1、十一、简单句和并列句十一、简单句和并列句语法精讲语法精讲一、简单句一、简单句 句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子,但英语中简单句最基本的句型只有五但英语中简单句最基本的句型只有五种种,其他各种句型都是由这五种基本句型转换而来。五种基本句型如下其他各种句型都是由这五种基本句型转换而来。五种基本句型如下:主语主语+谓语谓语(不及物动词不及物动词)主语主语+谓语谓语(及物动词及物动词)+)+宾语宾语 主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语 主语主语+谓语谓语(及物动词及物动词)+)+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语 主语主语+谓语谓语(及物动词及物动词)+)+宾语宾语+
2、宾语补足语宾语补足语1.1.主语主语+谓语谓语(不及物动词不及物动词)该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为:句子的谓语动词都能表句子的谓语动词都能表 达完整的意思达完整的意思,这类动词叫做不及物动词这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状 语从句等。语从句等。Immediately,aImmediately,a crowd gathered around us.crowd gathered around us.一群人马上围拢在我们的身旁。一群人马上围拢在我们的身旁。Bathed in the sunshin
3、e,weBathed in the sunshine,we jumped and cheered with joy.jumped and cheered with joy.沐浴在阳光中沐浴在阳光中,我们高兴得欢呼雀跃。我们高兴得欢呼雀跃。2.2.主语主语+谓语谓语(及物动词及物动词)+)+宾语宾语 该句式特点为该句式特点为:谓语动词均为实义动词谓语动词均为实义动词,都是主语发出的动作都是主语发出的动作,必须跟必须跟 有宾语有宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动词宾语可以由名词、代词、动词-ing-ing形式、动词不定式等来充形式、动词不定式等来充 当当),),即动作的承受者即动作的承受者,才能使意思
4、完整。才能使意思完整。More importantly,itMore importantly,it could strengthen the friendship among us could strengthen the friendship among us students.students.更重要的是更重要的是,它能够增进我们学生之间的友谊。它能够增进我们学生之间的友谊。On the other hand,aOn the other hand,a lot of factories cant employ enough lot of factories cant employ enoug
5、h workers.workers.另一方面另一方面,很多工厂却雇用不到足够的工人。很多工厂却雇用不到足够的工人。特别提示特别提示 该句式的谓语动词要用及物动词。如果是不及物动词该句式的谓语动词要用及物动词。如果是不及物动词,后面一后面一定要跟介词构成及物的动词词组。定要跟介词构成及物的动词词组。Last month,after class,weLast month,after class,we crowded into the school canteen for crowded into the school canteen for lunch.lunch.上个月上个月,上完课后上完课后,
6、我们涌进学校食堂吃午饭。我们涌进学校食堂吃午饭。Nowadays,peopleNowadays,people in many big cities are complaining about the in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic.heavy traffic.当今当今,许多大城市的人们在抱怨交通拥堵。许多大城市的人们在抱怨交通拥堵。3.3.主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语 该句式就是常说的主系表结构。此句型侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样该句式就是常说的主系表结构。此句型侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样,谓谓 语动词需用
7、系动词语动词需用系动词(主要是主要是bebe动词动词),),表语多为形容词表语多为形容词,也可以是名词、介也可以是名词、介 词短语、动词不定式及分词等。词短语、动词不定式及分词等。As a matter of fact,failureAs a matter of fact,failure isnt so terrible.isnt so terrible.实际上实际上,失败并非那么可怕。失败并非那么可怕。Such a situation is of great concern.Such a situation is of great concern.这样的情况引起了极大的关注。这样的情况引起了
8、极大的关注。Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world.over the world.全世界的环境问题正变得越来越严重。全世界的环境问题正变得越来越严重。4.4.主语主语+谓语谓语(及物动词及物动词)+)+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语 该句型中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思该句型中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思,第一个是表示第一个是表
9、示 人的间接宾语人的间接宾语,第二个是表示物的直接宾语。第二个是表示物的直接宾语。We should give them enough respect.We should give them enough respect.我们应该给予他们足够的尊重。我们应该给予他们足够的尊重。5.5.主语主语+谓语谓语(及物动词及物动词)+)+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语 该句型中的动词虽然是及物动词该句型中的动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意 思。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的思。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的,直接跟在宾语之后。直接跟在宾
10、语之后。The use of computers has made it possible for more people to The use of computers has made it possible for more people to work from home.work from home.计算机的应用使更多人在家办公成为可能。计算机的应用使更多人在家办公成为可能。二、并列句二、并列句 并列句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中并列句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中,这这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。
11、些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。考点一常见并列句的类型及并列连词考点一常见并列句的类型及并列连词类型类型并列连词并列连词并列关系并列关系(递进关系递进关系)and,bothand,both.and.,not only.but also.,.and.,not only.but also.,neither.nor.neither.nor.转折或转折或对比关系对比关系but,yet,whereas,whilebut,yet,whereas,while选择关系选择关系or,oror,or else,either else,either.or.,not.but.or.,n
12、ot.but.因果关系因果关系for,sofor,soBoth Peter and Tom are from South Africa.Both Peter and Tom are from South Africa.彼得和汤姆都来自南非。彼得和汤姆都来自南非。First,my English is very good and Im open-minded and warm-First,my English is very good and Im open-minded and warm-hearted,sohearted,so Im getting along well with every
13、one.Im getting along well with everyone.首先首先,我的英语很好我的英语很好,而且我性格外向、很热心而且我性格外向、很热心,因此我和每个人都相处得很好。因此我和每个人都相处得很好。He tried hard to catch up with his classmates,butHe tried hard to catch up with his classmates,but he failed.he failed.他尽力赶上同学们他尽力赶上同学们,但是失败了。但是失败了。The children can go with us,orThe children
14、can go with us,or they can stay in.they can stay in.孩子们可以跟我们去孩子们可以跟我们去,也可以待在家。也可以待在家。He must have been caught in the rain,forHe must have been caught in the rain,for he is wet all over.he is wet all over.他肯定被雨淋了他肯定被雨淋了,因为他浑身都湿了。因为他浑身都湿了。The shops were closed,soThe shops were closed,so I didnt get an
15、y milk.I didnt get any milk.商店都关门了商店都关门了,所以我没买到牛奶。所以我没买到牛奶。考点二并列连词构成的常用句型考点二并列连词构成的常用句型1.and1.and构成的句型构成的句型(1)(1)祈使句祈使句+and+and+陈述句陈述句(祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句,and,and后面的句子相后面的句子相 当于一个表示结果的主句当于一个表示结果的主句)。Work hard and you will succeed.(=If you work hard,youWork hard and you will succeed.(=If you
16、 work hard,you will will succeed.)succeed.)努力学习努力学习,你就会成功。你就会成功。(2)(2)名词名词(词组词组)+and+)+and+陈述句陈述句(名词名词(词组词组)相当于一个条件状语从句相当于一个条件状语从句,其中常其中常 含有含有more,anothermore,another等词等词)。Another try,andAnother try,and youll make a success.youll make a success.再试一次再试一次,你就会取得成功。你就会取得成功。2.or(else)2.or(else)构成的句型构成的句型
17、 (1)(1)祈使句祈使句+or(else)+or(else)+陈述句。陈述句。Seize the chance,orSeize the chance,or(else)youll regret.(else)youll regret.抓住这次机会抓住这次机会,否则你会后悔的。否则你会后悔的。(2)(2)名词词组名词词组+or(else)+or(else)+陈述句。陈述句。More healthy food,orMore healthy food,or(else)youll break down sooner or later.(else)youll break down sooner or la
18、ter.多吃健康食品多吃健康食品,不然你的身体迟早会垮掉。不然你的身体迟早会垮掉。3.when3.when构成的句型构成的句型 whenwhen引起并列句引起并列句,意为意为“正在这时正在这时”,表示某件事正在发生或刚要发生或刚刚表示某件事正在发生或刚要发生或刚刚完成时完成时,突然发生另一动作。突然发生另一动作。(1)sb.was doing sth(1)sb.was doing sth.when.when.某人正在做某事某人正在做某事,这时这时 Last Monday,I Last Monday,I was walking in the street when I suddenly saw
19、was walking in the street when I suddenly saw an old man fall off his bicycle.an old man fall off his bicycle.上周一上周一,我正在街上散步我正在街上散步,这时突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。这时突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。(2)sb.was about to do sth(2)sb.was about to do sth.when.when.某人正要做某事某人正要做某事,这时这时 We were about to set off when it suddenly began
20、 to rain.We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.我们正打算动身我们正打算动身,突然下起雨来了。突然下起雨来了。(3)sb.was on the point of doing sth(3)sb.was on the point of doing sth.when.when.某人正要做某事某人正要做某事,这时这时 She was on the point of going to bed when someone knocked at She was on the point of going to bed when
21、someone knocked at the door.the door.她正要上床睡觉她正要上床睡觉,突然有人敲门。突然有人敲门。(4)sb.had just done sth(4)sb.had just done sth.when.when.某人刚做完某事某人刚做完某事,这时这时 I had just finished sweeping the floor when the telephone I had just finished sweeping the floor when the telephone rang.rang.我刚刚扫完地我刚刚扫完地,这时电话铃响了。这时电话铃响了。真题
22、链接真题链接1.There were many people waiting at the bus stop,1.There were many people waiting at the bus stop,some of some of them looked very anxious and them looked very anxious and disappointeddisappointed(disappoint).(disappoint).(2014(2014新课标新课标 全国全国)2.For example,television2.For example,television s
23、ets need not be played at full volume(sets need not be played at full volume(音量音量)loud pop music should not be played very late at night.loud pop music should not be played very late at night.(2014(2014 湖南湖南)3.Neighbors should do all they can to avoid disturbing other people,3.Neighbors should do al
24、l they can to avoid disturbing other people,there are times when some level of disturbance is there are times when some level of disturbance is unavoidable.unavoidable.(2014(2014湖南湖南)答案及剖析答案及剖析:1.and1.and考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处需要一个并列连词此处需要一个并列连词,连接两个并连接两个并 列的分句。根据语境列的分句。根据语境,前后两个分句之间是递进关
25、系前后两个分句之间是递进关系,因此填并列连词因此填并列连词andand。2.and2.and考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处需要一个并列连词此处需要一个并列连词,连接两个并连接两个并 列的分句。根据语境列的分句。根据语境,前后两个分句之间是并列关系前后两个分句之间是并列关系,因此填并列连词因此填并列连词andand。3.but3.but考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处需要一个并列连词此处需要一个并列连词,连接两个并连接两个并 列的分句。根据语境列的分句。根据语境,填表示转折的并列连词填表示转折的并列连词butbut。填
26、空。填空。1.I must work hard,1.I must work hard,Ill be looked down upon by my Ill be looked down upon by my classmates.classmates.2.Few people would even think of beginning a new job at the age of 76,2.Few people would even think of beginning a new job at the age of 76,one of Americas most famous artists
27、 just did so.one of Americas most famous artists just did so.3.It must be five oclock now,3.It must be five oclock now,the birds are singing.the birds are singing.4.Theres no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery4.Theres no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery an
28、other man,also intelligent,failsanother man,also intelligent,fails.5.Dont turn off the computer before closing all programs,5.Dont turn off the computer before closing all programs,.you could have problems.you could have problems.6.One Friday,we6.One Friday,we were packing to leave for a weekend awa
29、y were packing to leave for a weekend away my my daughter heard cries for help.daughter heard cries for help.7.I was glad to meet Jenny again,7.I was glad to meet Jenny again,I didnt want to spend all I didnt want to spend all day with her.day with her.8.Stand over there 8.Stand over there youll be
30、able to see the oil painting youll be able to see the oil painting better.better.语法专练语法专练答案及剖析答案及剖析:1.or1.or考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处需要填一个连词此处需要填一个连词,连接两个并列连接两个并列 句。根据语境句。根据语境,填表示选择关系的并列连词填表示选择关系的并列连词oror。2.but2.but考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处应该填一个连词。根据句意可知此处应该填一个连词。根据句意可知,前后两个分句之间是
31、转折关系前后两个分句之间是转折关系,所以填所以填butbut。3.for3.for考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处需要填一个连词。根据语境此处需要填一个连词。根据语境,填填 表示对前面的情况予以说明的并列连词表示对前面的情况予以说明的并列连词forfor。4.while4.while考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处需要填一个连词。根据语境此处需要填一个连词。根据语境,填表示对比的并列连词填表示对比的并列连词whilewhile。5.or5.or考查连词的用法。根据句子结构及语境可知考查连词的用法。根据句子结构及语境可知
32、,此处构成此处构成“祈使句祈使句+or+or+陈述陈述 句句”句型句型,所以填并列连词所以填并列连词oror。6.when6.when考查连词的用法。根据句子结构及语境可知考查连词的用法。根据句子结构及语境可知,此处构成此处构成“sb.wassb.was doing doing sth sth.when.”.when.”句型句型,意思是意思是“某人正在做某事某人正在做某事,这时这时”,”,所以填并列连词所以填并列连词 whenwhen。7.but7.but考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处应该填一个连词。根据句意可知此处应该填一个连词。根据句意可知,前后两个分句之间是转折关系前后两个分句之间是转折关系,所以填表示转折关系的并列连词所以填表示转折关系的并列连词butbut。8.and8.and考查连词的用法。根据句子结构及语境可知考查连词的用法。根据句子结构及语境可知,此处构成此处构成“祈使句祈使句+and+and+陈述陈述 句句”句型句型,所以填并列连词所以填并列连词andand。
