1、 跟单信用证法律实务跟单信用证法律实务厦门大学法学院厦门大学法学院肖伟肖伟2007 年年 5 月月2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved2主要内容主要内容nUCP600与UCP500的比较分析nUCP600实施中的法律实务n最高法院司法解释评析n最高法院司法解释法律实务2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved3UCP600UCP600产生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程n信用证统一惯例修订进程的“十年之痒十年之痒”n1933年国际商会第82号出版物n1952年国际商会第151号出版物n1962年国际商会第222号出版物n1973年国际商会第
2、290号出版物n1983年国际商会第400号出版物n1993年国际商会第500号出版物（仍在实施中）n2006年国际商会第600号出版物（计划于2007年7月实施）2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved4UCP600UCP600产生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程nUCP600UCP600修订的背景修订的背景n自UCP500生效以来，银行实务中围绕500产生的争议层出不穷*。为此，ICC于2002年初成立UCP修订工作小组，提出修订UCP500的动议。n国际商会有关UCP500的系列出版物nPosition Paper No.1,2,3,4（修改/议付/非单据化条件/
3、运输单据）nPublication No.515/535/565/596nURR525/ISP98/ISBP/Eucp *国际商会银行技术委员会遗憾而且关切地注意到，在UCP500实施以后，一些银行错误地解释和应用UCP500的一些条文。由于未能正确地运用这些条文，其结果严重防碍了按照UCP500开立的跟单信用证的使用。（Charles del BushChairman,ICC Commission on Banking Technique and Practice.Adopted from Foreword of Position Paper 1,2,3,4）2023-2-9Yuqiang
4、Copyright Reserved5UCP600UCP600产生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程n在2002年4月的ICC银行委员会会议上，各国代表对何时、如何修订UCP500未达成一致意见（我国赞成立即开始修订），但一致同意先对产生最多争议的七个条款进行评议。因为ICC提出的专家意见中超过58集中在UCP500这七个条款上。2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved6UCP600UCP600产生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程n在2002年10月ICC银行委员会会议上，银行委员会技术顾问GARY GARY COLLYERCOLLYER提供了一份评议七条条款的报告：n第九条
5、 开证行与保兑行的责任（共二十六次）n第十三条 审核单据的标准（共四十三次）n第十四条 不符点单据与通知（共六十次）n第二十一条 对单据出单人或单据内容未作规定（共二十九次）n第二十三条 海运提单（共四十七次）n第三十七条 商业发票（共二十六次）n第四十八条 可转让信用证（共三十一次）2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved7UCP600UCP600产生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程n多份研究报告显示，高比例、高频率发生的信用证拒付现象日益危机信用证在国际结算中的地位。nIN THE EVENT THAT THE DOCUMENTS PRESENTED WITH DI
6、SCREPANCY,A DISCREPANT FEE OF USD60.00 OR EQUIVALENT WILL BEN DEDUCTED FROM THE PROCEEDS.2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved8UCP600UCP600产生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程nFrom Introduction of UCP500：单据不符是信用证支付方式下一种极为普遍的现象，从1993年修订的跟单信用证统一惯例的前言可以看出：“一些调查表明，大约一些调查表明，大约5 5跟单信用证下的单据因与信用证不符或表面不符而被跟单信用证下的单据因与信用证不符或表面不符而被拒付
7、，这降低了跟单信用证的效力，对参与有关产品交拒付，这降低了跟单信用证的效力，对参与有关产品交易的各方产生财务影响，增加了成本，减少了进口商、易的各方产生财务影响，增加了成本，减少了进口商、出口商和银行的利润。有关跟单信用证的诉讼案激增也出口商和银行的利润。有关跟单信用证的诉讼案激增也引起了人们极大的关注。引起了人们极大的关注。”2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved9UCP600UCP600产生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程nFrom Introduction of UCP600：When work on the revision started,a number
8、of global surveys indicated that,because of discrepancies,approximately 70%of documents presented under letters of credit were being rejected on first presentation.This obviously had,and continues to have,a negative effect on the letter of credit being seen as a means of payment and,if unchecked,cou
9、ld have serious implications for maintaining or increasing its market share as a recognized means of settlement in international trade.n结论：信用证正日益成为拒付的工具。结论：信用证正日益成为拒付的工具。2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved10UCP600UCP600产生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程nUCP600修订的过程n2003年5月，ICC正式授权ICC银行委员会启动UCP500修订工作n修订工作的三层组织架构：nThe
10、drafting Group（起草小组）nThe Consulting Group（咨询小组）nICC national committees（国家委员会）2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved11UCP600UCP600产生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程nThe drafting Group小组成员n共10位成员，其中8位来自欧洲，其余两位分别来自美国和新加坡n小组主席：Gary Collyer-ABN AMRO Bank N.V.,London,EnglandnThe Consulting Group小组成员n小组由来自26个国家的40余位专业人士组成n小组成员
11、来自银行、运输及物流、保险等不同行业2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved12UCP600UCP600产生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程nUCP600修订的过程nFIRST STEP-REVISION PROCESSFIRST STEP-REVISION PROCESS：n全面回顾UCP500实施以来ICC发布的各类出版物、意见书及决定，吸收其中的合理条款。n关于正本单据n关于开证申请人与受益人详细地址n关于预装船提单装运日期的确认2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved13UCP600UCP600产生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程nSEC
12、OND STEP-GENERAL OBJECTIVESECOND STEP-GENERAL OBJECTIVE：n全面反映近年来国际银行业、运输业和保险业出现的变化，并体现一定的前瞻性；n五个银行工作日n删除了运输行单据条款n明确了保险单据可以由代理人（proxies）出具2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved14UCP600UCP600产生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程n全面检讨UCP500中的条款结构和文字措辞。n从A组到G组分类的模块式组合到流水式条款n通俗易懂、简约化的措辞 nNominated bank means the bank authorized
13、in the credit to honour or negotiate or,in the case of a freely available credit,any bank.(UCP Draft June)nNominated bank means the bank with which the credit is available or any bank in the case of a credit available with any bank.(UCP Final Version)2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved15UCP600UCP600产
14、生的背景及过程产生的背景及过程nTHIRD STEP-CO-OPERATIONTHIRD STEP-CO-OPERATION：n建立稳定的三级合作机制nThis revision of the UCP represents the culmination of over three years of extensive analysis,review,debate and compromise amongst the various members of the Drafting Group,the members of the Banking Commission and the respe
15、ctive ICC national committees.From Gary Collyer2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved16UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析nAdvising banknApplicantnBanking daynBeneficiarynComplying presentationnConfirmationnConfirming banknCreditnHonournIssuing banknNegotiationnNominated banknPresentationnPresenter第一次系
16、统地对有关信用证的第一次系统地对有关信用证的1414个概念进行了定义个概念进行了定义2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved17UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析nArticle 2 Definitions nFor the purpose of these rules:nAdvising bank means the bank that advises the credit at the request of the issuing bank.nApplicant means the party on whose reques
17、t the credit is issued.2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved18UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析nBanking day means a day on which a bank is regularly open at the place at which an act subject to these rules is to be performed.nBeneficiary means the party in whose favour a credit is issued.2023-2-9Yuq
18、iang Copyright Reserved19UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析nComplying presentation means a presentation that is in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit,the applicable provisions of these rules and international standard banking practice.nConfirmation means a definite undertaking
19、of the confirming bank,in addition to that of the issuing bank,to honour or negotiate a complying presentation.2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved20UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析nConfirming bank means the bank that adds its confirmation to a credit upon the issuing banks authorization or reques
20、t.nCredit means any arrangement,however named or described,that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank to honour a complying presentation.2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved21UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析nHonour means:na.to pay at sight if the credit
21、is available by sight payment.nb.to incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment.nc.to accept a bill of exchange(“draft”)drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity if the credit is available by acceptance.2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved
22、22UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析nHonour means:na.to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment.nb.to incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment.nc.to accept a bill of exchange(“draft”)drawn by the beneficiary and pay at
23、 maturity if the credit is available by acceptance.2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved23nArticle 19.Bank-to-Bank Reimbursement Arrangementsna.If an Issuing Bank intends that the reimbursement to which a paying,accepting or negotiating bank is entitled,shall be obtained by such bank(the Claiming Bank)
24、,claiming on another party(theReimbursing Bank),it shall provide such Reimbursing Bank in good time with the proper instructions or authorization to honour such reimbursement claims.(UCP500)n 第十九条 银行间的偿付约定na开证行如欲通过另一银行（偿付行）对付款行、承兑行或议付行（均称“索偿行”）履行偿付时，开证行应及时向偿付行发出对此类索偿予以偿付的适当指示或授权。2023-2-9Yuqiang Copy
25、right Reserved24nhono(u)rhono(u)r n英汉简明辞典 nn.尊敬,敬意,荣誉,光荣nvt.尊敬,给以荣誉n现代英汉综合大辞典nvt.给.以光荣;礼遇;赐给n尊敬;崇拜n【商】承兑;兑现n hono(u)rhono(u)r a check a check 承兑支票2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved25UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析nHonour means:na.to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment.nb.to
26、 incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment.nc.to accept a bill of exchange(“draft”)drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity if the credit is available by acceptance.2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved26UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比
27、较分析nIssuing bank means the bank that issues a credit at the request of an applicant or on its own behalf.nNegotiation means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts(drawn on a bank other than the nominated bank)and/or documents under a complying presentation,by advancing or agreeing to advance f
28、unds to the beneficiary on or before the banking day on which reimbursement is due to the nominated bank.2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved27UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析n关于议付关于议付nUCP500 Article 10（信用证的种类）（信用证的种类）nNegotiation means the giving of value for Draft(s)and/or document(s)by the bank
29、 authorized to negotiate.Mere examination of the documents without giving of value does not constitute a negotiation.2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved28UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析 UCP500 Article 9（开证行与保兑行的责任）（开证行与保兑行的责任）nAn irrevocable Credit constitutes a definite undertaking of the Issui
30、ng Bank,provided that the stipulated documents are presented to the Nominated Bank or to the Issuing Bank and that the terms and conditions of the Credit are complied with:If the Credit provides for negotiation to pay without recourse to drawers and/or bona fide holders,Draft(s)drawn by the Benefici
31、ary and/or document(s)presented under the Credit2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved29UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析nICC Position Paper No 2（第二号意见书）（第二号意见书）nThe Banking Commission wishes to clarify that for the purposes of UCP 500,the phrase giving of value in sub-Article 10(b)(ii)may be interpr
32、eted as either making immediate payment(e.g.by cash,by cheque,by remittance through a Clearing System or by credit to an account)or (other than giving a deferred payment undertaking or accepting a draft).2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved30UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析 ICC Publication No.459：
33、关于追索权：关于追索权n议付行在任何情况下均享有追索权，除非该行保兑了信用证议付行在任何情况下均享有追索权，除非该行保兑了信用证（The Commission finally decided to make a distinction between credits available through payment and credit available through negotiation.As to the former(available through payment),any recourse by the advising bank vis-vis the beneficia
34、ry was to be excluded if it had not expressed a reservation when making its payment.As to the latter credits(available through negotiation),the advising bank always had a right of recourse,unless it had confirmed the credit”.）2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved31UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析 I
35、CC Publication No.596 R259：议付的追索权n银行提供议付时所要求的条件，即是否保留追索权，不能由ICC来裁定。那些条件取决于当地法律及议付行与出口商之间的关系。n应由受益人来决定是否接受那些条件并在“保留追索”的条件下取得款项。n在这些情况下，受益人最好使信用证可自由议付，以使他们能够把单据提交给一家一旦接受单据将始终信守决定的被指定银行。2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved32n议付定义的演变议付定义的演变nUCP500：Negotiation means the giving of value for Draft(s)and/or d
36、ocument(s)by the bank authorized to negotiate.Mere examination of the documents without giving of value does not constitute a negotiation.nUCP600：Negotiation means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts(drawn on a bank other than the nominated bank)and/or documents under a complying presentati
37、on,by advancing or agreeing to advance funds to the beneficiary on or before the banking day on which reimbursement is due to the nominated bank.2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved33UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析nNominated bank means the bank with which the credit is available or any bank in th
38、e case of a credit available with any bank.nPresentation means either the delivery of documents under a credit to the issuing bank or nominated bank or the documents so delivered.nPresenter means a beneficiary,bank or other party that makes a presentation.2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved34UCP600UC
39、P600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析n删除了那些表达不确切、内容已过时及与国际贸易实务相删除了那些表达不确切、内容已过时及与国际贸易实务相脱节的条款脱节的条款n条款总数由UCP500的49条缩减为39条，且不再分类n删除了信用证“可撤销”的概念(Art.6 of UCP500)n删除了运输行单据条款(Art.39 of UCP500)n删除了运输单据之“不得含有载运船只仅以风帆为动力的批注”(Art.23 of UCP500)n删除了运输单据之额外费用的列举条款(Art.33 of UCP500)2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved35UCP
40、600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析n确立了新的国际结算实务操作标准确立了新的国际结算实务操作标准n银行审核单据的时间缩短为5天nA nominated bank acting on its nomination,a confirming bank,if any,and the issuing bank shall each have a maximum of five banking days following the day of presentation to determine if a presentation is complying.2023-2-
41、9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved36UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析n明确了受益人对修改保持沉默不等于接受修改明确了受益人对修改保持沉默不等于接受修改nA provision in an amendment to the effect that the amendment shall enter into force unless rejected by the beneficiary within a certain time shall be disregarded.(Art.10)2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyrig
42、ht Reserved37UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析n增加了实务操作性条款增加了实务操作性条款n即使单据遗失，开证行也必须付款（35条）nProvided that the stipulated documents are presented to the nominated bank or to the issuing bank and that they constitute a complying presentation,the issuing bank must honour(Art.7)nAn issuing bank is irrev
43、ocably bound to honour as of the time it issues the credit.(Art.7)nAn issuing bank undertakes to reimburse a nominated bank that has honoured or negotiated a complying presentation and forwarded the documents to the issuing bank.(Art.7)2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved38nAn irrevocable Credit const
44、itutesd a definite undertaking or the issuing Bank,provided that the stipulated documents are presented to the Nominated Bank or to the Issuing Bank and that the terms and conditions of the Credit are complied with(Art.9 of UCP500)n如果发送单证相符单据给开证行的银行是一家被指定银行，而单据在途中如果发送单证相符单据给开证行的银行是一家被指定银行，而单据在途中遗失，那
45、么开证行有责任付款，前提是单据以信用证规定的方式寄送，即遗失，那么开证行有责任付款，前提是单据以信用证规定的方式寄送，即当信用证规定为挂号邮寄时，单据要按那种方式寄送，而不是通过快递公当信用证规定为挂号邮寄时，单据要按那种方式寄送，而不是通过快递公司。以非信用证所要求的方式寄送单据的风险有被指定银行承担，而不是司。以非信用证所要求的方式寄送单据的风险有被指定银行承担，而不是受益人承担。（受益人承担。（ICC632/R429）2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved39nIf a nominated bank determines that a presentatio
46、n is complying and forwards the documents to the issuing bank or confirming bank,whether or not the nominated bank has honoured or negotiated,an issuing bank or confirming bank must honour or negotiate,or reimburse that nominated bank,even when the documents have been lost in transit between the nom
47、inated bank and the issuing bank or confirming bank,or between the confirming bank and the issuing bank.(Art.35)2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved40UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析n拒付电增加了拒付电增加了“持单至申请人放弃不付点持单至申请人放弃不付点”的选的选择择nthe issuing bank is holding the documents until it receives a waiver fro
48、m the applicant and agrees to accept it,or receives further instructions from the presenter prior to agreeing to accept a waiver(Art.16)2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved41UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析n建立了建立了“单据必须满足其功能单据必须满足其功能”的标准的标准nIf a credit requires presentation of a document other than
49、 a transport document,insurance document or commercial invoice,without stipulating by whom the document is to be issued or its data content,banks will accept the document as presented if its content appears to fulfil the function of the required document and otherwise complies with sub-article 14(d)
50、.2023-2-9Yuqiang Copyright Reserved42UCP600UCP600与与UCP500UCP500的比较分析的比较分析nWhen documents other than transport documents,insurance documents and commercial invoices are called for,the Credit should stipulate by whom such documents are to be issued and their wording or data content.If the Credit does
