1、了解JIT的含义了解JIT的精髓所在理解JIT对现在企业的意义JITLean productionLead timeReal time communicationText Fast Reading IFast Reading II Pre-reading questions1.Do you know what JIT stands for?2.Where did JIT originate from?Typical attention areas of JIT include:*Inventory reduction.*Smaller production lots and sizes.*Qu
2、ality control.*Complexity reduction and transparency.*Waste minimization.Through the application of Internet and Supply Chain in modern business,companies have extended Just-in-time manufacturing to outside the companies.By demanding from the suppliers to deliver inventory to the factory only when i
3、ts needed,making JIT manufacturing,ordering and delivery processes even speedier,more flexible and more efficient.In this way,integrated logistics and supply chains are being formed.Two basic principles of JIT philosophy are the elimination of waste and improvement of all commercial activities from
4、raw materials to finished product delivery.For both products and processes,JIT focuses on zero inventory,no defects,reduced lead time,and short delivery time.They also focus on smaller lot sizes,employee decision making,supplier involvement,and continuous training.Logistics management plays an equal
5、 and important role in JIT activities.The performance of logistics in JIT operations is critical in any context,particularly in an environment where both production and suppliers are spread across the globe.This point is supported by the fact that the success of most JIT operations has depended upon
6、 close geographic distance between supplier and manufacturer.In other words,when suppliers are close by or around,lead-time is shorter and transportation easier to manage.Conversely,when operations are across wide geographies,management of lead times and the supporting logistics is a challenge to JI
7、T operations.Lead-time management in a JIT operation is only one aspect through the supply chain.For JIT to be successful,fundamental changes must occur in areas that include purchasing,manufacturing,distributing and delivering.All must be supported by effective logistics performance.One good JIT op
8、eration is smaller size.Although a benefit may be achieved in the area of inventory,a greater expense may be incurred in other areas.For example,smaller lot sizes mean more frequent purchase orders,which will create overload in the purchasing group.JIT principles solve this issue of workload by havi
9、ng an agreed schedule with various suppliers.Needless to say,great potential exists for enhancing the performance with logistics techniques.In order to operate a schedule-based program with suppliers,logistics must be in a position to coordinate directly with those suppliers.In most cases this is do
10、ne through a Third Party Logistics(3PL).With this type of operation,the 3PL has to follow-up schedules,coordinate with a number of suppliers,and communicate with all the parties involved.Clearly,coordination of multiple suppliers in this context is very important,particularly as it relates to real-t
11、ime communication,feedback,supplier performance,shipment prioritization,and orders management.Another goal of JIT is the elimination of inspections.This is reasonable to achieve in a domestic environment,but it is difficult with international operations.Issues regarding product quality,piece count,w
12、eight,and documentation must be addressed before goods leave suppliers factories.It usually assigns logistics and 3PLs to verify the above points before goods are delivered.Although inspection prior to export will not eliminate product defects,logistics will contribute to minimizing the number of de
13、fects.Once merchandise enters the logistics chain,returning process is very difficult and expensive to handle.JIT operations cannot afford to have compromised shipments at the port of destination.By that time,payables may have been triggered,duties paid,and both materials and capacity are there in t
14、he place.If inbound shipments are successfully checked,which includes checking products and process-related quality,the need for future inspection can be reduced or shortened.However,for this process to work effectively,operations must be agreed upon in advance between buyer,supplier,and 3PL.Success
15、ful supply chain management recognizes the true nature of functional relationships,identifies key points of interdependency in the chain,and implements mechanisms that will maximize the probability of successful operations.Logistics certainly makes a tangible contribution to JIT application.Just-In-
16、time philosophy originates from Japanese manufacturing organizations and has extended into the whole process of production from raw materials selection,procurement,manufacturing,till finished product delivery.It also involves all the parties in the whole process to contribute to JIT application.Just
17、 in Time 即时生产（JIT）最先由日本丰田汽车公司的Taiichi Ohno于上个世纪70年代初期提出,它是一种生产管理哲学。JIT要求物料供应部门只有在装配流程需要时才向组装厂提供零配件，从而减少浪费。JIT理论的核心是看板管理（Kanban），Kanban是日语“卡片”的意思。当生产/装配线上的原材料、零部件耗尽时，就会将Kanban送到仓库，要求仓储部门按照Kanban标明的定量提供原料、配件。JIT对精度的要求很高，即正确的部件必须即时地抵达准确的地点（装配线）。它主要应用于大规模重复生产流程。即时生产的理论架构认为，库存是规划不当、生产僵硬、设备错误以及质量问题的一个可怜借口
18、，JIT的目标就是要在尽可能减少库存的同时，提高顾客需求反应速度。库存虽然有助于快速应对不断变化的顾客需求，但是不可避免地将增加成本以及对营运资金的需求。现代生产和竞争的要求,已经使JIT扩展到从原材料的采购到生产再到消费者手里的各个环节和过程中,因此对各个环节直接的及时沟通和紧密配合就显得尤为重要和关键。lead time 原指完成一项活动所需要的时间。这种活动通常指物料和产品的获得,包括订单准备时间、排队时间、加工时间、搬运时间或运输时间、接收和检测时间。我们可以理解为生产周期，即订货到交货的时间。delivery time 交货时间,在船运的阶段,指的是货物上船离开交货港口的准确日期，即
19、船期。lot size 在物料计划中，通过它来决定怎样计算将要购买或产生的物料的数量。生产计划中一方面是数量上的计划lot size,另一方面就是时间的安排schedule。UP real-time communication 实时通讯，为了确保信息不在传递的过程中延误而采取的通讯方法，现代生产通过IT技术来保证实时通讯的完成。lean production 1990年，James Womack出版了改变世界的机器（The Machine that Changed the World）一书，率先提出了“精益制造”（Lean Manufacturing）的概念，有时也称作为“精益生产”（Lean
20、 Production）。精益生产，以丰田汽车公司为代表的新的资本主义生产方式。其主要特征是对市场变化的快速反应能力、同一条流水线可以生产不同的产品、适时供应、多技能和具有团队精神的劳动力、对生产过程不断改进的动力与能力。eliminate-vt.排除,消除 e.g.the efforts to eliminate the racial discrimination 消除种族歧视的努力afford-v.提供,给予 e.g.I cant afford an hour for lunch.我抽不出一小时吃午饭compromise-n.v.妥协,折衷 e.g.a compromise of mora
21、lity.道德的沦丧turnover-n.流通量,营业额,周转approach-n.v.接近,方法 e.g.The performance approaches perfection.性能近乎完美assign-vt.分配,指派 e.g.The hardest work was assigned to the strongest laborers.最繁重的工作分配给最强壮的劳工。accomplish-v.完成,达到,实现 e.g.to accomplish a purpose 达到目的originate-vt.引起,发起,创办 vi.起源,发生 e.g.originate the practic
22、e of monthly reports.开创了每月报告的惯例 All theories originate from practice and in turn serve practice.任何理论都来源于实践,反过来又为实践服务。verify-v.校验,核实 e.g.conducted experiments to verify the hypothesis 实验以证实这个假设1.Which industry did JIT originate from at first？Just-In-Time(JIT)is a Japanese management philosophy which
23、has been firstly applied in Japanese manufacturing organizations.It was developed in Toyota manufacturing plants by Taiichi Ohno as a means of meeting consumer demands with minimum delays.2.What is the significance of JIT application?Just-in-time(JIT)is defined as a philosophy of manufacturing based
24、 on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity.It also has been described as an approach with the objective of producing the right part in the right place at the right time,in other words,“just in time”.3.What areas does JIT cover in the whole process of productio
25、n?Typical attention areas of JIT include:Inventory reduction.Smaller production lots and sizes.Quality control.Complexity reduction and transparency.Waste minimization.4.What are the two basic principles of JIT philosophy?Two basic principles of JIT philosophy are the elimination of waste and improv
26、ement of all commercial activities from raw materials to finished product delivery.5.What does JIT mean in logistics and supply chain management?By demanding from the suppliers to deliver inventory to the factory only when its needed,making JIT manufacturing,ordering and delivery processes even spee
27、dier,more flexible and more efficient.In this way,integrated logistics and supply chains are being formed.6.Who can contribute to the JIT application?Through the application of Internet and Supply Chain in modernbusiness,companies have extended Just-in-time manufacturing tooutside the companies.1.JI
28、T2.productivity 3.transparency 4.lead-time 5.Interdependency 6.lean plexity 8.lean production 9.faulty production 10.workload a.the amount of work assigned to or expected from a worker in a specified time period b.products found to be defective c.containing little excess or waste d.difficult to unde
29、rstand or explain e.renamed as stockless production f.a Japanese philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity g.amount of output created in terms of goods produced or services h.considered to be a good character as it shields peo
30、ple from complexity i.the period between a customers order and delivery of the final product j.depending heavily on each other Just-in-time(JIT)is defined as a philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity.It also has been describ
31、ed as an approach with the objective of producing the right part in the right place at the right time,in other words,“just in time”.Waste results from any activity that adds cost without adding value,such as the unnecessary moving of materials,the excess inventory,or the use of faulty production tha
32、t s requires rework.JIT(also known as lean production or stockless production)should improve profits and return on investment by reducing inventory levels,increase the inventory turnover rate,improve product quality,reduce production lead time and delivery time.即时生产是一种基于减少废品，持续提高生产效率的管理哲学。通常描述为,在要求的
33、时间内,在合适的地点,生产出合格的产品的一种方法。不合格的产品可能来自于任何增加了成本而未创造价值的环节中，例如不必要的物料移动，过多的库存，以及由于使用了不合格的产品而造成的再加工等。即时生产也被称为精益生产或无库存生产，通过降低库存水平，提高库存周转率，提高产品质量，减少生产时间和交货时间等方式来提高利润和投资回报率。1.1.即时生产是一种基于减少废品，持续提高生产效率的管理哲学。Just-in-time(JIT)is defined as a philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and
34、 on continuous improvement of productivity.2.2.即时生产最初应用于日本的生产制造企业。JIT was firstly applied in Japanese manufacturing organizations.3.即时生产强调零库存,零缺陷,降低生产周期,缩短交货时间。JIT focuses on zero inventory,no defects,reduced lead time,and short delivery time.4.4.即时生产的另一个重要目的是排除检验。Another goal of JIT is the eliminat
35、ion of inspections.5.5.即时生产的理念已延伸至整个生产过程。Just-In-time philosophy has extended into the whole process of production.Focus on Public Transportation The government is gearing up to play a bigger role in developing public transportation,according to a document jointly released by four ministries on Satu
36、rday.The document,released by the National Development and Reform Commission and the ministries of construction,finance and labour and social security,describes the development of public transportation as a priority and calls for favourable policies to promote its expansion.Qiu Baoxing,vice-minister
37、 of construction,said at the National Conference of Public Transport Development on Saturday that public transportation is the surest way to ease traffic congestion,which has plagued Chinas major cities in recent years.The document says the government should be the main investor in construction proj
38、ects in the public transportation sector.It calls on the government to set up investment,subsidy and compensation systems to promote its development The central government is also looking to subsidize public transport enterprises to offset the burden of future increases in petroleum prices.The gover
39、nment will also do an annual audit and appraisal of public transport enterprises operations and implement a performance-based subsidy system to reward those enterprises that do well in the appraisals.Qiu said the average speed of vehicles on Beijing s main roads had fallen by half in the past decade
40、,and that 60 per cent of the citys main intersections suffer from serious traffic congestion.The rapid increase in the number of automobiles on the roads has placed great pressure on Beijings traffic conditions,resources and environment,said Ji Lin,vice-mayor of Beijing.Treating the development of p
41、ublic transportation as a priority is one of the citys long-term strategies.”Ji said the number of vehicles plying Beijings streets has hit 2.82 million and is still increasing at the rapid rate of 1,000 new cars per day.It is unrealistic to attempt to resolve the citys traffic jams simply by wideni
42、ng roads because any effort to widen the roads would lag behind the increase in automobiles,said Wang Fengwu,an official with the Ministry of Construction.Wang said the ministry wanted public transportation to account for a third of the transportation available in the countrys main cities within the
43、 next five years.At present,public transportation accounts for only about 10 per cent.Wang said the ministry was considering changing the traffic signal system in some cities to favour public transportation.For example,buses could get longer green lights at intersections.According to statistics from
44、 the World Bank,the average speed of vehicles on the main roads between Beijings second and third ring roads during rush hours fell to 10 kilometre-per-hour(kph)last year from 45 kph in 1994.That is slower than bicycles.The economic losses caused by traffic congestion reached 250 billion Yuan(US$31.
45、25 billion),accounting for 2 per cent of the years GDP 1.()According to a joint-release,the public is recognized to play an important role in transportation.2.()Chinese government should be the main investor in construction projects.3.()The average speed of vehicles on Beijings main roads had fallen
46、 in the past decade,and 60 per cent of the past in terms of speed.4.()Treating the development of public transportation as a priority is one of the citys long-term strategies.5.()The national economy is geared up by more automobiles on the road according to the article.1.According to the 4 ministrie
47、s,_ is a favorable policy to promote national expansion.A.manufacturing of vehicleB.public road constructionC.rapid increase in the number of automobilesD.development of public transportation2._ causes the economic losses of China nowadays along the development.A.Disordered investment B.The policies
48、 from the 4 national ministries C.Traffic congestion D.Public roads construction 3.The government promotes its traffic development through _.A.national investment B.government subsidy C.setting up traffic priority D.investment,subsidy and compensation systems 4._ is plaguing Chinas major cities in r
49、ecent years from the article.A.Public transportation B.Too many automobiles on road C.Government subsidy and compensation on traffic D.Traffic congestion 5.The central government subsidized public transport enterprises _.A.to ease the public traffic burden B.to widen the public roadsC.as a long term
50、 strategy D.to offset the burden of future increases in petroleum prices Premium Freight Makes JIT Fit Just-in-time(JIT)manufacturing is a tremendous advantage when everything works perfectly.But what happens when the supply chain falls out of sync-when an overseas supplier has equipment problems,en
