1、1P.A.ThackerDepartment of Animal ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon,Saskatchewan中文翻译：美国ADM2标题添加点击此处输入相关文本内容点击此处输入相关文本内容总体概述点击此处输入相关文本内容标题添加点击此处输入相关文本内容3Changes in the Swine Industry(1980-2005)Increased Reproductive Efficiency 提高繁殖率Reduced Back Fat Levels 降低背膘厚度Earlier Weaning 早期断奶Muti-Site P
2、roduction 多点生产Larger Operations 规模变大Lower Profit Margins 利润空间变小4Feed Modern Genotypes Differently5Conserve Body Tissue6Consequences of Poor Sow NutritionSmaller Litter Size 窝重小Increased Piglet Mortality 仔猪死亡率增加Lighter Pigs at Weaning 断奶体重轻Lower Conception Rates 受精率低 Longer Weaning to Rebreeding Inte
3、rval 断奶至下一次配种时间间隔长Premature Culling 过早淘汰7 Formulate Diets for Specific Stages of Production8 Developer diets typically contain higher levels of vitamins and minerals than those fed to market animals since the nutritional requirements for growth and reproduction are different.由于生长和繁殖期的营养需要量不同，后备母猪日粮比
4、商品育肥猪的日粮含有更高水平的维生素和微量元素。The higher levels of vitamins and minerals are designed to enhance body reserves of nutrients since breeding animals will remain in the herd for a significantly longer period than market animals.由于种猪比育肥猪饲养时间长，高水平的维生素和微量元素可以保证它们体组织营养物的储备。Gilt Developer Diets9 Locomotor problem
5、s are a common reason for culling and it is important to ensure adequate intakes of calcium and phosphorus.运动问题是造成母猪淘汰的主要原因,但它对保证母猪能摄取足够的钙磷也非常重要。Several research trials have indicated that the calcium and phosphorus requirements for maximal bone mineralization are higher than the requirements for ma
6、ximal growth rate.很多实验研究表明，猪的最大骨质矿化要比最快生长率对钙磷的需要量更高。Diets fed to replacement gilts should be at least 0.1%higher in calcium and total phosphorus than diets fed to market animals beginning at approximately 50 kg body weight.从50kg体重开始，后备母猪日粮的钙磷水平比育肥猪至少要高0.1%。10In addition to higher levels of calcium a
7、nd phosphorus,there is antidotal evidence that supplementing the gilt developer diet with higher levels of copper,zinc,iron,iodine and manganese will increase body reserves of these minerals and may enhance future reproductive performance.后备母猪的日粮除要求额外高水平的钙、磷之外如能再补充高水平的铜、锌、铁、碘、锰微量元素，这将 有助于提高母猪体内对这些矿物
8、 质的储备从而能改善以后的繁殖 表现。11Typical Gilt FinisherDeveloper育肥猪 后备母猪常量元素 Macrominerals(Total)钙 Calcium%0.600.75磷 Phosphorus%0.500.65有效磷 Avail phosphorus%0.200.40食盐 Salt%0.330.40微量元素 Microminerals(Supplemented)铁 Ironmg/kg 50 150铜 Coppermg/kg 10 15锌 Zincmg/kg 90 150碘 Iodinemg/kg 0.14 0.28硒 Seleniummg/kg 0.30 0
9、.30锰 Manganesemg/kg-20Recommendations for Mineral Fortification of a Gilt Developer Diet Compared with a Typical Finisher Diet12The vitamin needs of the reproducing female are also greater than those of the terminal animal.繁殖母猪的维生素需要量比育肥猪高。The typical vitamin premix used in the finishing barn should
10、 be replaced with a“breeder”vitamin premix.要用种猪维生素预混料来代替常用育肥猪饲养期的典型维生素预混料。The breeder premix should contain elevated levels of the fat soluble vitamins A,D,and E and the water-soluble vitamins with special attention to choline,biotin,pyridoxine and folic acid which are usually not supplemented in ty
11、pical finishing rations.种猪维生素预混料应含高水平的脂溶性维生素A、D、E和水溶性多种维生素，特别注意胆碱、生物素、B6、叶酸这些通常不在育肥猪日粮中添加的维生素。Vitamin Levels for Developer Diets13 Typical FinisherGilt Developer 育肥猪 后备母猪Vitamin AIU55008200Vitamin DIU 550 825Vitamin EIU 25 66Vitamin Kmg 2 2Vitamin B12ug 15 25Niacin 烟酸mg 20 20Pantoth Acid 泛酸mg 15 20R
12、iboflavin B2 mg 4 20Choline 胆碱mg 01250Biotin 生物素ug 0 200Folic Acid 叶酸mg 0 1.5Pyridoxine B6mg 0 1.0Recommendations for Vitamin Fortification of a Gilt Developer Compared with a Finisher Diet14The objective of any feeding strategy for gilts should be to introduce replacements into the breeding herd in
13、 such a way that their breeding lifetime and reproductive performance are maximized.后备母猪饲养策略的目标是引进后备猪进入繁殖群后它们均能达到最大程度的繁殖周期和繁殖性能 15It is important that replacement gilts be of sufficient age,size and physiological maturity before breeding.有必要在繁殖前就选用好后备母猪具备足够年龄、大小、生理成熟状态。It is also necessary that they
14、 have adequate reserves of fat and lean in their body at first mating.也必需在第一次配种前考虑所选用的后备母猪具备足够体脂和瘦肉储备。16At least 135 kg live weight 至少135公斤活体重At least 16-20 mm P2 back fat 至少P2背膘厚度16-22毫米At second estrus or later 至少处于第二个发情期或更晚Targets for Gilts at First Mating17Body WeightP2 Backfat at Number of Pigl
15、ets Bornat Mating(kg)Mating(mm)Parity 1Parity 1 to 5配种时体重 P2背脂厚度 初胎产仔数 1-5胎产仔总数11714.6 7.151.012615.8 9.857.313617.710.356.914620.010.559.815722.410.551.716625.3 9.951.3Challinor et al.,1996 Reproductive Performance of Sows According to Body Weight and Back Fat at First Mating18Feeding Replacement G
16、ilts From Herd Entry Until Mating19 For most genotypes of gilts there is no need to do anything special to manipulate body composition.对大多数品种的后备母猪来说没必要故意设法想改变其身体组分。All that will be required will be to feed a gilt developer diet ad libitum from arrival in the breeding herd until mating.从进入繁殖群到配种，最必需的
17、是用后备母猪专用料并采用自由采食方式来饲喂后备母猪。This diet should contain about 3000-3200 kcal of DE/kg and 0.70-0.80%lysine.该日粮应含3000-3200大卡/kg消化能和0.7-0.8%赖氨酸。20 Body Weight of Gilt 后备母猪体重 10-2020-5050-100DE Intake(Mcal/day)3.4 6.409.0消化能（兆卡/天）Crude Protein(%)粗蛋白 20.918.016.3Total Lysine(%)总赖氨酸 1.150.950.75Total Lysine(g
18、/day 天)11.519.022.5g Lysine/Mcal DE 3.382.962.50克赖氨酸/兆卡消化能Adapted from NRC(1998).Assumes ad lib intake and a lean growth potential of 325 g/day假设自由采食、瘦肉生长潜力为325克/天。Nutrient Levels to Maximize Lean TissueGrowth Rates in Developing Gilts21 For genotypes whose growth rate is so rapid that they are like
19、ly to be significantly over the target weight before reaching puberty,it may be necessary to restrict energy intake.在性成熟阶段之前，对于那些生长过快很可能显著超过目标体重的后备母猪品种，有必要限制它们的能量摄入。The objective of restricting energy intake during rearing is to limit mature body size and reduce feet and leg problems associated with
20、 females that become too heavy or too fat.There are two possibilities to accomplish this:饲养管理中限饲能量摄入的目的是限制成熟母猪的体重、减少因母猪超重过肥引发的肢蹄病。通常采用两种方法:1.Restrict Feed Intake(2.4-2.6 kg)限制日采食量2.Reduce Energy Density 降低能量浓度22Effect of High Fibre Gestation Diets on Reproductive PerformanceStandard50%Sugar50%MixedG
21、estation DietBeet PulpFibre Sources 标准怀孕日粮 50%甜菜粕 50%纤维混合物Net Energy Content(MJ/kg)净能含量 9.03 8.496.72Gestation Feed Intake(kg)怀孕猪采食量 281 290368Gestation Energy Intake(MJ NE)2296 22162287怀孕猪摄入净能Lactation Energy Intake(MJ NE)1450 15281438泌乳猪摄入净能Gestation Weight Gain(kg)怀孕猪体增重 58.7 61.667.9Lactation We
22、ight Loss(kg)泌乳猪体失重 8.0 6.3 9.6Pigs Born Alive 出生活仔数 10.8 10.910.7Birth Weight(kg)出生重 1.6 1.51.7Pigs Weaned 断奶仔猪数 9.5 9.39.328 Day Weaning Weight(kg)8.4 8.18.428天断奶重_Vestergaard and Danielsen,1998.Animal Science 68:355-362.Mixed Fibre=Grass meal,wheat bran and oat hulls.混合纤维=干草+麦麸+燕麦壳23Feeding Repla
23、cementGilts Prior To Mating24Feeding Gilts Prior to Mating The objective of the feeding program immediately before mating is to maximize the number of eggs ovulated.在临近配种时饲喂程序的目标是促使排卵数最大化。Ovulation rate is the principle factor limiting litter size in gilts and increasing the level of feed intake pri
24、or to mating will significantly increase ovulation rate.排卵率是限制母猪窝重的主要因子，在配种前提高采食量能显著性地增加排卵效率。Ovulation rate increases by 1-2 ova in response to increased feed intake during the 14-day period immediately prior to ovulation.This is the well know flushing effect.在排卵前14天立即增加采食量，排卵数相应会增加1-2个，这是著名的“冲刷”效果。
25、（最大采食量会导致胃肠的迅速排空，即催情补饲）25 Flushing has been shown to increase plasma levels of FSH and increase the pulse frequency of LH suggesting that flushing enhances ovulation rate by stimulating the secretion of gondotrophins.催情补饲能增加血浆中卵泡刺激素的水平和增加促黄体素的脉冲频率，这表明催情补饲能通过刺激促性腺激素的分泌提高排卵速率。The increase in gonadotro
26、phin secretion is thought to be mediated through plasma levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1).促性腺激素分泌的增加被看作是血浆中胰岛素和胰岛素类似生长因子-1(IGF-1)的水平调节所致。The increase in ovulation rate likely occurs either as result of increased follicle recruitment or a reduction in atresia.排卵速率的增加很可能是由于卵泡增生
27、加强或是卵泡囊萎缩下降所致。26The Effects of Feed Level During the First Estrous Cycle on Litter Size Should feed intake be restricted for any reason during the rearing period,special precautions should be taken to ensure that gilts are fed ad lib(at least 3 kg/day)for the two week period prior to mating.如果在饲养过程中
28、限制饲料采食量，应当在配种前2周采取特别措施来确保后备母猪自由采食(至少3公斤/天)。27Summary of Feeding Replacement Gilts Feed replacement gilts a specialized developer diet rather than a finisher diet to enhance body stores of vitamins and minerals.饲喂后备母猪要使用专门的日粮而不是育肥猪日粮，以促使体组织中维生素和矿物营养元素的贮存。Feed diet containing 3000-3200 kcal DE and 0.7
29、-0.8%lysine ad libitum to ensure adequate reserves of fat and lean at mating.日粮应含3000-3200大卡/千克消化能和0.7-0.8%赖氨酸并自由采食,确保配种时母猪体脂肪和肌肉的储备。For some genotypes,it may be necessary to restrict feed intake to reduce feet and leg problems associated with females getting too heavy or fat.对某些品种有必要限制采食量，减少由于母猪超重过
30、肥引起的肢蹄病。If for any reason feed intake is restricted,feed gilts ad libitum(3.0 kg)for two week period prior to mating.如果由于某种原因采食量受到限制，应当在配种前2周确保后备母猪自由采食(至少3公斤/天)。282930 Minimize embryo mortality 减少胚胎死亡率 Provide nutrients for fetal growth 提供胎体生长营养 Provide nutrients for the growth of the uterus and mam
31、mary glands 提供子宫和乳腺生长发育营养 Allow for maternal growth 维持母猪的生长 Replenish body reserves depleted during the previous lactation 补充泌乳前期体储存营养物的损失 Set the sow up metabolically for the ensuing lactation调节母猪身体代谢状况为随后的泌乳做准备31Goal is to have the sow produce a large,healthy litter with a high probability of surv
32、ival and with the potential for rapid and efficient growth.目标是确保母猪产仔窝重大、健康、成活率高、具快速生长效率的潜力。32Approaches to Gestation FeedingNorth American System 北美系Danish System 丹麦系33Feeding Pattern During Gestation(North American System)34North American SystemIn this system,there are three major phases where feed
33、 intake is adjusted.They are:其中有三个调整采食量的主要阶段，它们是：Early gestation where the focus is on embryo survival(first two weeks)怀孕早期关注胚胎成活率（0-2周）Mid-gestation where the focus is on sow body condition(days 14 to 100)怀孕中期关注母猪体况（14-100天）Late gestation where the focus is on fetal growth and setting the sow up fo
34、r the ensuing lactation(last 2 weeks)怀孕后期关注胎儿生长和调整身体状况，为随后的泌乳做准备（最后两周）。35Feeding During Early Pregnancy(North American System)36Approximately 20-30%of all embryos die during the first 30 days of gestation.怀孕早期的前30天约有20-30%的胚胎死亡。Research has shown that high levels of feed intake following mating are
35、associated with an increase in embryo mortality.研究表明配种后的高采食量与 高胚胎死亡率密切相关。37 The principle mechanism controlling the development of embryos and their subsequent survival is the secretion of uterine specific proteins.控制胚胎发育即后成活率的主要机理是子宫特殊蛋白的分泌 These proteins are stimulated by ovarian steroid hormones
36、particularly progesterone.A rise in progesterone early in pregnancy enhances the uterine environment and makes it more supportive of the embryo.这些特殊蛋白被卵巢类固醇激素尤其黄体酮激发。怀孕早期黄体酮的升高会改善子宫环境，为胚胎提供更适宜的营养。Increased feed intakes have been shown to be associated with a decrease in plasma progesterone as a resu
37、lt of increased metabolic clearance of progesterone leading to a subsequent reduction in embryo survival.采食量增加已经证明与代谢分解加快、血浆黄体酮降低有关，结果导致胚胎存活率降低38 Feeding Level OvulationTotalEmbryoProgesterone Day 1-3Day 3-15 Rate Embryos Survival(%)(ng/ml)1-3天饲喂量 3-15天饲喂量 排卵数 胚胎数 胚胎成活率 黄体酮浓度1.9 kg1.9 kg14.512.485.9
38、 10.52.5 kg1.9 kg14.911.577.3 3.72.6 kg2.6 kg14.910.266.9 4.5_Jindal et al.,1996Effect of Feed Level in Early Gestation on Plasma Progesterone Levels and Embryo Survival 39High-planeFeeding高水平饲喂量Increased hepaticblood flow增加肝中血浆流动Increased metabolicclearance rate ofProgesterone黄体酮分解代谢速度增加Decreased p
39、lasmaprogesterone Concentration血浆黄体酮浓度降低Suboptimal secretionof“uterine specificproteins”子宫特殊蛋白分泌不适Decreased embryosurvival rate胚胎成活率降低40As a result of this research,it is generally recommended that low(1.8-2.0 kg)level feeding be conducted for the first two weeks of gestation.研究结果表明，通常建议怀孕头两周采用低饲喂量（
40、1.8-2.0公斤)。41Feeding DuringMid-Pregnancy(North American System)42The underlying objective of feeding sows during mid-gestation is to allow for a moderate weight gain and to achieve a target level of body fat at farrowing(18-22 mm).怀孕中期母猪饲喂的目标是获得适宜的体增重、产仔时体脂肪达到目标水平（18-22mm)43BreedingBack Fat at Breed
41、ing(mm)繁殖时背膘厚度Wt(kg)8 91011121314151617181920115-1192.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.71.7120-1242.62.52.42.32.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.7125-1292.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.7130-1342.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.91.81.71.7135-1392.72.62.52.42.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.7140-1442.82.72.62.52.42.3
42、2.22.12.01.91.81.71.7145-1492.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.02.01.81.81.7150-1542.82.72.62.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.8155-1592.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.8160-1642.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.22.11.91.91.8165-1692.92.82.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.9170-1743.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.9175
43、-1793.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.42.32.22.02.01.9180-1843.02.92.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.02.0185-1893.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.02.0190-1943.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.52.42.32.22.12.1195-1993.13.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.1200-2043.23.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.1205-2093.23.13.02.92.82.72.
44、72.62.52.42.32.22.2Target Feed Intakes for Gestating Gilts(Days 14 to 100)44Feeding Sows in Late Gestation45 The nutrient requirements of gestating sows are greatest in late gestation when fetal growth is at its peak.怀孕后期母猪体内胎儿生长处高峰期、对营养需要量最大。If feed intake is not increased during this period,the so
45、w will lose back fat during the last two weeks of gestation.如果这个时候不增加采食量，在怀孕最后两周母猪的背脂厚度将降低。In addition,there is evidence that this catabolic state will contribute to sows gorging and then going off feed in early lactation.此外，有证据表明分解代谢状态将导致母猪暴食，然后泌乳早期采食量下降。Sows should receive an additional 1.5 kg of
46、feed per day on top of their normal daily allowance from day 100 to 112 of gestation.怀孕母猪100-112天应当每天比正常采食额外增加1.5公斤饲料。46Performance of Sows Fed at Normal or High Levels in Late Gestation(day 100-114)Feed Intake(kg/day)2.33.9Lactation Intake(kg/day)泌乳猪采食量6.616.67Piglet Growth(g/day)仔猪日增重237240Wean to
47、 Estrus Interval(days)6.25.4断奶到再发情间隔时间Subsequent Litter Size 窝重12.012.4_Miller et al.,(1996)47 On some farms,continuing to feed the additional 1.5 kg of feed all of the way to farrowing can cause udder problems such as agalactia and mastitis.在某些猪场，怀孕全程中都多饲喂1.5公斤饲料会导致乳房问题，如无乳症和乳房炎。In addition,feed in
48、take may be reduced in early lactation.另外，泌乳早期采食量可能降低 If this proves to be the case,then the additional feed should be discontinued approximately 2 days before the expected due date of the sow.如果事实是这样的话，在母猪预产期前大约2天应当停止加料。48Feeding Pattern in Gestation(Danish System)Early gestation(days 0 to 28)provi
49、de sows with high levels of feed(3.0 kg/day).怀孕早期0-28天提供母猪高采食量(3.0 kg/day)。Mid gestation(days 28 to 90),feed 1.8 to 2.4 kg of feed,depending on sow condition 怀孕中期28-90天根据母猪体况，每天供食1.8-2.4 kg。Late gestation(days 90 to 110),feed 3.0-3.5 kg of feed/day 怀孕后期90-110天,每天喂食3.0-3.5 kg。49Comparison of Systems
50、The total feed provided to sows in gestation is approximately the same in the two systems.两种模式中母猪怀孕阶段的总饲喂量是相同的。However,the pattern of intakes differs dramatically,with the two systems being completely contradictory in recommendations during early and mid gestation.但是，二者之间喂食模式显著不同，在怀孕早期和中期的建议喂食量完全相反。
