1、1Lecture 2袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar2Subject-verb agreement（主谓一致）（主谓一致）v“语法一致原则”grammatical concordv“意义一致原则”notional concordv“就近原则”principle of proximity袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar3Grammatical Concord（语法一致原则语法一致原则）vIt refers to the rule that the verb must match its subject in number.A singular subject demands a singular
2、 verb;a plural subject demands a plural verb.Every day is a good day!Many students are gathering around.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar4v It refers to the rule that the verb can sometimes agree with the subject according to the notion of the number rather than to the actual presence of the grammatical marker for t
3、hat notion.Two weeks seems too short for his holiday.The government have decided to raise the bottom line for the income tax to 1600 yuan.Notional concord（意义一致原则）（意义一致原则）袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar5Proximity（就近原则）（就近原则）vIt refers to the agreement of the verb with a closely preceding noun phrase in preference t
4、o agreement with the head of the noun phrase that functions as subject.Either my brothers or my father is coming.Neither Peppa nor I am going袁谦袁谦2014 GrammarNot only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another A.is B.are Cam Dbe Either she or you_ going to visit Beijing.
5、A.is B.are Cam DbeNeither my wife nor I myself _ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind Ais B.are Cam Dbe袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar我们教室里有一台电视机和56张桌子。There are 56 desks and one television in our classroom.There is one television and 56 desks in our classroom.存在句:There be.结构 Here There+Verb A and B A,B
6、 and C袁谦袁谦2014 GrammarOne or two days _ enough to see the city Ais Bare Cam Dbe Not the teacher，but the students _ looking forward to seeing the film Ais Bare Cam Dbe9Pre-test 1袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar10v 1.Diabetes _ a kind of chronic disease.v is/are v 2.The Alps _ the greatest mountain range in Europe.is
7、/are v 3.Skittles _ been a popular game.v has/have v 4.To an outsider,the economics of this country _ to be in disarray.v seem/seems袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar11Nouns ending in s以以-s结尾的名词单复数问题结尾的名词单复数问题 1.diseases and games ending in-s(singular)(疾病与游戏名称疾病与游戏名称)()(单数单数)eg.diabetes,rabies,mumps,bronchitis,arthri
8、tis；darts(投镖游戏)，marbles(打弹子游戏)Exceptions:measles;rickets(both singular and pl.);cards(pl.)袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar12 2.subjects names ending in-ics(singular)(学科名称学科名称)()(单数单数)e.g.Politics is the study of government.e.g.What is/are your politics?Athletics have been greatly promoted at this college.(体育运动)Exce
9、ption:(when used for other meanings)袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar13 3.Geographical names ending in-s (地理名称地理名称)countries or political organizations(singular)e.g.the United Nation,the Netherlands The United States is a country of people with varied origins.names of archipelagoes,mountains ranges,straits and falls
10、(pl.)e.g.the West Indies（西印度群岛）the Himalayas （喜马拉雅山脉）the straits of Gibraltar（直布罗陀海峡）the Niagara Falls （尼亚加拉大瀑布）袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar14 4.other nouns ending in-s a.names of things made of two parts pl.v scissors,trousersv Joes trousers are black and white.This pair of trousers costs/cost fifty dollars.Tw
11、o pairs of pliers is/are missing from my tool box.Determined by the number form of the unit nouns袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar15 b.nouns usually taking plural endings(25)v e.g.archives,arms,clothes,contents，eaves,fireworks,goods,minutes,morals,stairs,suburbs,thanks,wages pl.c.nouns ending in-ings e.g.earnings,cl
12、ippings,diggings,surroundings,lodgings pl.1.The contents of this book is/are most fascinating.2.His thanks was/were most profuse.3.The clippings of the hedges is/are usually burnt.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar16d.Nouns whose singular and plural number share the same form,such as headquarters,means,series,species
13、:plural used in the plural sensesingular used in the singular sense?The only means to achieve justice is/are the law.?All means has/have been tried out to save her life.?A new species of mammal has/have been found.?Altogether,about 450 species of flatfish is/are known.17Pre-test 2袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar181
14、.The British police has/have only very limited powers.2.That green foliage was/were restful.3.The football team is/are being reorganized.4.The football team is/are having baths and is/are then coming back here for tea.5.That suite of furniture he bought was/were quite expensive.6.Can you see that hu
15、ge flock of birds in the distance?It/They is/are coming this way.7.The poultry is/are kept in the backyard.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar19 Collective nouns usually used as plural police,people,cattle,militia,poultry,vermin e.g.Domestic cattle provide us with milk,beef and hides.Collective nouns usually used as s
16、ingular foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise e.g.The merchandise has arrived undamaged.All the machinery in the factory is made in China.Collective nouns as subject集体名词单复数问题集体名词单复数问题袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar20 Collective nouns used either as plural or as singularv family;audience;class;crowd;pub
17、lic;group;committee;government;etc.v There is a large audience tonight.v The audience is/are listening to a Beethoven symphony.v The government is/are doing its best to boost production.v The government has/have discussed the matter for a long time but they show no signs of reaching an agreement.袁谦袁
18、谦2014 Grammar 由集体名词由集体名词,如如group,family,class,government,team,public,enemy,crowd,audience,club,party,crew等作主语时等作主语时,如果看如果看成一个整体，谓语动词用成一个整体，谓语动词用单数单数形式形式,如果看成其中各成如果看成其中各成员，则用员，则用复数复数形式形式.His family isis very large.他家是一个大家庭。他家是一个大家庭。His family areare music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。他的家人都是音乐爱好者。意义一致：袁谦袁谦2014
19、GrammarThe group _ made up of nine students.The group_ dancing happily.isare袁谦袁谦2014 GrammarThe team _ some good players.(have)The team _ handsome.(be)hasare袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar Choose the correct verb form to complete the following sentences.1.The research group (is,are)made up of five people.2.What (d
20、o,does)the group want for their lunch?3.Our family (is,are)not poor any more.4.He has to worry.His family (is,are)waiting for him.5.The class (is,are)more than forty in number.isdoisareis袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar6.The class (have,has)disagreed among themselves about where they should go and have a picnic.7.T
21、he government (has,have)spent more than two million yuan in planting trees.8.The city government (has,have)different opinions about next years plan.havehashave9.The police_(is,are)searching for the thief.are袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar26A committee of a panel of +plural noun singular a(the)board of1.A Committee
22、 of five men and three women is to consider the matter.2.The board of directors is responsible for the management of the company.?The Board of Directors is/are shaking its/their heads at the chairmans speech.I think it/they disapproves/disapprove of what he is saying.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar27Coordinate sub
23、ject 各种连词结构中单复数问题各种连词结构中单复数问题v1.and/bothand(pl.）e.g.:Fishing and hunting are mainly out-door sports.Rain,hail and wind have caused an estimated$22,000,000 damage to crops and livestock.袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar语法一致：当主语由and连结时，如果表示同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，此时and后面的名词无冠词。如 表示不同的人或物时,谓语动词用复数，此时and后面的名词有冠词。The worker and
24、 writer _(be)from Wuhan.那个工人兼作家 The worker and the writer _(be)from Beijing.那位工人和那位作家 isare袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar29Coordinate subject 各种连词结构中单复数问题各种连词结构中单复数问题 Exceptions:Every boy and every girl in this room is entitled to a copy.用用 and 连接的并列主语被连接的并列主语被each,every,many a 或或no修饰时，谓语动词修饰时，谓语动词 用单数。用单数。袁谦袁谦20
25、14 Grammar302.当用作主语的两个名词或代词由当用作主语的两个名词或代词由 or,eitheror,neithernor 或或 not only but also 连接时连接时,谓谓语通常与邻近的保持一致语通常与邻近的保持一致.(principle of proximity)(就近原则就近原则)袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar31When either and neither act as correlative conjunctions,the subject that is closer to the verb determines the number(singular or
26、plural form)of the verb.Neither the principal nor the teachers are at fault.Either the teachers or the principal has to be responsible for the year-end festival.Has either the President or his aides been in touch with you?袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar32In formal writing,when either and neither appear as a subjec
27、t alone(without their sidekicks or and nor),they are singular.This is true even though the subject seems to be two things.Neither of these choices appears to be satisfactory.The purchasing office will lend me a company car or compensate me for travel expenses.Either is fine with me.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar3
28、3Coordinate subject 各种连词结构中单复数问题各种连词结构中单复数问题v3.主语中心词主语中心词+as much as/rather than/more than/no less than/as well as/in addition to/along with,together with 视中心词单、复数而定视中心词单、复数而定 Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.Mike,together with his sisters,was hurt in the acci
29、dent.Man,no less than the lower forms of life,is the product of the evolutionary process.My wife,more than anyone else in the family,is anxious to go there again.袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar当主语后面跟有as well as,as much as,no less than,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides,including等引导的词
30、组时，其谓语动词的单、复数由主语的单、复数而定。1.The teacher with two students _ at the meeting.(was/were)2.E-mail,as well as the telephones,_ an important part in daily communication.A.is playing B.have played C.are playing D.play wasA就远原则袁谦袁谦2014 GrammarvA Av 谓语动词与第一个主语谓语动词与第一个主语A A保持一致保持一致v All All butbut one _(be)here
31、 just now.one _(be)here just now.v A library A library with with five thousand books _(be)offered to the five thousand books _(be)offered to the nation as a gift.nation as a gift.v A peasant A peasant together withtogether with some soldiers some soldiers _(be)_(be)about to help about to help us.us.
32、withwithalong withalong withtogether withtogether withbesidesbesidesbutbutexceptexceptincludingincludingas well asas well asrather thanrather thanBwereisis袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar1Nobody but Betty and Mary _ late for class yesterday Awas Bwere Chas been Dhave been2A woman with some children _ soon Ais comin
33、g Bare coming Chas come Dhave come3.Everything,including the clothes,_ stolen that evening.A.is B.was C.are D.were袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar4No one except my parents _ anything about this。Aknow Bknows Cis known Dare known5The teacher as well as the students _ the book already Ahas read Bhave read Care reading
34、 Dis reading6All but one _ in the accident Awas killed Bwere killed Cwill be killed Dare killed 袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar38Expressions of quantity as subject 表示数量的名表示数量的名词词组的单复数问题词词组的单复数问题v1.a.definite quantity as subject (single unit singular;individuals-plural)e.g.:A hundred dollars is not too much for a r
35、ich man.There are only a hundred dollars left.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar39Expressions of quantity as subject 表示数量的名表示数量的名词词组的单复数问题词词组的单复数问题v1.b.“a fraction/percentage+of-phrase”;(“分数分数/百分数百分数+of”)(noun-number)e.g.:Two-thirds of the city has been flooded.Ninety per cent of the students are girls.袁谦袁谦2012 Gramm
36、ar40Expressions of quantity as subject 表示数量的名表示数量的名词词组的单复数问题词词组的单复数问题vc.one in/one out of+plural noun(singular-formal,plural-informal)e.g.:One in ten students has/have failed the exam.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar41v2.Indefinite quantity as subject a.“all of/some of/none of/half of/most of/lots of/plenty of+n.”(
37、noun-number)视中心词而定视中心词而定 袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar42The verb that accompanies pronouns such as all and some will be determined by whether the pronoun is referring to something that is COUNTABLE or not.Some of the students in the cafeteria have voted already.Some of the grain was ruined by the flood.“Students
38、”is countable,but we cannot count“the grain”;it is one lump,one quantity.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar43none none 1.None of them 1.None of them has/havehas/have arrived yet.arrived yet.2.None of the money2.None of the money is is mine.mine.袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar44None is usually regarded as singular,but it can be used
39、 as a plural pronoun.None of the representatives has indicated how he or she will vote.OR None of the representatives have indicated how they will vote.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar45v2.Indefinite quantity as subject b.“a portion of/a series of/a pile of/a panel of/a committee of +n.”(singular)用单数用单数 e.g.:A seri
40、es of scandals has been reported.c.many a/more than one(singular)用单数用单数 e.g.:Many a man has devoted his life to science.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar46v2.Indefinite quantity as subject d.a kind/sort/type of,this kind/sort/type of(singular)用单数用单数 these kinds of,many/several kinds of (plural)用复数用复数 e.g.:This kind
41、of man annoys me.These sort(s)of machines are up to date.There are several sorts of cheese for sale in the shop.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar47Expressions of quantity as subject 表示数量的名表示数量的名词词组的单复数问题词词组的单复数问题v2.Indefinite quantity as subject ve.“an average of/a majority of”(noun-number)e.g.:An average of 100 new
42、 babies are born every day.An average of 20 deaths in an air crash is not unusual.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar48A nominal clause as subject 分句作主语的单复数问题分句作主语的单复数问题a.a nominal clause as subject(singular)分句做主语一般分句做主语一般用单数用单数：What happened at that moment is unknown.Whether well go depends on the weather.我们是否去要取决于天气
43、的好坏。我们是否去要取决于天气的好坏。袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar49A nominal clause as subject 分句作主语的单复数问题分句作主语的单复数问题b.Coordinated nominal clauses(notional principle)e.g.What happened and how it happened at that moment are unknown.“SVC”What is the most attractive to him are plenty of books to read.What are often regarded as pois
44、onous fungi are in fact edible.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar50A non-finite clause as subject 非限定分句作主语的单复数问题非限定分句作主语的单复数问题a.A non-finite clause as subject(singular)非限定分句作主语一般非限定分句作主语一般用单数用单数:e.g.Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯。晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯。To see is to believe.眼见为实。眼见为实。b.Coordina
45、ted non-finite clauses(notional principle)e.g.Reading Ibsen and solving a quadratic equation are entirely different assignments.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar51Subject-verb concord in relative clauses 定语从句里的单复数问题定语从句里的单复数问题Grammatical principlee.g.He is one of the boys who are crazy about football.He is the only
46、one of the boys who is willing to help others.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar52Subject-verb concord in cleft-sentences 强调句里的单复数问题强调句里的单复数问题the focal element-numbere.g.It is he that is able to answer the question.It is I who am to blame.It is me who is to blame.袁谦袁谦2012 Grammar53Subject-verb concord in existential
47、sentences 存在句里的单复数问题存在句里的单复数问题The“notional subject”-numbere.g.Here is the book you ordered.There is no one at the office.A coordinate construction as the notional subject proximityprinciplee.g.There is a table and some flowers in the room.袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar54theadj.作主语作主语v theadj.,表示表示一类人一类人，谓语动词用，谓语动
48、词用复数复数，如，如the old,the young,the rich,the poor等等v the+adj.,表示表示某个人某个人或或一类抽象的事物一类抽象的事物，谓语动词用，谓语动词用单数单数，如，如the beautiful,the good等等v The old _ taken good care of in our society.v The rich _ for the decision but the poor are against it.v The wounded _ a young boy.v The beautiful _not always the same as
49、the good.arearearearewaswasis is袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar55主谓一致精练与解析1.More than one person here _ with the disease.A.has been infected B.have been infected C.has been infecting D.have been infecting由more than one 修饰单数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数又如：More than one man was injured in the accident.More than one house has been
50、 repaired.2.One or perhaps more pages _ missing.A.is B.are C.has been D.have been由or连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与靠近它的主语一致。又如：Are you or he to drive?Was she or you there?袁谦袁谦2014 Grammar563.An expert,together with some assistants,_ to help in this work.A.was sent B.were sent C.is sending D.are sending由 with，t
