1、汽车专业英语Unit 22-1 Four Cylinder Inline Gasoline Engine直列四缸汽油机 v1-intake air tank 进气室 2-throttle valve 节气门 v3-cylinder head 气缸盖 4-cylinder 气缸 v5a-exhaust gas manifold with catalytic converter 带催化转化器的排气歧管 v5-cylinder block 气缸体 6-flywheel 飞轮 v7-cylinder jacket 气缸水套 8-piston 活塞 v9-oil pan 油底壳 10-crank sha
2、ft 曲轴 v11-timing belt pulley 正时带轮 12-crank shaft pulley 曲轴带轮 v13-timing belt 正时齿带 14-camshaft 凸轮轴v15-timing belt cover 正时齿带罩 v16-spark plug 火花塞The Inline EnginevWe all know the engine is the heart of the automobile.What is the core of the engine?Yes,its the cylinder.Most cars have more than one cyli
3、nder(four,six and eight cylinders are common).In a multi-cylinder engine,the cylinders usually are arranged in one of three ways:inline,V or flat.vIn an inline engine,the cylinders are arranged in a line in a single bank.The inline arrangement is the simplest and most common one and has many advanta
4、ges.First,the engine has a good stability and more power.Second,the structures of the cylinder block and the crankshaft are very simple and they share only one cylinder head.The cost to manufacture and install is less.vBecause of these advantages,BMW and also many American car manufactures like to u
5、se the inline cylinder engine.This kind of engine is widely used in the cars made in home.2-2 Basic Terms of Engine 发动机基本术语 v TDC=top dead center,top center,outer dead center 上止点v BDC=bottom dead center,bottom center,inner dead center 下止点 v S=piston stroke,piston travel 活塞行程 v Sk=piston clearance fr
6、om TDC 活塞离上止点距离 v r=crank radius 曲柄半径 v =crank angle,crankshaft angle 曲柄角 vVh=swept volume of a cylinder或piston displacement或vcylinder swept volume 气缸工作体积，每缸排量 v VC=combustion volume或 combustion chamber(space)volume 或vcylinder compression volume 燃烧室容积v VC+Vh=cylinder total volume 气缸总容积v（VC+Vh）/VC=co
7、mpression ratio 压缩比 Main TermsvThere are many terms in describing the operations of an automobile engine.Lets see some basic terms.Stroke refers to piston movement.A stroke occurs when the piston moves from one extreme position to the other extreme position inside the engine cylinder.The highest pos
8、ition that the piston reaches inside the cylinder is called TDC(top dead center).Similarly,the lowest position that the piston reaches inside the cylinder is called BDC(bottom dead center).So we can also say a stroke is piston movement from TDC to BDC or vice versa.vDuring the induction stroke,the v
9、olume of air/fuel mixture to fill a single cylinder is swept by the piston;this volume is called the swept volume.During the compression stoke,the swept volume is compressed into a small space above the piston.And at this time,the piston reaches the top of the cylinder.The space is called as the cle
10、arance volume.The clearance volume and the swept volume determine the compression ratio.Generally，a high compression ratio is good for performance and efficiency.2-3 Four-Stroke Engine 四冲程发动机vA-intake stroke或suction stroke 进气行程v The intake valve is open while the exhaust valve is close.进气门开启而排气门关闭。v
11、IV=intake valve 进气门vEV=exhaust valve 排气门vB-compression stroke,compression travel 压缩行程v Both the intake and exhaust valves are close.进气门和排气门均关闭。vC-power stroke,combustion,working stroke,firing stroke,vexpansion stroke 膨胀（作功）行程v Both the intake and exhaust valves are close.进气门和排气门均关闭。vD-exhaust stroke
12、 排气行程v The intake valve is close while the exhaust valve is open.进气门开启而排气门关闭。Four-Stroke Engine CyclevThe four stroke engine was first invented by Nikolaus August Otto(18321891)in 1876,so it is also known as the Otto cycle.The four stroke engine is probably the most common engine type nowadays.It po
13、wers almost all cars and trucks.vThe four strokes of the cycle are intake,compression,power,and exhaust.To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft.A 4-stroke gasoline engine uses internal combustion.vThe intake stroke starts with the exhaust valve closed,the inlet valve op
14、ening,and the piston at its highest point,top dead center.It starts to move down,increasing the volume above the top of the piston.This makes pressure inside the cylinder lower than the pressure outside.This higher outside air pressure forces the air-fuel mixture into the cylinder.The piston reaches
15、 bottom dead center,the inlet valve closes,and the intake stroke ends.v Both intake and exhaust valves stay closed as the piston leaves bottom dead center.The piston moves up,which compresses the volume of the air-fuel mixture.That causes the air/fuel charges temperature to rise,and that makes ignit
16、ion easier and combustion(burning of fuel)more complete.Just before the piston reaches top dead center,ignition occurs.The air expanding in the cylinder pushes the piston down the cylinder.This is the Power stroke that drives the engine.v The piston now moves from bottom dead center to top dead cent
17、er.The exhaust valve opens,and the piston pushes out the leftover gases.v Lets look at a complete 4-stroke cycle：v Intake-takes in air-fuel mixture.v Compression-squeezes the air-fuel mixture into a smaller and smaller volume.v Power-the mixture under pressure is ignited.The air-fuel mixture burning
18、,Expanding gases push the piston down creating a power stroke.v Exhaust-the piston moves upward,forcing burned gases from the chamber.2-4 The Components of Cylinder Head 气缸盖零部件vA-gasket 密封垫（圈）v1-EGR VSV=EGR vacuum switching valve EGR EGR真空开关阀 v EGR=exhaust gas recirculation 废气再循环 v2-EGR valve and va
19、cuum modulator EGR 阀和真空调制器v3-throttle body 节气门体 v4-cold start injector 冷起动喷油器 v5-cold start injector pipe 冷气动喷油器油管 v6-fuel pulsation damper 燃油脉动衰减器v7-delivery pipe 供给管，燃油管 v7a-injector 喷油器 v8-insulator 隔热套 v 9-spacer 隔套 v10-adjusting shim 调整垫片 v11-valve lifter 气门挺柱v12-keeper 锁夹 v 13-spring retainer
20、弹簧座（保持器）v14-valve spring 气门弹簧 v 15-oil seal 油封 vvalve stem seal 气门杆油封v16-spring seat 弹簧垫圈 v17-valve guide(bushing)气门导管v18-valve 气门，气阀 v19-engine hanger 发动机吊钩v20-exhaust manifold 排气歧管 v 21-heat insulator 隔热罩v22-retainer 保持器 v 23-cushion 缓冲器v24-catalytic converter 催化转化器 v25-catalytic converter stay 催化
21、转化器支架 v 26-lower heat insulator 下隔热罩 v27-alternator bracket 发电机支架v28-cylinder head gasket 气缸盖垫片 v29-timing belt cover 正时带罩 v30-cylinder head 气缸盖 v31-snap ring 挡圈，卡坏 v32-wave washer 波形垫圈 v 33-oil seal 油封v34-camshaft sub gear 凸轮轴副齿轮 v 35-camshaft gear spring 凸轮轴齿轮弹簧 v 36-camshaft 凸轮轴 v 36a-intake cams
22、haft 进气凸轮轴 v36b-exhaust camshaft 排气凸轮轴 v 37-camshaft bearing cap 凸轮轴轴承盖 v 38-spark plug 火花塞 v39-cylinder head cover 气缸盖罩v40-intake manifold stay 进气歧管撑条 v v41-air pipe 空气管 v42-intake manifold 进气歧管Cylinder Headv vThe cylinder head fastens to the top of the block,just as a roof of a house.The underside
23、 forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston.The cylinder head carries the valves,and it has ports to allow air,fuel,and exhaust move through the engine.Like the cylinder block,the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.vThe cylinder head is attached to the block with high-
24、tensile steel studs.The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape.Thus,a gasket is used.Head gaskets are made of thin sheets of soft metal or of asbestos and metal.Gaskets are also used to seal joints between other parts,such as between the
25、 oil pan,manifolds,or water pump and the block.2-5 Lubrication System 润滑系统v1-oil pressure switch 油压开关 v2-main oil galley 主油道v3-oil filter,或lubrication oil filter 机油滤清器 v4-oil cooler 机油冷却器 v air oil cooler 风冷式机油冷却器 v5-relief valve 限（释）压阀 v6-suction strainer 吸入口滤网 v oil strainer 机油收集器v pickup pipe and
26、 screen 吸入管和滤网v7-oil pump 机油泵Engine Lubrication SystemvThe engine has many moving parts.The purpose of the lubrication system is to supply lubricant,the oil to all the moving parts of the engine.At the same time,the system separates their surfaces,reduce friction and act as a coolant and detergent.v
27、The lubrication system includes the following parts:the oil pan,oil pump,main oil galleries,oil filters,oil pressure relief valves,oil cooler and oil sensors.The purpose of the oil pan is to hold the excess oil during operation and non-running conditions.The oil pump is to delivering an adequate vol
28、ume of oil around the engine at a suitable pressure.The oil pump operates all the time when the engine is running.Oil filter is used to filter and clean the dirt particles getting into the oil when the engine runs.A pressure regulator valve is used to keep the pressure within the oil system at a con
29、stant maximum value.The oil cooler helps to keep the oil cool.Oil pressure sensors are used to indicate the right amount of pressure of the oil system.2-6 The Fuel System of Diesel Engine 柴油机燃油系统vA-in-line fuel injection pump 直列式喷油泵vB-distributor fuel injection pump 分配式喷油泵v1-fuel tank 燃油箱 v2-governo
30、r 调速器 v3-fuel-supply pump 输油泵 v4-fuel injection pump或injection pump 喷油泵v camshaft fuel injection pump 凸轮轴式喷油泵v4a-in-line fuel injection pump 直列式喷油泵v multi-cylinder fuel injection pump 多缸喷油泵v4b-distributor fuel injection pump 分配式喷油泵v5-injection timing device 喷射正时装置 v6-drive from engine 来自发动机的驱动力 v7-fuel filter 燃油滤清器v8-vent 通气孔 v9-injector 喷油器 v10-fuel return line 回油管v11-overflow line 溢流管
