can influence our feelings with what we eat.(2019湖南六校联盟高三联考)its由名词effect可知,应用形容词性物主代词its。-28-6.Originating in China,tea has long established(it)as the national drink of this country.(2019河
25、南郑州高中毕业第一次质量预测)itself此处填的代词与句子主语tea形成互指关系,故用反身代词。7.Taxis are certainly the most convenient means of transport,as requires little effort to raise your arm to call a cab.it此处的it为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的to raise your arm to call a cab。8.I dont like science fiction novels much.When youve read,youve read them all.
26、one此处用one泛指前面提到的同类事物中的一个。-29-9.The couple had one biological child and adopted three.othersothers是other的复数形式,表示泛指,本句意为“这对夫妇有一个亲生孩子,领养了三个孩子”。10.Mark whispered so softly that but Julie heard him.none此处none表示“没有人”,强调数量为零。11.They had gone to a great deal of expense for.nothing根据句意“他们白白牺牲了很多东西”可知,应用nothi
27、ng,意为“没有东西”。12.This result is only slightly different from obtained in the US.thatthat代替result,表示特指。that往往用来指代上文提到的事物,this指下文要陈述的事物。-30-13.The cells of the body,especially of the brain,can live only minutes without circulating blood.thosethose用来替代the cells,特指大脑那些细胞,因此用复数形式。14.If you dont build your
28、dream,someone will hire you to build(they).theirs句意:如果你不构建自己的梦想,那么就会有人雇用你去构建他们的梦想。本空在句中做build的宾语,与前面的build your dream呼应,表示build their dreams,因此应用名词性物主代词theirs代替their dreams。15.“One time I asked her,why is(me)listening comprehension so bad?”Mr.Zuckerberg said.my句意:扎克伯格先生说:“有一次,我问她,为什么我的听力理解如此差?”此处修饰l
29、istening comprehension,故用my。-31-.单句改错1.When I was in high school,most of my friends had a bicycle.I hoped I could also have it.itone此处指代a bicycle,所以用one。one用来代替上文提到的单数可数名词,表示泛指。2.Ive learnt from the notice that youre looking for an English editor for us school paper.usour此处做定语修饰school paper,表示“我们学校的
30、报纸”,应用our。3.But its difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan it.第二个it themplan后应跟一个指代前面的activities的代词,为复数形式,做plan的宾语,故应用宾格代词them。-32-4.Once you get into a bad habit,youll find it hard to get rid of them.themit此处代指a bad habit,故用it。5.I decided to tell my parents it
31、 was the fault of the cat for fear that she should punish me.shethey本处代指“我父母”,应用they。6.Id like to introduce Sarah to you.She is a good friend of me.memine她是“我”的一个好朋友。此处应用名词性物主代词mine,相当于my friends。-33-7.That is known to us that respect for ones parents is one of Chinese traditional moral values.ThatI
32、tIt is known to us that.为固定句式,表示“我们都知道,众所周知”,其中it为形式主语,that引导的从句为真正的主语,故改为it。8.We often think of themselves as the centre of their family.WeThey根据下文themselves和their的提示可知,应改为They。9.I got the news from the newspaper that you need an art editor for our magazine.ouryour根据句意“你的杂志需要一个美术编辑”可知此处指“你的”。故改为you
33、r。10.When none of his friends arrived,he asked them to sit at the table.noneall根据句意“当他所有的朋友都到了的时候”可知,此处指“三者或三者以上的所有人”,表肯定,故用不定代词all。-34-.语篇填空Emily sits by her desk.She studies for an exam.Actually,she forces 1.to study for that exam,since what she really wants to do is go outside and play soccer!Her
34、 friend Kelly is by her window.She throws a little stone at it and then calls,“Is there 2.home?”“Yes,I am here!”Emily answers.“This is so unfair!I want to be outside with 3.and not here with these boring booklets(小册子)!”“Whatever you are doing with those boring booklets,you should come out and play w
35、ith us!”Kelly calls back.-35-“I cant do 4.,”Emily says sadly.“This exam of 5.is tomorrow,so now I need to study for it.”She takes the stone that Kelly threw in,and sends it flying outside.Then she closes the window.She knows that everybody else has studied already,and now 6.of them are playing outsi
36、de.“Well,”she thinks to herself,“it is my test,and I myself have to study for it.I know that Kelly wants to help me,but not this time.We can help 7.other with other things.”She takes another look at her two booklets.She tries to read a page of the first booklet,and then a page of the 8.Both are bori
37、ng.“9.of you is interesting!”she tells them seriously.-36-“What can I do?”she thinks to herself.“I really have enough!”Suddenly,a great idea comes to her mind.“I know!”she thinks,“Ill make a drawing of everything I read!I like to draw,and drawings will make it interesting!”She grabs her pencil and h
38、appily begins to draw.More and more is drawn on her notebook,and after two hours she finishes her booklets.She is tired but happy,and she can finally go out to play.“Where is 10.?”she asks herself.Emily notices it is dark already.“I guess they all went home.”Suddenly her doorbell rings.Kelly and the
39、 rest of her friends are there.They are all tired and they want to watch a movie together.Emily is very happy.She can now enjoy a movie with her friends!-37-1.herself艾米莉在强迫自己学习,因此用反身代词herself。2.anybody/anyone此处是一般疑问句,意为“有人在家吗?”,故用anybody或anyone。3.you艾米莉和凯莉在对话,故用you指代凯莉。4.that此处that指代上文凯莉给出的建议,意为“我不能
40、那样做”。5.mine此处在该句中做主语,由上文的this exam of可知,应该用名词性物主代词mine。6.all由上文的everybody可知,所有人都已经复习好了,故用all指代所有人。7.each句意:我们可以在别的事情上互相帮助。each other是固定结构,意为“相互”。-38-8.other根据上文的two booklets,the first booklet及下文的both可知,艾米莉有两本小册子,故用the other指两本小册子中的一本。9.Neither上文提到了两本小册子,否定两者用neither。10.everybody/everyone根据下文的they al
41、l went home可知,此处用everybody或everyone指代所有的在外面玩耍的小伙伴。-39-.短文改错(2017河南郑州高中毕业第一次质量预测)Last weekend we went for camping in the mountains with our teacher,Anna.When we arrived,we made a camp fire first.Then,Anna taught us to catch fish so that they could have more food to eat that night.I liked the airs the
42、re because it was fresh and clean.Many stars were up highly in the sky and the moon looked bright.We all sat around the fire,listening Annas stories about her childhood.She was born into a poor family or she worked very hard to be successful.I was very touched that I couldnt sleep the whole night,th
43、ought about being a teacher in the future.When I get home,I said to my parents,“Everything was great about the camping.I want to be the teacher like Anna in the future.”-40-41-1.删除forgo camping表示“野营”,故介词for多余。2.theywe与上文人称代词we保持一致,故此处应用we。3.airsairair在此处表示“空气”,是不可数名词,故没有复数形式。4.highlyhighhighly做副词表示抽
44、象概念,high做副词表示具体概念。结合语境可知,星星悬挂在高空中,是一个具体概念,故用high。5.listening后加tolisten为不及物动词,其后接宾语要加介词to。6.orand/so根据语境可知,上下文表示逻辑上的并列或因果关系,故用and或so。7.veryso根据固定句型so.that.“如此以至于”可知,应用副词so。-42-8.thoughtthinking或thought前加andthought和句子谓语动词之间没有连词,故用非谓语动词。think和从句主语I构成逻辑上的主谓关系,故用动词-ing形式做伴随状语。此处也可以用连词and连接,构成一个并列句。9.getgot由said可知,此处表示过去发生的事情,故用一般过去时。10.theateacher是可数名词,且此处表示“成为一名老师”,表泛指,故用不定冠词。
