1、英汉句子比较与翻译英汉句子比较与翻译英汉句子结构比较英汉句子结构比较n英语重形合（英语重形合（hypotaxis)，汉语重意合，汉语重意合（parataxis)n形合主要靠语言本身语法手段（形式手段），意合主要靠句子内部逻辑联系n比喻:n英语句子：一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠，一树荔枝n汉语句子：一根竹子，一盘珠子，一江波涛n奈达 译意Translating meaning:n就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学中最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比(contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis)n英语注重显性衔接（overt cohesion），汉语注重隐性
2、连贯（covert coherence)n傅雷：东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧，我人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘唯恐不尽，描写唯恐不周。n汉语学家王力：西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。所以中国语法以达意为主。英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。n例句：n由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。nBecause there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities,the r
3、ural world is isolated.This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.nThe isolation of the rural world,because of distance and lack of transport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.n英语句子中，名词与介词占优势英语句子中，名词与介词占优势n主谓机制：抓住了谓语动词就抓住了英语句子
4、的灵魂。n名词与名词之间的联系要借介词来串通nCarlisle Street runs westward,across a great black bridge,down a hill and up again,by little shops and meat-markets,past single-storied homes,until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.（7个介词）n卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止了。nInadequate tra
5、ining for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.n农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的境地。n汉语句子中，动词占优势汉语句子中，动词占优势n红楼梦：晴雯先接出来，笑道：“好啊，叫我研了墨，早起高兴，只写了三个字，扔下笔就走了，哄我等了这一天，快来给我写完了这些墨才算呢！”n英汉句子重心的差异英汉句子重心的差异nWe bel
6、ieve that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by sidenot just in a passive way but as active friends.n我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处，不仅仅是消极共处，而是要积极地友好相处，这是正确而必要的。n汉语的习惯是叙事在前，表态在后。英语的习惯是表态在前，叙事在后。nThe visit gives me the opportunity which I hav
7、e long sought,to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people.n这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就，这是我向往已久的。nI am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency.n贵国政府一再表示，协议中有关香港的安排不是权宜之
8、计，这种保证使我感到鼓舞。n英语：end-weight头轻脚重，属于主语显著（subject-prominent）语言nIt is.to;theren英语重视主语的位置及其统帅全局的作用。因此在汉译英中，如何找准句子重心，确定主语常常是翻译成败的关键因素。n汉语：头重脚轻，属于主题显著（topic-prominent）语言n语言学家赵元任：在汉语中，主语与谓语之间的语法关系与其说是施事和动作的关系，不如说是话题和说明的关系，施事和动作可以看作是话题和说明的一个特例。nI worked very hard on this book.n这本书我花了很多心血。nHe isnt interested
9、in things like watching TV,listening to songs,or dancing.n看电视、唱歌、跳舞这类活动他都不感兴趣。n英汉语言语态上的差异英汉语言语态上的差异n英语：广泛使用被动语态n汉语：较少使用被动语态n英语被动语态使用的情况：n1 不知道或是没有必要说明行为的实行者不知道或是没有必要说明行为的实行者nThe audience are requested to keep silent.n请观众保持肃静。nShe was offered a job in a middle school.n人家给她一个中学里的位置。n2 动作的对象是谈话的中心话题动作的
10、对象是谈话的中心话题nClinton is expected to give his testimony by videotape.n克林顿将会以录像的形式提供证词。nThe scientific research plan has already been drawn up.n科研计划已经拟出来了。nThe girl was criticized yesterday.n这个女孩昨天挨了一顿批评。n3 无从说出动作的实行者是谁无从说出动作的实行者是谁nShe was seen to go out of the room.n人家看见她走出了那个房间。nYoure wanted on the ph
11、one.n你的电话。nThis rubbish is being disposed of.n（有人）正在处理这些垃圾。n4 为了加强上下文的连贯、衔接为了加强上下文的连贯、衔接nJohn actually loved Mary and was loved in return.n约翰真的爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱约翰。nHe appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.n他出现在台上，观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。nLanguage is shaped by,and shapes,human thought.n人的思想形成语言，而语言
12、又影响了人的思想。n5 出于礼貌，使措辞得当，语气委婉出于礼貌，使措辞得当，语气委婉nVisitors are requested to show their tickets.n来宾请出示入场券。nPassengers are requested to fill in the customs declaration form here.n请旅客在此填写报关表。n汉语的被动态汉语的被动态n1 有形式标记的被动态n2 无形式标记的被动态 n1 表被动意义的助词 n让,叫,给,被,受,挨,遭,由,加以,予以,为所,被所,是.的n例句:n工作已由他完成了。nThe work has been done
13、 by him.n杯子给打得粉碎。nThe cup has been broken into pieces.n这个问题必须予以处理。nThis matter must be dealt with.n2 无被动助词n看似主动，但在主谓关系上却有被动含义，这种语言现象在汉语中大量存在。n例句：n那里讲什么语言？nWhat language is spoken there?n这个任务必须按时完成。nThis task must be fulfilled in time.n汉语无主句n用来表达观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召等n例句：n应该教育儿童讲老实话。nChildren should be taug
14、ht to speak the truth.n发现了错误，一定要改正。nWrongs must be righted when they are discovered.n汉语：人们、人家、有人、别人、大家n英语：itn练习 n英语时态的汉译n汉语主要通过词汇和句法手段来表示“时”的变化，如用“了”、“着”、“过”、“已经”、“就要”、“现在”、“将来”、“正在”、“过去”等n英语时态必须用动词的曲折变化体现出来nFew follow the advice of Isabella Beeton,the guru of British cooks in the 19th century,who d
15、ecreed in an early edition of her book that“a good meal,if enjoyed and digested,gives the support necessary for the mornings work.”（许余龙，1987：56）n19世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉比顿曾在其著作的一个早期版本里说过：“享用一顿美餐，能使整个上午工作精力充沛。”这番高见，现在很少有人领教了。nWhen he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer,and lighting his p
16、ipe(George Santayana,The Weather in His Soul)设想在他运动之余品茶或喝酒，并点着烟斗时 （刘士聪 译）n二十岁那年，我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现在还是过着流浪的生活。n （萧红 永久的憧憬和追求）nWhen I was twenty,I fled home.Since then I have been wandering around like hobo.n （刘士聪 译）n大学毕业后我分配到一所学校任教，认识了后来成为我妻子的琳。但我并未引起她的注意，因为那时我实在太平常了。n （周全 造个安乐窝）nAfter graduating from a
17、univesity,I was assigned to work as a teacher in a high school,where I met Lin,who later became my wife.But Im so ordinary a man that I never attracted any of her attention then.n （居祖纯 译）n英汉语言语序上的差异英汉语言语序上的差异n潘文国：英语基本上是一种形态性的语言，汉语基本上是一种语义性的语言。n主要差异集中在定语和状语的位置上。n定语后置n1 some-,any-,every-,no等构成的复合代词nHe
18、 told me something important.n他告诉我了一件重要的事情。nThere is nothing wrong with this computer.n这台电脑没有什么毛病。n2 ible,-able 结尾的形容词作定语，与every,the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时，也常需后置。nThe doctors have tried every way possible.n大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。nThey had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time.n为了能及时赶到那儿，他
19、们克服了极大的困难。nIt is the only wild berry edible here in this area.n它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。n3 定语从句和某些分词作定语时，也需后置nHere are the New Year cards Ive just received.n这些是我刚收到的新年贺卡。nMost of the people studying here are middle school teachers.n在这里学习的多数是中学老师。n4 起表语作用的形容词作定语，也需后置。nEverybody present at the conference welcom
20、ed the decision.n出席大会的人都欢迎那个决议。nThere are many young people adrift in the big cities in that country.n那个国家的大城市里有很多四处游荡的年轻人。na-形容词naware,alike,astir,alone,ashamed,alight,aghast,averse,alive,adrift,afire,asleepnthe half-asleep children,the fully awake patient,a somewhat afraid soldier,a really alive s
21、tudent,a very ashamed girln5 某些外来语和固定词组中nconsul general 总领事nsecretary general(of the U.N.)（联合国）秘书长ndirector-general 总干事npresident-elect 当选总统nheir apparent 有确定继承权的人(推定继承人）nheir presumptive 假定继承人ncourt martial 军事法庭nmatters political 政治上的问题na position unique 独一无二的地位nthings foreign 外国事物nsum total 总额，总数n
22、the third person singular 第三人称单数nAmbassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 特命全权大使nbattle royal 大混战nthe nominative absolute 独立主格结构nthe body politic 政治团体nthings artistic 艺术品nthe day following 下一天nChapter ten 第十章 npage three 第三页 nthe element known 已知的元素nthe parties concerned 有关各方面nthe victory won 所取
23、得的成绩nthe mistake made 所犯的错误na man good and true 一个善良正直的人n6 某些成对的形容词作定语需要后置，翻译时需灵活处理nAll nations,large or small,rich or poor,should be equal.n国家不论大小贫富，都应一律平等。nTeachers,old and new,must respect each other and learn from each other.n新老教师都应互相尊重，互相学习。nThe reason for the change is lack of money,pure and s
24、imple.n更改的原因纯粹是因为缺少经费。n定语组位置比较n一张红木小圆桌na small round red wooden tablen一位中国现代优秀作家nan outstanding contemporary Chinese writern繁荣昌盛的社会主义现代化强国na modern,prosperous,powerful socialist countryn汉语中的习惯是把最能说明事物本质的放在最前面，而把表示规模大小、力量强弱的放在后面。英语则恰恰相反，越能说明事物本质的定语越要靠近它所修饰的名词。同时，还可以根据定语和其所修饰的名词之间的关系安排前后位置，定语和中心词关系越密切
25、，位置越接近。如关系难以判断，则按词的长短排列，短的在前，长的在后。n状语位置的比较n英语的状语位置不固定，汉语状语通常是放在主语之后，谓语之前。nnevernHe was never late.他从不迟到。nHe never got up late.他从不晚起。nHe can never speak English without making serious mistakes.说英语他总是出大错nHe has never been abroad.他从未出过国。nI will never agree to their demands.我决不同意他们的要求。nYou seem never to
26、 think of yourself.n你好像从来不考虑自己。nNever in all my life have I heard such nonsense!我这辈子从没有听过这种废话！n状语的顺序n汉语的习惯：时间，地点，方式 n（从大到小）n英语的习惯：方式，地点，时间 n（从小到大）nBa Jin was born in 1904 into a big landlord family in Sichuan Province in China.n巴金1904年出生在中国四川省的一个封建大地主家庭。nThe news briefing was held in Room 301 at abo
27、ut nine oclock yesterday morning.n新闻发布会是昨天上午大约九点在301会议室召开的。nSuddenly the President,looking out ovner the vast landscape,said,with an underlying excitement in his voice,the words I gave earlier.n总统眺望着辽阔的景色，突然用很兴奋的语调说了我在前文已经提到过的话。n中国远洋运输公司成立于1961年4月，至今已有28年的历史。28年来，在国家的大力支持下，经过不懈的努力，公司业务和船舶数量迅速发展和增长。n
28、Established in April 1961,the China Ocean Shipping Corporation has,in the past 28 years through arduous efforts,with the support from the state,expanded its shipping business and increased its number of ships.n汉语的逻辑习惯n1 强调时序上的先后顺序：n古今，先后，始终，父子，老少，开关，本末，推翻，缩小n2 强调从整体到局部，从大到小的空间关系：大小，上下，高低，长短，明暗，远近n3
29、强调心理上的轻重关系：天地，男女，日月，帝王，父母，内外，左右，君臣，是非，新旧，死伤，我你他n练习练习n句子成分的转换句子成分的转换n1 非主语译成主语非主语译成主语（）介词的宾语译成主语（）介词的宾语译成主语nThere are four seasons in a year.n一年有四季。nNow,heat is being added to the substance.n现在这种物质正在加热。nAt least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual.n一个正常的人每天至少需要两夸脱的水。nHigh-qu
30、ality machines of various types are produced in our country.n我国生产各种类型的优质机器。n（）动词宾语译成主语（）动词宾语译成主语n这种宾语在意义上跟主语有比较密切的联系，通常是主语的某一部分或某一属性。nAn automobile must have a brake with high efficiency.n汽车的刹车必须高度有效。nWater has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot.n水的密度是每立方英尺62.4磅。n（）表语译成主语（）表语译成主语nA crystal rece
31、iver is a less complicated structure than a valve receiver.n晶体收音机的结构不像电子管收音机那么复杂。nIce is not so dense as water and therefore it floats.n冰的密度小于水，因此能浮在水面上。nTwo widely used alloys of copper are brass and bronze.n黄铜和青铜是两种广泛使用的铜合金。n2非谓语译成谓语非谓语译成谓语n（）定语译成谓语（）定语译成谓语n动词“have”的宾语移作主语时，一般需要把该宾语的定语译成谓语，原来的谓语ha
32、ve省略不译。nManganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon.n锰对钢的强度的影响和硅相同。nThe wings have controllable sections known as ailerons.n机翼上可操纵的部分叫做副翼。nSolids have a shape independent of the container.固体的形状与容器无关。n（）主语译成谓语（）主语译成谓语nA glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of
33、 the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.n从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念碑的全景。nA view of Mt.Fuji can be obtained from here.n从这里可以看到富士山。nHis very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.n任何场合，只要他一露面，就算成功了。以上作为句子主语的名词往往是含有动作意味的名词，或动词派生的名词。n（）表语译成谓语（）表语译成谓语n英语中的某些形容词、副词、介词、名词接介词短语等在句中做表语时，通常
34、可译成动词谓语。nThe fact that she was able to send a message was a hint.But I had to be cautious.n她暗示我能够给我带个信，但是我必须小心谨慎。（形容词译成谓语）nAs he ran out,he forgot to have his shoes on.n他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋。（副词译成谓语）nThis explanation is against the natural laws.n这种解释违反自然规律。（介词译成谓语）nWe were on the supposition that they could i
35、mprove the complex machine.n我们认为他们能改进这台复杂的机器。（介词短语译成谓语）n3非宾语译成宾语非宾语译成宾语n（）主语译成宾语（）主语译成宾语nWhen power is spoken of,time is taken into account.n说到功率时，总是把时间计算在内。nMr Billings cannot be deterred from his plan.n（人们）不能阻止比凌斯先生实行他的计划。n4.非定语译成定语非定语译成定语n（）主语译成定语（）主语译成定语n为了强调英语句中某一个成分，把它译成主语，再将英语的主语译做汉语中的定语。nHow
36、 many electrons has a magnesium atom in its outer layern镁原子的最外层有多少个电子？nVarious substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.n各种材料的磁特性有很大不同。nWithout air,the earth would undergo extreme changes in temperature.n没有空气，地球的温度会发生极大的变化。n（）状语译成定语（）状语译成定语n英语中位于句首的某些状语（多为地点状语），有时可译成汉语的定语。nIn this
37、world,things are complicated and are decided by many factors.n世界上的事情是复杂的，是由各方面的因素决定的。nThroughout the world,oil consumption is growing rapidly.n全世界的石油消耗量正在迅速增长。n5.定语从句译成状语从句定语从句译成状语从句n有些因果定语从句，兼有状语从句的功能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，说明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等。翻译者应从原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑关系，然后译成相应的复句。nThe ambassador was giving a dinner
38、for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.n（有！）大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特地想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。（表示原因）nChinese trade delegations have been sent to Asian-African countries who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments.n中国派了贸易代表团往亚非各国，以便与各国政府商谈贸易协定。（表示目的）nThere was some
39、thing original,independent,and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.n这方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都很喜欢。（表示结果）nHe insisted on building another house,which he had no use for.n他坚持要再造一栋房子，尽管他并无此需要。（表示让步）nA man is nothing who yields his purpose.n如果一个人放弃自己的目的，就成为一个不堪造就的人了。n句子结构的转换句子结构的转换n1主语转译法主语转译法n（
40、）主语是动名词或表示动作意义的名词，作用在说明动作的原因、条件、时间等。因此，常把它译成状语从句，而把它后面处于宾语的名词或答词译成主语。（有）nPressure of work has somewhat delayed my answer.n由于工作很忙，回复稍迟了些。nThe mere sight of it turned ones mind.n只消看它一眼，人们就会动心。n 如主语是动名词，谓语make,cause,offer,bring,help,allow,permit,require,give,compel一类动词，可根据句子意义，译成条件结果句。例如：nAnother hours
41、 ride will bring us to the village.n只要再走一小时，我们就可以到达那个小村。n（）（）主语虽不是动名词，但是主语及其修饰词在一起也能够说明动作的原因、条件、时间等作用。这类句子也按上述办法处理。nFast modern airplanes have made the world seem a smaller space.n有了现代化的飞机，世界似乎比以前小了。n（）（）表示时间、地点、范围的名词与某些特定的动词连用，常表示动作发生的时间、地点、场所。翻译是可将主语译成状语。nThe world has witnessed different roads to
42、 modernizationn世界上已有了不同的现代化道路。n 成分分译法成分分译法n分译法的要领是，把原文中较长的句子成分，或不易安排的句子成分拆分出来另做处理，一般译成汉语短语或独立句。下面介绍一些常见的分译法。n（）（）主语分译是指把带定语的主语分译成一句。通常把主语的定语移做谓语。如：nLower temperature is associated with lower growth rates.n温度一低，生长速度就慢下来。nThe very short wave lengths of ultrasound make a great difference in what ordina
43、ry sound waves can do.n超声波的波长极短，其功能与普通声波相比大不相同。n（）（）谓语分译n谓语分译是翻译带形式主语it的主语从句的一种常用法。翻译时，先把主句的谓语分译成一个独立语，然后再译从句。nIt is obvious that he means well.n很显然，他的用意是好的。nIt is common knowledge that weight is a pull exerted on an object by the earth.n众所周知，重量是地球作用在物体上的引力。n（）（）定语分译n英语的定语与汉语不同，可以位于名词之后，因此其长度不受限制，可以
44、拉得很长。汉语只有前置定语，一般不宜过长。所以，对原文中较长的后置定语，往往采取分析法。下面介绍介词短语和分词短语以及几个形容词同时做定语时的分译情况。nFossils are early plants or animals once buried in earth,now hardened like rock.n化石是过去埋在地下，现在已像岩石一样硬化了的植物和动物。nShe sat with her hands cupping chin,staring at a corner of the little kitchen.n她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。nHe was a
45、tall,thin,elegant man with the air of thorough-bred.n他身材修长，温文尔雅，风度翩翩。n（）状语分译n下面介绍副词、介词短语和不定式短语作状语时的分译情况。nIllogically,she had expected some kind of miracle solution.n她满想会有某些奇迹般的解决办法，这是不合情理的事。（副词译成句子）nTheir power increased with their number.n他们人数增加了，力量也随之增加/大。（介词短语译成句子）nHe arrived in Washington at a r
46、ipe moment internationally.n他来到华盛顿，就国际形势而言，时机正合适。（介词短语译成句子）nHeat is required to change ice to water.n冰变成水，就需要热。（不定式译成句子）n3句子变换法句子变换法n翻译时，有时为了通顺、易懂、紧凑、生动起见，改变原文句子结构。例如：nHe was very clean.His mind was open.n他为人单纯而坦率。nHis father had a small business in the city of Pisa.This city is in the north of Ital
47、y near the sea.n他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨做小生意。（Calileo?-church）nThen we came to the grasslands.Marshes everywhere.No birds!No trees!No house!Not a soul to be seen.n然后，我们来到草地，到处是沼泽，没有飞鸟，没有树木，没有房舍，没有人烟。nWhen I negotiate,I get nervous.n我在谈判时总有些紧张。nOne must have studied hard before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.n一个人必须勤学苦练，才能精通一种外国语。nBe a pupil before you become a teacher.n先做学生，再做先生。谢谢
