1、句子成分句子成分WELCOME UNIT 大白 page11句子成分句子成分定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语011.I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语中英文语序差异英语：孔雀型尾重要求把字数较多或语法结构较复杂的句子、成分至于句末。我昨天在车站遇到我最好的朋友汤姆。Elements of a sentence:page 6 S-subject V-verb P-predica
2、tive O-object A.-adverbial Oc-object complement 主主谓谓表表宾补宾补状状宾宾主语（subject）：一般位于句首，表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，由名词，代词，不定式，动名词，从句等或者是相当于名词的词或者是短语充当Jane is good at playing the piano.She went out in a hurry.Four plus four is eight.To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.The young should respect the old.What
3、he has said is true.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（名词化的形容词（名词化的形容词）（句子）（句子）找出句中主语 The sun rises in the east.Twenty years is a short time in history.The poor are now living in the shelter.Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.He likes dancing.What he needs is a book.It is very clear
4、that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语（verb）说明主语的动作、状态和特征，位于主语之后简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成I saw the flag on the top of the hill.He looked after two orphans.复合谓语:由情态动词或助动词+动词组成He can speak English well.She doesnt know my name.英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，分成不及物动词与和及物动词。及物动词(vt.)：后面
5、必须跟有动作的对象（即宾语），并且可直接跟宾语。如：He reached Paris.不及物动词（vi.）：后面不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语），若要跟宾语，必须先在其后加上某个介词。如:Look!She is singing.Look at me carefully!(三三)宾语宾语（object）动作的对象和承受者动作的对象和承受者，放在及物动词或介词的，放在及物动词或介词的后面后面。由名词，代词，不定式，动名词，从句等或者是相当于名词的词或短语充当（句子）（句子）Show your passport,please.She didnt say anything.How many do yo
6、u want?-I want two.They sent the injured to hospital.They asked to see my passport.I enjoy working with you.Did you write down what he said?（名词（名词）(代词）代词）(数词数词)(名词化的形容词名词化的形容词)（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）宾语分为直接宾语【DO】和间接宾语【IO】.He gave me some books.间接间接宾语宾语 直接直接宾语宾语please pass me the book.He bought his frien
7、d some flowers.常见跟双宾语动词 可接双宾语的38个常用动词(1)双宾语易位时需借助介词to的常用动词award sb.sth.=award sth.to sb.颁奖给某人bring sb.sth.=bring sth.to sb.把某物带给某人hand sb.sth.=hand sth.to sb.把某物递给某人lend sb.sth.=lend sth.to sb.把某物借给某人mail sb.sth.=mail sth.to sb.把某物寄给某人offer sb.sth.=offer sth.to sb.将某物给某人owe sb.sth.=owe sth.to sb.欠某人
8、某物pass sb.sth.=pass sth.to sb.把某物递给某人(2)双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词 book sb.sth.=book sth.for sb.为某人预定某物buy sb.sth.=buy sth.for sb.为某人买某物choose sb.sth.=choose sth.for sb.为某人选某物cook sb.sth.=cook sth.for sb.为某人煮某物fetch sb.sth.=fetch sth.for sb.为某人去取某物find sb.sth.=find sth.for sb.为某人找到某物fix sb.sth.=fix sth.for
9、 sb.为某人准备某物get sb.sth.=get sth.for sb.为某人拿来某物make sb.sth.=make sth.for sb.为某人做某物order sb.sth.=order sth.for sb.为某人订购某物pick sb.sth.=pick sth.for sb.为某人采摘某物prepare sb.sth.=prepare sth.for sb.为某人准备某物save sb.sth.=save sth.for sb.为某人留某物sing sb.sth.=sing sth.for sb.为某人唱某物（歌）spare sb.sth.=spare sth.for sb.
10、为某人让出某物steal sb.sth.=steal sth.for sb.为某人偷某物（四）表语（predicative）用来表示主语的身份，性质，状态和特征，由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、表语从句、分词、形容词、介词短语、副词充当。1.I am a teacher.1.I am a teacher.2.2.I I am ten.am ten.3.He became rich and successful.3.He became rich and successful.4.Everyone is here.4.Everyone is here.5.They are at home no
11、w.5.They are at home now.6.My job is to teach them English.6.My job is to teach them English.My job is teaching them English.My job is teaching them English.名词名词不定式不定式介词短介词短语语副词副词形容词形容词数词数词动名词动名词系动词1）状态系动词（be动词）He is a teacher.2）持续系动词 keep,remain,stay He always keeps silent at the meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。
12、3）表像系动词 seem,appear,look,He looks tired.他看起来很累。系动词不用于被动语态系动词4）感官系动词 feel,smell,sound,tasteThis kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。5）变化系动词 become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。6）终止系动词 prove,turn out,表达“证实”“变成”The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。系动词后面要接形容词！（五）定语（attrib
13、utive）修饰或限制名词或代词修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从的词、词组或从句句 He is a clever boy.His father works in a steel factory.There are 54 students in our class.Do you know Bettys sister?He bought some sleeping pills.His spoken language is good.(形容词形容词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(名词的所有格名词的所有格)(动名词动名词)(过去分词过去分词)如果定语是由如果定语是由一个单词一个单词表示时，通常要表示时，
14、通常要前置前置。而。而由由一个词组或一个句子一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则表示时，通常则后置后置The girl in red is his sister.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?（六）状语（adverbial）说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。I will be back in a while.They are playing on the playground.He was late because h
15、e got up late.He got up so late that I missed the train.（六）状语（adverbial）说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。I waited to see you.He often went to school by bus.His parents died,leaving him an orphan.Please call me if it is necessary.This book is very interesting.（七）宾语补足语（七）宾语补足语（object complement）有些有些
16、及物动词及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的这类常用的及物动词及物动词有有：make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let.I found the book interesting.He keeps everything in good order.She asked me to lend her a hand.形容词形容词动词不定式短语动词不定式短语介词短语介词短语
17、（八）（八）同位语同位语 (appositive)位于名词或代词后面位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况，说明它们的性质和情况 We young people should respect the old.He himself will do the experiment.She,a doctor,is my friend.The girl,my neighbor,is a senior student.（四）表语（predicative）用来表示主语的身份，性质，状态和特征，由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、表语从句、分词、形容词、介词短语、副词充当。1.I am a teacher.
18、1.I am a teacher.2.2.I I am ten.am ten.3.He became rich and successful.3.He became rich and successful.4.Everyone is here.4.Everyone is here.5.They are at home now.5.They are at home now.6.My job is to teach them English.6.My job is to teach them English.My job is teaching them English.My job is tea
19、ching them English.名词名词不定式不定式介词短介词短语语副词副词形容词形容词数词数词动名词动名词（八）（八）同位语同位语 (appositive)位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语句子成分练习1、You should study at school.2、The teacher got very angry.3、The boy told me his story.4、We find
20、the task difficult.5、I told him an interesting story.6、We watched the train leaving the station.状语状语表语表语间宾间宾+直宾直宾宾语宾语+宾补宾补间宾间宾+直宾直宾宾语宾语+宾补宾补Elements of a sentence:page 6 S-subject V-verb P-predicative O-object A.-adverbial Oc-object complement 主主谓谓表表宾补宾补状状宾宾Group Discussion1.Examine the sentence str
21、uctures and see what parts are shared by all of them?Sentence StructureSV SVO SP SVIODO SVOC SVA SVOASVLearn to recognize the structures 1.SV structure1.1 A bird flies.S V 1.2 Monkeys jumped.S V 此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即共同特点，即句子的句子的谓语动词都能表达完谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。整的意思。Can you make a“SV”sentence?Learn to recog
22、nize the structures 2.SVO structure2.1 A sheep eats grass.S V O 2.2 Monkeys like bananas.S V O2.3 He wants some milk.S V O Please make a SVO sentence!此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。Learn to recog
23、nize the structures 3.SP structure3.1 This is great S P3.2 He looks well.S P3.3 She became a teacher.S PLets try making a SP sentence with“smell”!此句型句子谓语动词此句型句子谓语动词不不能能独立表达完整的意思独立表达完整的意思，必须加上一个表明，必须加上一个表明主主语语身份或状态的身份或状态的表语表语构构成复合谓语，才能表达成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词完整的意思。这类动词叫做叫做系动词系动词Learn to recognize the s
24、tructures 4.SV IO DO structure4.1 He gave me a book.S V IO DO4.2 Danny wrote his mom a letter.S V IO DO4.3 She bought Mr.Wood a suitcase.S V IO DOFind a SVIODO sentence in your textbook Exercise 2!此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语两个宾语才能表才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接直接承受者，另
25、一个是动承受者，另一个是动作的作的间接间接承受者。承受者。Learn to recognize the structures 5.SVOC structure5.1 The war made him a hero.S V O C5.2 They found his cat dead.S V O C5.3 She called him Mr.Wood.S V O CIn SVOC structure,an implied logical relation exists between O and C.Whats the relation between“his cat”and“dead”in 5
26、.2?此句型的句子的共同此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加完整的意思，必须加上个上个补充成分来补足补充成分来补足宾语宾语，才能使意思完，才能使意思完整。整。Learn to recognize the structures 6.SVA structure6.1 It rained heavily.S V A6.2 He coughed badly.S V A6.3 The rabbit ran in the woods.S V APlease give another example
27、of SVA structure!Learn to recognize the structures 7.SVOA structure7.1 A sheep is eating grass over there.S V O A7.2 Mum makes lunch in the kitchen.S V O A7.3 They liked the film very much.S V O A此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有须跟有一个宾语一个宾语，即
28、动作的承受者，才能使意思完，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做整。这类动词叫做及物动词及物动词。Learn to recognize the structures 8.“There be”structure8.1 There is an apple on the table.V S A7.2 There are seven days in a week.V S A7.3 There is milk and bread.V S 需要需要注意的：注意的：be动词在人称和数上要和离它最近的主语保持一致。动词在人称和数上要和离它最近的主语保持一致。（就近原则）（就近原则）There be 句
29、型和句型和have 不可以连用。不可以连用。Exercise 1:Read the sentences and analyze the structures.(1)I have learning goals.(2)He works hard.(3)He never watches TV at night.(4)A fish swims.(5)I was writing him an email.(6)They left the boy starved to death.(7)You feel tired.(8)There were some children on the playground
30、.SVOSVASVOASVSV IO DOSVOCSPThere be句型句型SummaryIn this period,weve learned about some important concepts of syntax.1.The definitions of S,V,O,P,A,DO,IO,C2.Morphologic features of S,V,O,P,A,DO,IO,C3.The particular features of Verbs decide all the varieties of the basic sentence structures.4.The signif
31、icance of learning verb patterns （不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.Time 2.The moon 3.The man4.We all 5.Everybody 6.I 7.They 8.He 9.He10.Theyflies.rose.cooked.eat,and drink.laughed.woke.talked for half an hour.walked yesterday.is playing.have gone.Link-（系动（系动词）词）(表语表语)1.This 2.The dinner3.He 4.Everything5.He 6.The boo
32、k 7.The weather 8.His face is smellsfelt looks is is becameturned an English dictionary.good.happy.different.tall and strong.interesting.warmer.red.（实义动词）（实义动词）(宾语宾语)1.Who 2.She 3.He 4.He 5.They 6.Danny 7.I 8.He knows laugh at understands made ate likes want said the answer?her.English.cakes.some ap
33、ples.donuts.to have a cup of tea.Good morning.（及物）（及物）（多指（多指人）人）（多指物）（多指物）1.She2.She 3.He 4.He 5.I 6.I 7.I 8.He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed himher husband you her him him mea new dress.a delicious meal.a dictionary.nothing.my pictures.a hand.how to run the machine.that the b
34、us was late.（及（及物）物）（宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）1.We 2.They3.They 4.They5.What 6.We 7.He 8.I keep painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean.green.dinner.dirty.sad?out.to come back soon.getting on the bus.（不及物动词）（不及物动词）A（状语）（状语）The moon The man We all They H
35、e He rose cooked eat,and drink.talked walked is playingevry night.after work.at the party.for half an hour.yesterday.on the playground.（实（实义动义动词）词）(宾语宾语)A(状语)Who She He Tom want is playing plan wants to go shopping the violinto be an engineerto make an good first impression now?on the stage.in the f
36、uture.on the first day.Translate the sentences with the basic sentence structures.1我们叫她Alice.2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3他们把小偷释放了。4我要你把真相告诉我。5.卫兵命令我们立即离开。6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。7他每个月理一次发。8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。1.We call her Alice.2.We all consider him to be honest.3.They have set the thief free.4.I want you to tell me the truth.5.The guards ordered us to leave at once.6.Every morning we hear him read English aloud.7.He has his hair cut once a month.8.We wont let her go out at night.
