1、ARFARFConnectorTraining连接器培训Amphenol RF-Leader In RF Technology RF system solution provider covering the entire RF Footprint Only global interconnect company with focused and dedicated RF competencies Extensive RF engineering resources Industry leader defining standards IEEE FAKRA USCAR IEC Unparall
2、eled design and testing capabilitiesType NFAKRA IIIGlobal Manufacturing LocationsTainan,Taiwan(95)Nogales,Mexico(150)Danbury,CT(150)Shenzhen,China(700)Manufacturing CapabilitiesDanburySingle-spindle,Multi-axis Machining CentersAutomatic Bar FeedersLow and Medium VolumeLean and Flexible Manufacturing
3、Manufacturing CapabilityMexicoManual Assembly LineAutomatic AssemblyMedium&High VolumeLow and Medium VolumeManufacturing CapabilitiesARFACapability:CNC Stars CNC Tsugamis HydromatMedium and High VolumeManufacturing CapabilitiesProviding a Global Solution Amphenol RF Danbury Design and development Le
4、an,flexible manufacturing Amphenol RF-Asia Main manufacturing center Capability for full product range High volume machines Localized Design/Re-design capabilityGlobalization of Engineering ResourcesChinaPro/EAnsysAnsoft HFSSSwedenPro/EAnsysUSAPro/EAnsysAnsoft HFSSEase of Access to Information Custo
5、mer InternetOur internet site is used to provide our customers:Product information,including PDF drawings,detailed specs and distributor inventory levelsRF technical libraryQuarterly newsletter which addresses trends in RF market needs,new products and technical issuesContact information for our sal
6、es reps,distributors and internal employeesOverview of markets served highlighting each markets key technologies and our applicable RF solution RF Driving MarketsTechnologies Supported CDMA GPRS/Edge TDMA GSM W-CDMA UMTSWireless Infrastructure MarketApplications:AmplifiersAntennasFiltersJumper Assem
7、bliesLow Noise AmplifiersPower Splitters/CombinersSwitches/RelayWireless Infrastructure MarketMarket Drivers Ericsson Lucent Nokia Nortel PowerwaveRF Solutions 7/16 Type N 1.0/2.3 QMA SMA,SMB,MCX MMCX Semi-Rigid Assemblies RF SwitchOver Mold 7/16&Type NQMATechnologies Supported Satellite Radio Globa
8、l Positioning Systems(GPS)Cellular/PCS Bluetooth Broadband Remote Vehicle Diagnostics/Keyless EntryAutomotive MarketAutomotive MarketRF Solutions FAKRA I Amphenol FAKRA II Size 8 Contacts SMB SMP Mini-UHF MMCX MCXMarket DriversGMDelphiXM Satellite RadioSirius Satellite RadioM/A ComMini-UHFFAKRA IIIB
9、roadband MarketTechnologies Supported Set-Top Boxes Transmission Switches and Routers Cable Modem Termination Systems(CMTS)RF Solutions F Connectors G Connectors AFI Gang Mate Connectors MCXBroadband Market Market Drivers Alcatel Cisco Dell Echostar Motorola BCS RCA Thomson Scientific AtlantaAFI Gan
10、gMateTechnologies Supported Access Points Routers/Switches Notebook PCs PDA PCI Card PCMCIA cards WLAN MarketRF Solutions AMC Series,SMA,SMB,mini 75Ohm SMB LMR Cable Assemblies TNC-MMCX Micro-Cables MC Card MCX,MMCX PCB launchersConnector AnatomyWhat is a Connector?A connector is a device used to co
11、nnect to cables or other devices through which electromagnetic energy is transferred from one place to anotherBody-Contact-InsulatorBodyContactInsulatorConnector Anatomy Lots of changes in a very short length Mechanical rigidityHold Contacts in placePrevent Insulator rotation or lateral movementAdap
12、t to different cable sizesTransform between connector seriesCreates many impedance variations or discontinuities in a very short distanceReflections are important,Attenuation not as importantBodyContactInsulatorConnector AnatomyDiscontinuity Compensation StepsDielectric Support BeadContact BarbSlott
13、ed ContactCable AnatomyWhat is Cable?Cable is a transmission line through which electromagnetic energy is propagated and transferred from one place to anotherJacket-Braid-Shield-Dielectric-Center ConductorConductorDielectricJacketShieldBraidCable Anatomy No changes in a very long length No impedance
14、 changes or discontinuitiesUsually very few reflections,but Attenuation is importantAssistance on the WebAmphenol RF NewsletterTechnical Questions:http:/ Conversion Charts:http:/ internet sitehttp:/Understanding RFTransmission LinesImpedanceFrequency RangeReturn Loss/VSWRInsertion LossPassive Interm
15、odulation DistortionPower Handling-VoltageIsolation-CrosstalkRF LeakageCable Assembly#1.Transmission LineWhat is a transmission line?A transmission line is a conduit by which electromagnetic energy is transferred from one place to anotherCoaxial Cable-Unbalanced Line:Center conductor surrounded by a
16、 concentric dielectric and outer conductor-Most popular type of transmission line#1.Transmission LineWhat is a transmission line?A transmission line is a conduit by which electromagnetic energy is transferred from one place to anotherWaveguide:Rectangular,Circular#1.Transmission LineWhat is a transm
17、ission line?A transmission line is a conduit by which electromagnetic energy is transferred from one place to anotherPlanar Transmission Line:Microstrip,Stripline,Coplanar waveguide are most common#1.Transmission LineWhat is a transmission line?A transmission line is a conduit by which electromagnet
18、ic energy is transferred from one place to anotherTwin Line-balanced line:two parallel conductors separated by a dielectric.#1.Transmission LineDifferential or balanced lines(where neither conductor is grounded):e.g.twin lead,twisted-cable pair,and shielded-cable pair.Single-ended or unbalanced line
19、s(where one conductor is grounded):e.g.concentric or coaxial cable.#1.Transmission LineThe type of transmission line will determine the connector styleCable Connector-Coaxial Cable,Twin LineSurface Mount Connector-MicrostripTab Launch Connector-Microstrip,Stripline,CoplanarEnd Launch Connector-Micro
20、strip,CoplanarPin Launch Connector-Microstrip,Stripline,Coplanar#2.ImpedanceRLRLCGCGLLCC“Lossy”LineLossless LineCjGLjRZoCLZoZoZo#2.ImpedanceCharacteristics of a line is determined by its primary electrical constants or distributed parameters:R(/m),L(H/m),C(F/m),and G(S/m).Characteristic impedance,Z0
21、,is defined as the input impedance of an infinite line or that of a finite line terminated with a load impedance,ZL=Z0.50 and 75 Ohms are the most common impedancesDo not confuse impedance with LOSSA 50 ohm impedance does not have less loss than a 75 ohm impedance.It is not like resistanceImpedance
22、is independent of the length of the cable or connectorImpedance is independent of frequencyThe Impedance will help determine the connector serie Some series are only one impedance:C,SC,HN,7-16 Some series can be both 50 or 75 ohms:BNC,TNC,N#2.ImpedanceFormulas for Common CablesDdDddDZdDCdDLro2ln120;
23、2ln;2lnFor parallel two-wire line:For co-axial cable:dDZdDCdDLroln60;ln2;ln2=or;=or;o=4x10-7 H/m;o=8.854 pF/m#2.ImpedanceCharacteristic Impedance is determined by the geometry and dielectric constant of the transmission line#2.ImpedanceImpedance:The impedance of the connector generally must match th
24、at of the transmission lineNon-Constant50,75 ohm50 ohm75 ohmBNC Twinaxial BNC 7/16 1.6/5.6UHF SMB C,SC,HN Type FTwinaxial MCX Mini-UHF Type G1.0/2.3 MMCX TNC SMAN Outer DiameterInner DiameterDielectric ConstantImpedance .063 .020 2.0 50 Ohms .063 .012 2.0 75 Ohms .276 .120 1.0 50 Ohms#3.Frequency Ra
25、ngeFrequency is the number of electromagnetic waves that pass a given point in 1 secondHertz is the unit of frequency measurementGenerally,the RF performance of a connector degrades as the frequency is increased Wavelength decreases,therefore smaller disruptions cause more problemscfSpecifying the f
26、requency will make it easier for the design engineer to optimize the performanceWhenever possible,dont specify a high frequency connector when a low frequency connector will work do the job#3.Frequency RangeIf a frequency range is not specified,then the connector will be designed to catalog specs an
27、d this could cause the design process to take a lot longerFor example-A customer needs a new SMA to operate up to 12 Ghz.The catalog specifies 18 Ghz for some SMA connectors.If the connector is optimized for 18 Ghz,it will likely take a lot longer than necessary to designGive as much information abo
28、ut the application of the connector to the design engineer as possibleIs it used in a high power,narrow frequency band amplifier?Is it used in a band pass filter?Some Typical Frequencies:House current 50/60 HzAM Radio 500-1500 kHzShortwave Radio 10 MHzTV(channels 2-13)60-250 MHzCellular Phone 824-89
29、4 MHzDigital(PCS)Phone 1850-1990 MHzRadar 6-26 GHzDirect Broadcast Satellite(DBS)12 GHz#3.Frequency RangeFrequency Chart(GHz)#4.Return Loss/VSWRA measure of how much power is reflectedReturn Loss:The portion of a signal that is lost due to a reflection of power at a line discontinuity.Return Loss is
30、 similar to VSWR and is generally preferred in the CATV industry to a VSWR specificationVSWR:Acronym for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio.VSWR is the ratio of voltage applied to voltage reflected.It is the major factor contributing to the total signal efficiency of the connector.Best performance is achie
31、ved when the impedance of the cable and the connector are the same(matched)#4.Return Loss/VSWR Reflections are created by deviations from the characteristic impedance caused by:Variations in machining tolerancesVariations in the dielectric constants of insulatorsTransitions within the connector:i.e.
32、transitioning from the cable size or stepping the connector from one line size to another line size#4.Return Loss/VSWRThe reflection coefficient is defined as:irirIIorEEIt can also be shown that:oLoLZZZZwhere Z0 is the characteristic impedance and ZL is the actual impedance#4.Return Loss/VSWRVmin=Ei
33、-ErWith a mismatched line,the incident and reflectedwaves set up an interference pattern on the line known as a standing wave.The standing wave ratio is:11minmaxVVSWRVmax=Ei+Er2Voltage#4.Return Loss/VSWRReturn Loss,RL=Fraction of power reflected=|2,or-20 log|dBSo,Pr=|2PiMismatched Loss,ML=Fraction o
34、f powertransmitted/absorbed=1-|2 or-10 log(1-|2)dBSo,Pt=Pi(1-|2)=Pi-PrComponentCablePower transmittedinto componentIncident PowerReflected PowerPowerPower TransmittedReturnReflectedinto ComponentLossVSWR1%99%20 dB (1/100=10-2)1.255%95%13 dB1.5810%90%10 dB (10/100=10-1)1.9550%50%3 dB5.80 Try to get a
35、 realistic idea of the Return Loss really required for a specific application Trying to design very low VSWR connectors,when not really needed,can take a long time and can add to the costRelative MagnitudesdB Notation IncreaseDecibel(dB)of SignalEquivalent 1=100=0dB2=100.3=3dB10=101=10dB20=101.3=13d
36、B100=102=20dB1000=103=30dB1/10=10-1=-10dB1/100=10-2=-20dB1/1000=10-3=-30dBRather than say“The gain of the amplifier is 100 times”,we say,“The gain is 20 decibels.”#5.Insertion LossInsertion Loss is expressed in dB,and is a measure of the total loss of power going through a device IL=-20*log(Pout/Pin
37、)Includes losses due to reflection(usually the dominant factor unless the Return Loss is very low-26 dB),plus losses due to the dielectric and metal conductors(Attenuation)Long Cable assembly-Connector insertion loss not usually significantShort cable assembly-Connector insertion loss can be signifi
38、cantTypically,connector insertion loss is very small(.1-.25 dB)#5.Insertion Loss As frequencies increase,the insertion loss increases(as a square law function)Most of the electromagnetic energy(current)travels through the conductors in a circumferential ring Most of it in center conductor,but there
39、is some impact from outer conductor Current flow is restricted to the surface layer or“skin”of the conductor Approximately 98%of the current density travels within 4.6 skin depths#5.Insertion Loss The length of the connector and the materials chosen will impact the insertion loss shorter is better P
40、late the conductors with a high conductivity material Nickel-Inexpensive,hard material with good conductivity,but high relative permeability resulting in higher insertion loss Gold-Hard material and an excellent conductor,but expensive Silver-Excellent conductor,less expensive than gold,better perme
41、ability than nickel,but softer,and tarnishes Stainless Steel-Rugged material for small connectors such as SMA,but steel has high relative permeability#6.Passive Intermodulation Distortion Not well known until mid 1990s Primarily concern to satellite,microwave relay industries Modern Frequency plans
42、High Power levels Sensitive Receivers Spurious Signals created by non-linear mixing of 2 or more frequencies in a passive device Active PIM-generated by amplifiers-is reduced by filtering Passive PIM-filtering not possible Common to many channels Must be low PIM designs#6.Passive Intermodulation Dis
43、tortion Spurious Signals created by non-linear mixing of 2 or more frequencies in a passive device PIM products fall in receive(uplink)band and block Channels 3rd order generally greatest amplitude 5th and 7th may be of concern12IMfmfnf122 ffwhere m=2 and n=1 is a 3rd order product#6.Passive Intermo
44、dulation Distortionf 1=930 Mhz and f2=955 Mhz,then fim=905 Mhz dBm-measure of power relative to 1 milliwatt dBc-measure of dB below a specified carrier level+43 dBm input PIM:-120 dBm Spec:-163 dBc Common Spec is-143 to-163 dBc(-100 to-120 dBm)#6.Passive Intermodulation Distortion#6.Passive Intermod
45、ulation Distortion Causes of PIM Poor Contact Junctions-Non linear rectifying Solder outer-Solder inner-over molded design are best and most stable Ferromagnetic materials-Non-linear hysteresis No Nickel,Stainless Steel Contamination Types of Connectors 7-16 DIN Type N TNC-Occasionally Never use Bay
46、onet(BNC)or Push on styles#7.Power Handling Capability There are 2 types of power handling(expressed in watts)that must be considered Average Power Peak Power Average Power-the input power to a cable/connector which will produce a maximum safe center conductor temperature under steady state conditio
47、ns when terminated with a matched load.A safe center conductor temperature is one that will not melt the dielectric#7.Power Handling Capability Average Power is inversely proportional to frequency and must be derated accordingly Average Power=Power Rating 1 Mhz/(Frequency in Mhz)Connectors generally
48、 have higher power ratings than the cable to which they are attached They have metal shell-cables have braids covered by plastic jackets They can be attached to bulkheads which help dissipate heat They usually have lower attenuation per unit length due to air sections within the connector#7.Power Ha
49、ndling Capability Peak Power-is limited by the voltage rating of the connector.The peak power is determined by the equation V2/Z where V=the peak voltage rating and Z is the characteristic impedance Peak Power is not a function of frequency Peak Power is an inverse function of VSWR and modulation sc
50、hemes and must be derated Peak and Average Power are functions of altitude and must be derated accordingly Maximum power ratings will always be the lesser of the cable/connector combinationMax.Operating Voltage(volts)Used to determine Peak Power Ratings#7.Power Handling Capability#8.Isolation-Crosst
