1、Entrance area:shoes off入口：脱鞋入口：脱鞋Shower in/shower out 洗澡进出洗澡进出Office area/lunch room/utility room办公室办公室/午餐室午餐室/水电房水电房Multiple Farrowing rooms:24 to 60 crate rooms多间产房多间产房:24-60产床产床/间间Breeding/gestation 1200 to 3000 crates buildings配种妊娠舍配种妊娠舍:1200-1300妊娠栏妊娠栏/栋栋Gilt development unit(GDU)on-site and of
2、f-site后备猪培育舍在场内后备猪培育舍在场内 或或 场外场外All rooms connected by hallways(once inside no outside exit allowed)所有房间均以通道相连所有房间均以通道相连(进入后进入后不能出去不能出去)All facilities mechanically ventilated所有设施均机械通风Fans and inlets风扇与进风口Fans,inlets,tunneled ventilated with cool cells风扇、进风口、隧道式通风结合水帘Ventilation systems design for-26
3、 C to 38 C工作温度设计为-26 C to 38 CBiosecurity measures strictly followed 严格遵守生物安全规定严格遵守生物安全规定Deep pit barns are typical 深池式是标准深池式是标准*Each nursery and finishing building may be on a separate site.每处保育育肥场都可能在不同地点 Site 1:Breeding/Gestation/Farrowing第1点:配种妊娠分娩Site 2:Nursery第2点:保育 Site 3:Finishing第3点:育肥3-sit
4、e Production:Each Week with Separate Site三点生产：每周的猪都在不同场in stalls 42天在限位栏里If the pig is to survive in hot conditions,it must lose heat through evaporation如果猪要耐过热应激，它必须通过蒸发的方式来散发体热No tilt results in air circulation without exposing pigs to moving air streamEach room:1000 to 1200 head capacity and 12.S
5、hallow gutters are typically 0.6/9/04-J.Cellulose 纤维素Existing fans not providing enough airflow7 Nurseries of 500Levis,1980如果持续湿润，舍内相对湿度会升高而蒸发作用就会减弱Causing air to flow within a room so that uniform,planned mixing of air occurs 使空气在室内流动，从而使室内空气按要求均匀混合Trickle FeedingDoes the present ventilation system
6、 meet industry standards?目前是否满足了行业通风要求？Three rows 24”x24”Filter DOP 95 MERV 16Finishing 12 rooms of 500160 days at marketing12间500头育肥,160天出栏Example:To Produce 500 Pigs per Week 例：每周生产500头4 Farrowing Rooms 56 crates each四间产房:每间56床7 Nurseries of 500 7 weeks七间500头保育舍Each Week one nursery of 500 pigs is
7、 moved to one finisher of 500 pigs 每周转出一间500保育至育肥Each Week one farrowing room of 56 crates is weaned to fill a nursery 每周断奶56套产床Breeding/Gestation 1255 breeding females+gilt pool配种妊娠：1255头繁殖母猪+后备群4Pigs/wkPigs/wk头头/周周Breeding Breeding FemalesFemales1 1繁殖母猪繁殖母猪Farrowing Farrowing CratesCrates产床产床Nurse
8、ry Nursery RoomsRooms保育舍保育舍Finishing Finishing RoomsRooms2 2育肥舍育肥舍Pigs/yearPigs/year头头/年年25062811271212,000500125522471224,0001000251144871248,0002000508899671296,00051 Breeding Females does not include gilt pool 繁殖母猪不含后备2 If wean/finish used,total rooms=18如果用保育育肥一体舍，总舍数为18Assumptions:假定Average wean
9、ing age=26 days 平均断奶日龄=26天7 weeks in nursery保育7周160 days to market160日龄上市9.5 pigs weaned/liter9.5头断奶/窝4 days breeding/group 4天配种/批5 days to 1st service至第一次发情5天5%post-weaning mortality 断奶后死亡率5%Sow Farm Example Layout 母猪场样例612345678Farm Office&Shower-in Facility办公室及洗办公室及洗澡设施澡设施Example to produce 1000
10、pigs/week 每周产1000头 2168 sow crates+active gilt pool 母猪栏2168头+可用后备群 448 farrowing crates448产床GDU后备猪培育舍Breeding/Gestation配种妊娠舍Farrowing分娩舍Loadout 出猪口Perimeter Fence围栏2511 sows+50 active gilts 2511头母猪头母猪+50 可用后备可用后备Farrowing 8 rooms of 56 crate or 17 rooms with 28 crates 产房：8间56产床，或17间28产床Gestation/Bre
11、eding 2165 crates配种妊娠-2165限位栏Gilt Developer 后备猪培育设施后备猪培育设施89Types of mating systems配种方式配种方式Hand mating 手助Pen mating大栏Artificial insemination 人工授精Facilities 设施设施Environmentally controlled-individual crates环境控制-个体定位Environmentally controlled pens环境控制-大栏Open lots in groups 按批开放位Deep bedded structures-g
12、roup housing厚垫料-大群Fully-Crated,Partially Slatted Gestation Facility全限位、部分漏缝地板全限位、部分漏缝地板 妊娠舍妊娠舍18.3 m44.5 m210 Crates in shown areaConcrete Slatted Floor over a manure guttter 粪沟上漏缝粪沟上漏缝地板地板101200 head facility 1200头舍头舍6-row barn 6列式18.3 x 127 米meters longCool cell on one end and sides and fans on th
13、e other end一端侧为水帘，另一端风机8-row barn 8列式24.4 x 95 米meters longCool cell on one end and sides一端侧为水帘 2400 head facility2400头舍头舍24.4 x 190 米meters longCool cells on both ends and fans in the middle 水帘在两端，风机在中间Crate Size 限位栏尺寸限位栏尺寸Sows成母猪 0.61 m by 2.15 mGilts青年母 0.59 m by 2.15 mWater System 饮水饮水Trough or
14、Nipples?槽?饮水器?Alleys 过道过道0.61 m to 0.9 at rear of sow 母猪后0.9 to 1.22 m in front of sow 母猪前120.61 meters(m)width x 2.13 m in lengthLarger stalls are making their way onto the market 大栏正进入大栏正进入市场市场Approx.42 days in stalls 42天在限位栏里天在限位栏里15Recessed 下沉式Surface Mounted 地表式Nipples 饮水器10.2 to 12.7 厘米宽厘米宽cen
15、timeters(cm)in width2.54 cm to 3.17 cm.slot opening 缝隙缝隙Pencil rounded edges 圆角圆角Compressive strength316 kg-force/cm2耐压强度耐压强度316 kg力力/cm210 to 12 sows per pen or greater than 100 每栏每栏10-12头或超过头或超过100头头1.86 to 2.06平米平米/头头 square meters/sow7 厘米宽centimeters(cm)in widthExisting fans not providing enough
16、 airflowConsiders conditions in different locations要考虑不同地点的条件Mixing each week每周混群As Always,Inlets Are KeyMinimum or Cold最低2 Variable-Speed Fans&2 Single-Speed Fans2调速风扇+2定苏风扇44 m x 12.Existing InletsDifferent production phases不同生产期03 m/s=71.Pull Plug 拔塞式)is the average humidity in the afternoonStati
17、c Groups are rarely possible 静态群很难实现Static Groups静态群6/9/04-J.HarmonFeed DropsFeed Drops(floor)Trickle FeedingStatic Groups静态群静态群10 sows per pen10头/栏Up to 35 to 40 sows至35-40头Dynamic Groups 动态群动态群80 to 200 sows80-200头Mixing each week 每周混群Different production phases不同生产期Tendency of smaller litters产自数减
18、少的倾向6/9/04-J.HarmonStatic Groups are rarely possible 静静态群很难实现态群很难实现Considerations 考虑因素考虑因素House bred gilts separate,mix after farrowing 单独放置已配后备，分娩后混合Add at least 10 percent 最少增加10%Presence of a mature boar limits fighting放入一头成年公猪可防止打斗6/9/04-J.Harmon800 sow unit 800头母猪群头母猪群Individual gestation sow s
19、talls(0.61 m x 2.13 m)母猪个体限位栏母猪个体限位栏 Large 50-60 sow group pens(6.7 m x 12.8 m)with electronic feeding stations50-60头电子饲喂大栏头电子饲喂大栏(6.7 m x 12.8 m)All sows maintained on fully slatted floors都是全漏缝地板都是全漏缝地板 Frequency of injuries,stress hormone levels and the level of aggression is higher in ESF group h
20、oused sows compared to stall housed sows电子饲喂母猪受伤频率、应激激素水平、攻击性高于限位栏电子饲喂母猪受伤频率、应激激素水平、攻击性高于限位栏母猪母猪Most of the aggression in the ESF system was related to the mixing of sows and feeder entry电子饲喂母猪受的攻击性与混群、入料位有关电子饲喂母猪受的攻击性与混群、入料位有关Bite injuries to the vulva and legs and more substantial injuries to the
21、legs and feet for sows housed in groups compared to stall housed sows.电子饲喂母猪外阴咬伤、肢体伤均较多电子饲喂母猪外阴咬伤、肢体伤均较多 Target Temperature Ranges for Growing and Adult Pigs生长猪-成年猪的目标温度范围Heat Stress and the Breeding HerdJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJanFebHeat StressLitters affected by heat stress on sowsReduced boar fertil
22、ityLitters affected by reduced boar fertilityLevis,19806月月7月月8月月9月月10月月11月月12月月1月月2月月热应激 公猪繁殖力下降 窝仔因公猪繁殖力下降而受害窝仔因母猪热应激而受害City城市城市January 1月月July 7月月Nanning南宁9.8 to 16 oC25 to 32 oC with 70%R.H.Xian 西安-4.4 to 4.4 oC21 to 32 oC with 58%R.H.Beijing 北京-8.0 to 1.0 oC22 to 30 oC with 70%R.H.Shenyang 沈阳-13
23、 to-4 oC 19 to 28 oC with 70%R.H.Note:Temperatures are average ranges for the month and Relative Humidity(R.H.)is the average humidity in the afternoon 温度是月度平均，相对湿度是下午平均Cold weather Minimum Xian,Beijing,Shenyang寒冷气候最低通风量：西安、北京、沈阳Mild weather温和气候温和气候Nanning and all南宁等等Hot weather炎热气候炎热气候All areas 所有A
24、nimalMinimum or Cold最低最低Mild 温和温和Hot炎热炎热Gilt(136 kg)后备24 m3/hour68 m3/hour 255 m3/hourGestating sow妊娠成母Small(136 kg)小34 m3/hour68 m3/hour255 m3/hourMedium (181 kg)中34 m3/hour85 m3/hour510 m3/hourLarge(500 kg)大34 m3/hour110 m3/hour850 m3/hourFull mechanical Natural with mechanical assistFull natural
25、Exhaust fans Air inlets Controls Total HVAC systemHeaters Evaporative cooling Exhaust FansAirflow resistance 气流阻力气流阻力Restricts airflow 限制了气流Increases static pressure 增加了静压Makes fans 造成风扇Work harder 吃力吃力Less efficient 低效低效Desired static pressure 期望静压期望静压12.5 Pascals 帕No more than 30 Pascals 不超过30High
26、 PPiPoExample Gestation/Breeding1084 head building 例：1084头配种妊娠舍39122 m18 mEvaporative Pads水帘水帘1233445566Stage档档Fans Added增用风扇增用风扇Stage m3/hrTotal m3/hr合计合计11 1.2m 38,06038,06021 1.2 m38,06076,12032 1.2 m76,120152,24042 1.37 m 98,520250,76052 1.37 m98,520349,28062-1.37 m98,520447,800Powered Inlets 动力
27、控制进风口Weighted or Velocity Inlets 重力控制进风口As Always,Inlets Are KeyCausing air to flow within a room so that uniform,planned mixing of air occurs Considers conditions in different locations要考虑不同地点的条件要考虑不同地点的条件Usually talk about airflow patternsPort of entry for fresh air 新风进气口新风进气口Must be effective ope
28、ning 必须是有效必须是有效开口开口Monitor and control air temperature well 测温及控制好测温及控制好Humidity?湿度？Drafts?贼风？Control fan speed 速度控制速度控制Inlets?进风口?Static pressure?静压?Airflow?气流?Using factory settings 用工厂设置用工厂设置Set Point设置点Temperature温度78Minimum最低Airflow rate 风流率BandwidthStage 234OffsetBandwidth 1Stage 112Differenti
29、al 3Stage 35Differential 4Stage 4691011Stir Fans扰流扇扰流扇Sprinkler cooling 淋水器淋水器Evaporative cooling 蒸发降温蒸发降温环流风扇跑道式排列在宽猪舍中侧向排列风向风向侧面观侧面观Cooling:1-3oF lower than drip cooling or sprinkling(24-25.5 oC)制冷制冷:可比滴水降温可比滴水降温或或淋水降温淋水降温(24-25.5 oC)低低1-3oF Goal is to first use draft to cool the pigs,then add wat
30、er for evaporative cooling.目标是先用风流冷却猪,然后淋水再蒸发Poor air distribution:some fans can always be on,but they must be re-oriented(along ceiling)for colder weather.气流不合理气流不合理:部分风部分风机不停机不停,但是冬天应沿天花板吹但是冬天应沿天花板吹Spacing 25 x fan diameter(ft)Fans Used for Supplemental Cooling 降温风扇Fans Used for Distributing Air 导
31、流风扇Space to utilize throw Throw 10 x fan diameter(m)Tilt fans to expose pigs to moving air streamNo tilt results in air circulation without exposing pigs to moving air streamDr Rick Stowell,Extension Ag Engineer,University of Nebraska6/9/04-J.HarmonDrip Cooling 滴水降温Evaporative Pads 蒸发板Water droplet水
32、滴水滴Critical periods关键时期关键时期First 30+days after mating配种后最初配种后最初30多多天天Influences conception rate and litter size影响受胎率和窝仔数Last 30 days of gestation妊娠期最后妊娠期最后30天天Influences stillborns关系到死产数Keep the scrotum cool 保持阴囊凉爽保持阴囊凉爽Keep room temp below 28 oC保持室温在保持室温在28以下以下Respiration rate(panting)may not be a
33、good indicator of heat stress呼吸率也许不是热应激的良好指标呼吸率也许不是热应激的良好指标Pad efficiency drops sharply at 2 meters/second(m/s)air velocity through the pad1200 females x 0.12 cubic meters/sec.=144 m3/sec.Or 518,400 m3/hour for 1200 females 1200头母猪风量头母猪风量Total pad area=144 m3/sec./2.03 m/s=71.0 m2 水帘面积水帘面积Total pad
34、length=71.0 m2/1.82 m pad height=39.0 meters水帘长度水帘长度Note:2.03 m/s is the maximum allowable velocity through a 15.2 cm thick pad 15.2cm厚的水帘最大风速不应超过厚的水帘最大风速不应超过2.03m/sEx.For a 24.4 m wide barn with 1200 head capacity place a 1.8 m x 23 m cool cell on end-wall and a 1.8 m x 8m cool cell along each side
35、 wall 24.4m宽的宽的1200母猪舍一端母猪舍一端1.8 m x 23 m、侧墙各有侧墙各有1.8 m x 8m水帘水帘Uneven Wetting 湿润不匀湿润不匀Water Quality 水质问题水质问题Algae growth use dilution of copper sulfate藻类生长-用硫酸铜稀释液Mineral deposits 矿物积聚Routinely drain 10-15%定期空净Alternative muratic acid or vinegar in water其他-酸化剂Covers 盖子盖子Static pressure control poin
36、t 控制静压点Winter冬天http:/www.aerotech- air drawn through wet pads 空气吸入湿帘Air evaporates water from pads 上面的水分蒸发Temp reduced降温Moisture increased 适度增加Temperature decrease until RH nears 85%.湿度85%以下降温When incoming air humid(RH 70%),air temp decrease only 2.6 to 5.3 C 进入的空气湿度(RH 70%)时，降温 2.6 to 5.3 CWhen inc
37、oming air relatively dry(55%RH),air temp reduction may be 8 C or more.进入的空气湿度(70%),air temp decrease only 2.82 kg Adult成年 16 C10-21 C5 oC)低1-3oFHand mating 手助Pull Plug 拔塞式Larger stalls are making their way onto the market 大栏正进入市场Using factory settings 用工厂设置Size for capacity to meet maximum ventilati
38、on needsMonitor and control air temperature well 测温及控制好wide spaces and 5 to 6 pigs per space五孔料槽，每个料位25cm宽5-6头猪Chilled太冷Too warm太热Comfortable舒适Thermal Neutral Zone,Upper&Lower Critical TemperaturesTNZUCTLCTCold StressHeat Stress低临界温度低临界温度高临界温度高临界温度温度适中区温度适中区能量摄入量能量摄入量(兆卡兆卡)耗料耗料/增重增重平均日增重平均日增重(磅磅)冷应激
39、冷应激 热应激热应激 Target Temperature Ranges for Growing and Adult Pigs 生长猪成年猪的目标温度范围Full mechanical Natural with mechanical assistFull natural Exhaust Fans排风扇PigMinimum Cold最冷最冷Mild温和温和Hot炎热炎热Finishing 育肥30-68 kg10 m3/hr/pig41 m3/hr/pig128 m3/hr/pigFinishing育肥68-113 kg17 m3/hr/pig60 m3/hr/pig204 m3/hr/pigP
40、owered Inlets 带动力式Weighted or Velocity Inlets重力/速度式RoomPlace for even air distribution使空气均匀分布使空气均匀分布Size for capacity to meet maximum ventilation needs大小要能满足最大通风需要大小要能满足最大通风需要Include ability to adjust properly要能适当调节要能适当调节Attic/building air intake?Ensure there is enough!要保证足够的量要保证足够的量Eliminate dead s
41、pots Limit unwanted drafts Reduce cold-air drop 减少减少“冷气团冷气团”Monitor and control air temperature well 测温及控制好测温及控制好Humidity?湿度？Drafts?贼风？Control fan speed 速度控制速度控制Inlets?进风口?Static pressure?静压?Airflow?气流?Using factory settings 用工厂设置用工厂设置Set PointTemperature78MinimumAirflow rateBandwidthStage 234Offset
42、Bandwidth 1Stage 112Differential 3Stage 35Differential 4Stage 4691011通风率设置温度补偿宽度宽度差异3差异4温度设置温度最低第1档第4档第3档第2档1)Producing desired airspeed(meters/sec.)生成期望的风速(米/秒)Fan Capacity风扇能力=x-section area截面积 x airspeed风速Ceiling height(m)x Room width(m)x Desired velocity(m/second)Desired velocity:1.52 meters/sec
43、ond(m/s)期望风速:1.52米/秒2)Producing desired air exchange(m3/sec/hd)生成期望的换气率(m3/秒/头)#pigs x 0.057m3/sec/pig at least 最少：头数 x 0.057m3/秒/头Use the higher fan capacity(cfm)based on:用选其中较大的风扇能力，按照用选其中较大的风扇能力，按照1)Producing desired airspeed 生成期望的风速 Ceiling height x Room width x Desired velocity 2.44 m x 12.2 m
44、x 1.52 m/s=45.25 m3/sec2)Producing desired air exchange 生成期望的换气率#pigs x 0.057 m3/sec 1,000 hd x 0.057m3/sec/hd=57 m3/sec 1.9 m/sec Use the Higher Fan Capacity:用选其中较大的风扇能力用选其中较大的风扇能力Wetting the pig and then allowing moisture to evaporate off provides substantial cooling(1050 BTUs lost for every lb of
45、 water evaporated)使猪体表湿润，然后让水分蒸发，从而达到降温使猪体表湿润，然后让水分蒸发，从而达到降温(每每蒸发蒸发1磅水，能带走磅水，能带走1050英热单位的热量英热单位的热量)Good systems wet the pig&allow the water to evaporate优良的系统可使猪湿润并使水蒸发优良的系统可使猪湿润并使水蒸发Increased air speed提高风速提高风速Lower humidity=increased evaporation so want intermittent wetting降低湿度降低湿度=增加蒸发增加蒸发,间间歇进行歇进行
46、Sprinkling&dripping 喷淋降温和滴水降温喷淋降温和滴水降温Once a pig gets to 22 kg,it starts feeling heat stress above 21 0C,and losses occur above 29 0C猪的体重一达到猪的体重一达到20千克，千克，就会在温度就会在温度21以以上时感到热应激，气温高于上时感到热应激，气温高于29就会发生损失就会发生损失 At higher temperatures,little body heat is lost via conduction,convection(unless a Kool cell
47、 is utilized),and radiation高温条件下，猪几高温条件下，猪几乎无法通过传导、对流乎无法通过传导、对流(除非利用冷室除非利用冷室)和辐射方式散和辐射方式散发体热发体热If the pig is to survive in hot conditions,it must lose heat through evaporation如果猪要耐如果猪要耐过热应激，它必须通过蒸发的方式来散发体热过热应激，它必须通过蒸发的方式来散发体热Start sprinkling at 26 0 C&wet all pigs在在26开始喷淋，湿润所有的猪开始喷淋，湿润所有的猪Once pigs
48、are wet,stop sprinkling and allow water to evaporate off猪湿润后立即停止喷淋，让水分蒸发猪湿润后立即停止喷淋，让水分蒸发If continually wetting,relative humidity in barn will rise&evaporation will decrease如果持续湿润，舍内相对湿度会升高而蒸发作如果持续湿润，舍内相对湿度会升高而蒸发作用就会减弱用就会减弱Want combination of interval+nozzle size to equal 3.8 liters of water/hr/10 pi
49、gs(0.4 l/pig/hr)一定的间隔距离加上一定的喷嘴大小，达到一定的间隔距离加上一定的喷嘴大小，达到每每10头猪每小时喷水头猪每小时喷水3.8公升公升Large facilities total flow at one time is an issue大型猪舍大型猪舍一次的总流量是一个问题一次的总流量是一个问题Edstrom controller to control 4 solenoids in sequenceNon-corrosive nozzles无锈蚀喷嘴无锈蚀喷嘴Provide a solid cone of water droplets喷喷出的水滴形成一致的锥形喷淋范围出
50、的水滴形成一致的锥形喷淋范围DO NOT use a“fogger”不不要使用气雾机要使用气雾机Foggers cool the air气气雾机会使空气冷却雾机会使空气冷却Raise relative humidity&decrease evaporation提高相对湿度而减弱蒸发作用提高相对湿度而减弱蒸发作用Wetting and drying cools the animal湿润和干燥会使动物降温湿润和干燥会使动物降温Place nozzle 1.8 meters above the dunging area喷喷嘴应位于排粪区上方嘴应位于排粪区上方1.8米高处米高处Timers on sp
