1、Unit 5 GrammarUnit 5 GrammarPast perfect tensePast perfect tense1.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.一般过去时一般过去时表示在过去时间里发生的动作或表示在过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态。存在的状态。强调过去某一特定的时间。强调过去某一特定的时间。2.I have learned 1000 English words so far.现在完成时现在完成时表示的动作发生在表示的动作发生在 过去，但侧重对过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关。现在产生的结果或造成的
2、影响，与现在有关。其结构为：其结构为：“助动词助动词 have（has）+过去分词过去分词”She had put most of her effort into ballet training before she entered the film industry.She had been a model before she became a Hollywood superstar.a.She put most of her effort into ballet training.What happened first?b.She entered the film industry a.
3、She was a model.What happened first?b.she became a Hollywood superstar.the Past Perfect tense Structure(结构):had+pp(动词的过去分词)pp规则的规则的:不规则的不规则的:cleanbelievestudystopcleanedbelievedstudiedstoppedcutbuydocomecutboughtdonecome过去完成时的概念过去完成时的概念:She had put most of her effort into ballet training before she
4、entered the film industry.She had been a model before she became a Hollywood superstar.过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即即“过去的过去（过去的过去（the past past）”。nowfuturepastthe past past (before the past)1.We started to learn English 5 years ago.一般过去时一般过去时表示在表示在过去过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。
5、某时发生的动作或存在的状态。2.We have learned English for 5 years.现在完成时现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关。其结构为：“助动词 have（has）+过去分词”5 years ago now 5 years ago have learned nowRevisionComplete the table using the past perfect tense.VerbPast perfect tense VerbPast perfect tense act help be open begin see bring
6、 singhad actedhad beenhad begunhad broughthad helpedhad openedhad seenhad sung 过去完成时过去完成时表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或存在的状态即“过去的过去（past-in-the-past）”。past in the pastpast now过去完成时的概念与结构特点过去完成时的概念与结构特点:had+done Millie ran back to school because she had left her magazine in the classroom.What happened fi
7、rst?a.Millie ran back to school.b.Millie left her magazine in the classroom.PracticeWe had learned English for 4 years by last year.5 years ago last year nowhad learned Simon left school late because the football game had started late.What happened first?a.Simon left school late.b.The football game
8、started late.What happened first?Daniel arrived out of breath he had gone to the wrong cinema.a.Daniel arrived out of breath.b.Daniel went to the wrong cinema.What happened first?Amy had lost her purse and had to go to the police station.a.Amy lost her purse.b.Amy went to the police station.Connect
9、two sentences with“before”、“when”、“after”1.I finished my homework at 8:00 this morning.I went to the museum at 8:30 this morning.2.Millie went home at 6:00P.m this afternoon.Millies mother cooked at 5:00P.m this afternoon.3.Daniel taught in a middle school between 1990 to 1997.Daniel joined the army
10、 in 1998.I had finished my homework before I went to the museum this morning.I had finished my homework when I went to the museum this morning.I went to the museum after I had finished my homework this morning.Millies mother had cooked before she went home this afternoon.Millies mother had cooked wh
11、en she went home this afternoon.Millie went home after her mother had cooked this afternoon.Daniel had taught in a middle school for 7 years before he joined the army.Daniel had taught in a middle school for 7 years when he joined the army.Daniel joined the army after he had taught in a middle schoo
12、l for 7 years.Work out the rule:If we want to talk about two past actions in a sentence,the past perfect tense is used for the (earlier,later)action.earlierThey had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.1.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2.I have learned 1000 English words so far.I had
13、 learned 1000 English words till then.Fill in the blanks1.I _ (clean)the clothes before you came back.2.She_(leave)already when you arrived.3._they _(know)this before you told them?4.We _(not tell)you before you knew it.5.She came after we_(wait)for her for half an hour.had cleanedhad leftHad knownh
14、adnt told had waitedRewrite the sentences1.He had stood up before he cleaned the window._ he had stood up,he cleaned the window.2.His father went to Beijing.He arrived home.(用before合并句子)His father_ _ _ Beijing before he _ home.Afterhad gone toarrived1.The train _(leave)before I got to the railway st
15、ation.2.We had breakfast after we _(do)morning exercise.3.Miss Yang _(be)a typist before she moved to Shenzhen.4.When we reached the cinema,the film _(begin).5.We _(learn)two units by last month.6.They _(be)to the USA ten times by the end of September.7.She _(finish)her homework before nine oclock l
16、ast night.had lefthad donehad beenhad begunhad finishedhad learnedhad been与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（1）by+过去的时间点。过去的时间点。（2）by the end of+过去的时间点。过去的时间点。（3）before+过去的时间点。过去的时间点。如：by 1990,by yesterday evening,by then如：by the end of last term如：before 9:00a.m构成：构成：1.肯定句肯定句:主语主语+助动词助动词 had+过去分词（过去分词（v
17、-ed）+其他。其他。其中其中 had 通用于各种人称。通用于各种人称。1.They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.2.2.否定句：否定句：主语主语+hadnt+hadnt（had nothad not）+v-ed+v-ed+其他其他3.3.一般疑问句：一般疑问句：Had+Had+主语主语+v-ed+v-ed+其他？其他？2.By nine oclock yesterday evening he hadnt got home.4.4.特殊疑问句特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+had+had+主语主语+v-
18、ed+v-ed？3.-Had you known anything about our school before you came here?-Yes,I had./No,I hadnt.4.What had your sister been before she became an actress?二、过去完成时的判断依据二、过去完成时的判断依据 1.由由“过去的过去过去的过去”来判定。来判定。过去完成时表示过去完成时表示“过去的过去过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用
19、过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前前的，要用的，要用过去完成过去完成时时，动作在，动作在后后的要用的要用一般过去时一般过去时。如：如：When I got to the station,the train had already left.After he had finished his homework,he went to bed.（1）状语从句中）状语从句中（2）宾语从句
20、中）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在。在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。等动词后的宾语从句。如：如：She said that she had seen the film before.They explained what had happened.2.由时间状语来判定由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：完成时连用的时间
21、状语有：（1）by+过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.（2）by the end of+过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（3）before+过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.3.根据上、下文来判定。根据上、下文来判定。
22、I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.He felt rather tired because he had worked for the whole night.Pay attention:I should,I would 和和I had 的省的省略形式皆为略形式皆为 I d,在具体运用时，在具体运用时，应根据具体结构判定究竟哪种情应根据具体结构判定究竟哪种情况的省略。况的省略。注意注意过去完成时典型错误例析：过去完成时典型错误例析：1.昨晚我们看了电影
23、。昨晚我们看了电影。a.We had seen the film yesterday evening.b.We saw the film yesterday evening.过去完成时所表示的时间是过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去过去的过去”，只有在，只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。如果时间只和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。如果时间只是一个单纯的过去时间，则句子只能用一般过去时，是一个单纯的过去时间，则句子只能用一般过去时，而不用过去完成时。而不用过去完成时。2当我到达那儿时，电影已经放了五分钟了。当我到达那儿时，电影已经放了五分钟了。a.The film has been
24、on for five minutes when I got there.b.The film had been on for five minutes when I got there.在过去某一时间或动作之前发生或完成了的在过去某一时间或动作之前发生或完成了的动作，要用过去完成时。它的动作的起点为动作，要用过去完成时。它的动作的起点为过去，终点也为过去，即过去，终点也为过去，即“过去的过去过去的过去”。而现在完成时的动作起点为过去，终点则为而现在完成时的动作起点为过去，终点则为现在。现在。3.到上学期末，他们已学会了五首英语歌曲。到上学期末，他们已学会了五首英语歌曲。a.By the en
25、d of last term,they have learned five English songs.b.By the end of last term,they had learned five English songs.by the end of last term 意为意为“到上学期末为到上学期末为止止”，显然它是，显然它是“以过去某一时间为终点的以过去某一时间为终点的”，故只能用过去完成时态，不用现在完成时态。故只能用过去完成时态，不用现在完成时态。4.他昨天见到了他昨天见到了ill，他们已有两年没见面了。，他们已有两年没见面了。a.He saw Bill yesterday.Th
26、ey havent met each other for two years.b.He saw Bill yesterday.They hadnt met each other for two years.“他们没见面他们没见面”是到是到“昨天昨天”为止的（而不是为止的（而不是到现在为止），是过去的过去，故后一个句到现在为止），是过去的过去，故后一个句子需使用过去完成时态进行表达。子需使用过去完成时态进行表达。李梅很高兴，因为她期中考试及格了。李梅很高兴，因为她期中考试及格了。a.Li Mei was very glad,because she passed the mid-term exam
27、.b.Li Mei was very glad,because she had passed the mid-term exam.当我们表示某动作或存在的状态发生于过去某动当我们表示某动作或存在的状态发生于过去某动作之前时，那么这个动作或状态要用过去完成时作之前时，那么这个动作或状态要用过去完成时态。句中态。句中pass the mid-term exam 的动作是发的动作是发生在过去动作生在过去动作was very glad 之前的，故之前的，故pass 需用需用had passed表示。表示。6.他走进屋他走进屋,打开灯打开灯,然后开始写起来。然后开始写起来。a.He had come i
28、nto the room,turned on the light and began to write.b.He came into the room,turned on the light and began to write.当按顺序陈述过去连续发生的动作时，我们常当按顺序陈述过去连续发生的动作时，我们常常使用一般过去时态。注意：以上几个动作为常使用一般过去时态。注意：以上几个动作为短暂性动作，动作之间几乎没有时间间断。短暂性动作，动作之间几乎没有时间间断。同样，在同样，在before,after 引导的时间状语从引导的时间状语从句中，由于句中，由于before 和和after本身已表达了
29、本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主，从句表示的动作动作的先后关系，若主，从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主，从句都用一般过去时。紧密相连，则主，从句都用一般过去时。如：如：Where did you study before you came here?After he closed the door,he left the classroom.句型转换：1.The party had begun when he arrived.(改为一般疑问句）_2.I had finished the competition by 8:00yesterday.(对划线部分提问）_the competition?3
30、.They had worked for 10 years by the end of last year.(改为否定句）。4.Had you reached the top of the hill before midnight?(否定回答）Had the party begun when he arrived?When had you finishedThey hadnt worked for 10 years by the end of last year.No,we hadnt用所给动词的适当形式填空：1.How many English words _ you _ (learn)by
31、 the end of last term?2.I _ (read)the book twice till yesterday.3.He _(learn)English before he came here.4.When I got to the station,the train _(leave).5.By the time he was fourteen he _(set)up a small chemistry lab for his son.6.After I _(finish)doing my homework,I went to sleep.7.They _(not read)t
32、hree books by then.8.Why didnt you see the film yesterday?Because I _(see)it.10.I received a letter from my friend.We _(not hear)from each other since 1987.11._ he _(know)anything before you told him it?12.We _(learn)2000 English words since we came to this school.We_(learn)2000 words by last week s
33、ince we came to this school.We _(learn)500 words last term.13.He _(end)his project by next week.He_(end)his project by last week.14.A:_he still _(do)his homework when you _(get)home yesterday?B:No,he _ already _(do)it when I got home.had learnedhad readhad learnedhad lefthad sethad finishedhadnt rea
34、dhad seenhadnt heardHad knownhave learnedhad learnedlearnedwill endhad endedWas doinggothad doneFill in the blanks1.I _ (clean)the clothes before you came back.2.She_(leave)already when you arrived.3._they _(know)this before you told them?4.We _(not tell)you before you know it.5.She came after we_(w
35、ait)for her for half an hour.had cleanedhad leftHad knownhadnt told had waitedFill in the blanks1.I said I(have)lunch already.2.She told us she _(not be)to Beijing yet.3.I wondered if they _(live)in Nanjing for three years.4.Did you say I _(pass)the exam already?5.He asked how many books I(read)alre
36、ady?had hadhadnt beenhad livedhad passedhad readFill in the blanks1.We (learn)3000 words by last term.2.you (live)here for 20 years by 2004?3.They (work)for 10 years by the end of last year.4.I (teach)you for two years by the end of last term.had learned hHad livedhad workedhad taughtTranslation1.截止
37、到2003年，我们已经看过40电影了2.截止到九月底，他们已经去过美国十二次了 We had already seen 40 films by 2003.They had already been to the USA ten times by the end of September.综合时态填空：1.We _(learn)2000 English words since we came to this school.The teacher said we _(learn)2000 English words since then.We _(learn)500 words last term
38、.We _(learn)2000 words by the end of last term.2.He _(have)a meeting next week.He said he _(have)a meeting the next week.He _(have)a meeting two weeks ago.He told me he _(have)a meeting two weeks before.3._ you _(be)to the Great Wall?The teacher asked if you _(be)to the Great Wall?have learnedhad le
39、arnedlearnedhad learnedwill havewould havehadhad hadHave beenhad been4.I _(finish)my homework when my father got home yesterday.I _(finish)my homework at 10 last night.5.The film _(begin)when I got to the cinema.The film _(be)on for 10 minutes when I got to the cinema.6.My brother _(study)in this school for three years before he joined the army.7.He locked the door after he _(clean)the classroom.8.A:_he still _(do)his homework when you _(get)home yesterday?B:No,he _ already _(do)it when I got home.had finishedfinishedhad begunhad beenhad studiedhad cleanedWas doinggothad done
