1、第六章第六章 新闻文体翻译新闻文体翻译 （二）（二）(二二)句式多样，富有弹性句式多样，富有弹性【理论研讨理论研讨】英美报刊的句法结构灵活多变，不拘一格。英美报刊的句法结构灵活多变，不拘一格。表现在富于变化和富有弹性两个方面。表现在富于变化和富有弹性两个方面。第一，报刊文字中的句式富于变化。在新闻报第一，报刊文字中的句式富于变化。在新闻报道中有倒装句，有省略形式，有借助副词、道中有倒装句，有省略形式，有借助副词、动词变化的句式等。形式多样，变化无常的动词变化的句式等。形式多样，变化无常的句式使新闻语言生动活泼，趣味盎然。句式使新闻语言生动活泼，趣味盎然。【示例讲解示例讲解】1 1Bucking
2、 the trends are much of the middle East Bucking the trends are much of the middle East and Sub-Sahara Africa.and Sub-Sahara Africa.撒哈拉南部非洲和中东许多地撒哈拉南部非洲和中东许多地区的情况与这些趋势正相反。区的情况与这些趋势正相反。此句为倒装句，正常语序是：此句为倒装句，正常语序是：Much of the Middle Much of the Middle East and Sub-Sahara Africa are bucking the trends.Eas
3、t and Sub-Sahara Africa are bucking the trends.2 2More important,it is questionable whether More important,it is questionable whether market forces will prompt private employers to make market forces will prompt private employers to make way for many older workers anytime soon.way for many older wor
4、kers anytime soon.更为重要更为重要的是，市场力量是否会促使私营雇主尽快向许多老工的是，市场力量是否会促使私营雇主尽快向许多老工人让步还值得怀疑。人让步还值得怀疑。本句采用了省略形式，本句采用了省略形式，More important More important 等于等于 Whats Whats more important.more important.3 3Already,the presence of large number of Already,the presence of large number of Third World immigrants produce
5、d chronic racial Third World immigrants produced chronic racial tension in Great Britain.tension in Great Britain.大大 大批第大批第三世界移民的拥入，已经造成了英国国内种族间三世界移民的拥入，已经造成了英国国内种族间剧烈的紧张关系。剧烈的紧张关系。此句中的此句中的already already 被置于句首，句式显得更为跳跃。被置于句首，句式显得更为跳跃。4 4Says Says DaryDary Reading of Gowrie:“It makes you Reading of
6、Gowrie:“It makes you mad.We are good at what we do,but we still mad.We are good at what we do,but we still cant make a living.”cant make a living.”高瑞的达里高瑞的达里雷丁说：雷丁说：“这让你发疯。我们有本领干好我们的工作，但这让你发疯。我们有本领干好我们的工作，但仍不能谋生。仍不能谋生。”这是一个将动词这是一个将动词say say 放在句首的句式。这种谓放在句首的句式。这种谓语动词位于句子开头、主语之前的句式是新闻报语动词位于句子开头、主语之前的句
7、式是新闻报道文章所特有的。道文章所特有的。【归纳总结归纳总结】新闻报道常用引语，这既可增加报道的真实新闻报道常用引语，这既可增加报道的真实感和生动性，又能提高所述内容的客观性，感和生动性，又能提高所述内容的客观性，使读者确信记者未掺杂个人观点。转述或援使读者确信记者未掺杂个人观点。转述或援引提供消息和发表意见人士所说的话，离不引提供消息和发表意见人士所说的话，离不开使用开使用“说说”的句式。如一味用的句式。如一味用“某某人说某某人说+引语引语”的句式未免显得单调，沉闷。因此老的句式未免显得单调，沉闷。因此老练的记者总是注意灵活运用不同句式，既可练的记者总是注意灵活运用不同句式，既可将将“某人说
8、某人说”放在所说的话的前面，也可置放在所说的话的前面，也可置于句中，还可以置于句尾。于句中，还可以置于句尾。【动笔实践动笔实践】1 1Asked whether he was homosexual or bisexual,she Asked whether he was homosexual or bisexual,she said,“I know of no indication whatsoever that my said,“I know of no indication whatsoever that my husband had a male encounter.”husband h
9、ad a male encounter.”当问到他是同性恋还是当问到他是同性恋还是异性恋时，她说：异性恋时，她说：“我只知道没有任何迹象表明我丈夫有我只知道没有任何迹象表明我丈夫有男性伙伴。男性伙伴。”2 2“These things may seem kind of Mickey Mouse,”These things may seem kind of Mickey Mouse,”says William Damon,chairman of the education says William Damon,chairman of the education department at Bro
10、wn.“department at Brown.“这些事情看起来或许不重要这些事情看起来或许不重要”，教育部长威廉教育部长威廉戴蒙在布郎说。戴蒙在布郎说。3 3An armed man who bolted past the Pentagon Security An armed man who bolted past the Pentagon Security guards in an apparent dash toward the National guards in an apparent dash toward the National Command Centre yesterday
11、 was shot and later died,Command Centre yesterday was shot and later died,authorities said.authorities said.权威人士说：昨天一名持枪男子闯过两名权威人士说：昨天一名持枪男子闯过两名五角大楼卫兵，似乎想冲向国家指挥中心。该男子被枪击五角大楼卫兵，似乎想冲向国家指挥中心。该男子被枪击中，后丧命。中，后丧命。4 4“For every American,this has to be the For every American,this has to be the proudest day o
12、f our lives,”the President told the proudest day of our lives,”the President told the astronauts.“For one priceless moment in the astronauts.“For one priceless moment in the whole history of man,all the people on this earth whole history of man,all the people on this earth are truly one.”are truly o
13、ne.”“对于每个美国人来说，这一天定是我们一生中对于每个美国人来说，这一天定是我们一生中最值得骄傲的日子，最值得骄傲的日子，”总统对宇航员们说，总统对宇航员们说，“在人在人类历史上极其珍贵的时刻，地球上所有的人真正形类历史上极其珍贵的时刻，地球上所有的人真正形成了一体。成了一体。”5 5“He has never acted as anything but a He has never acted as anything but a candidate,”say a senior Western diplomat.“He candidate,”say a senior Western dip
14、lomat.“He has always been an outsider looking in.”“has always been an outsider looking in.”“他一他一直在做候选人，直在做候选人，”一位资深西方外交官说，一位资深西方外交官说，“他总他总是站在局外，却关注着局内。是站在局外，却关注着局内。”由于英汉语言表达的差异，引语句式的多样化在由于英汉语言表达的差异，引语句式的多样化在译文中难以完全体现，因为汉语中作为主语的人与译文中难以完全体现，因为汉语中作为主语的人与谓语动词谓语动词“说说”的词序是不能颠倒的。翻译引语时的词序是不能颠倒的。翻译引语时仍应以符合汉语
15、表达习惯为原则。仍应以符合汉语表达习惯为原则。【理论研讨理论研讨】富与弹性是新闻文体句式的另一特点。句子长短不富与弹性是新闻文体句式的另一特点。句子长短不一，松紧兼备。作者常紧凑句式，浓缩信息，具体表一，松紧兼备。作者常紧凑句式，浓缩信息，具体表现为省略句式的普遍使用和高度浓缩的前置修饰。新现为省略句式的普遍使用和高度浓缩的前置修饰。新闻报道中有时也会出现一些较为庞杂的句式，其目的闻报道中有时也会出现一些较为庞杂的句式，其目的是提供丰富的背景材料，反映相关人员的观点看法。是提供丰富的背景材料，反映相关人员的观点看法。表现形式为定语、状语结构的充分展开和插入语的适表现形式为定语、状语结构的充分展
16、开和插入语的适当镶嵌。当镶嵌。【归纳总结归纳总结】省略法是新闻报道中的惯用手段，尤其是在标题的省略法是新闻报道中的惯用手段，尤其是在标题的写作上。标题必须言简意骇，故用多语法成分或词语写作上。标题必须言简意骇，故用多语法成分或词语常被省略，主要是省虚词，留实词。大致有以下几种常被省略，主要是省虚词，留实词。大致有以下几种情况：情况：1 1略冠词。如：略冠词。如：Patient loses heart,gets 3rd(=A patient loses heart,Patient loses heart,gets 3rd(=A patient loses heart,gets the 3rd)g
17、ets the 3rd)一病人两度移植心脏一病人两度移植心脏 37 killed in Italian plane crash(=37 kill in an Italian 37 killed in Italian plane crash(=37 kill in an Italian plane crash)plane crash)一驾意大利飞机失事，一驾意大利飞机失事，3737人丧生。人丧生。2 2省略系动词。如：省略系动词。如：Courses on Practical Skill Popular with Students Courses on Practical Skill Popula
18、r with Students(=Courses on Practical Skill Remain Popular with(=Courses on Practical Skill Remain Popular with Students)Students)实用技能课程仍受学生欢迎实用技能课程仍受学生欢迎 Cops under Fire(=Cops are under Fire)Cops under Fire(=Cops are under Fire)警察遭枪击警察遭枪击3 3省略代词。如：省略代词。如：Irish group kills ex-chief(=An Irish group k
19、ills its ex-Irish group kills ex-chief(=An Irish group kills its ex-chief)chief)一爱尔兰团体杀死前首领一爱尔兰团体杀死前首领Anne and baby are well(=Anne and her baby are Anne and baby are well(=Anne and her baby are well)well)安娜和婴儿母子平安安娜和婴儿母子平安4 4省略助动词。即构成各种时态的助动词常被省略。省略助动词。即构成各种时态的助动词常被省略。如：如：Peking to fire test rocket
20、to South Pacific(=Peking is Peking to fire test rocket to South Pacific(=Peking is going to fire test rocket to South Pacific)going to fire test rocket to South Pacific)北京将向南北京将向南太平洋发射试验火箭太平洋发射试验火箭Moscows food prices soaring(=Moscows food Moscows food prices soaring(=Moscows food prices are soaring)
21、prices are soaring)莫斯科食品价格猛涨。莫斯科食品价格猛涨。5 5通常用逗号代替连词。如：通常用逗号代替连词。如：Belgium supports francs,denies it will quit Belgium supports francs,denies it will quit“snake”(=Belgium supports“snake”(=Belgium supports francefrance and and denies it will quit“snake”)denies it will quit“snake”)比利时支持法郎，比利时支持法郎，否认将退出
22、否认将退出“蛇形浮动蛇形浮动”6 6省略介词。即通常将介词短语中的介词省省略介词。即通常将介词短语中的介词省略，而将介词宾语提前，变成名词定语形式。略，而将介词宾语提前，变成名词定语形式。如：如：AnhuiAnhui accelerates coal mine building(accelerates coal mine building(AnhuiAnhui accelerates the building of coal mine)accelerates the building of coal mine)安徽加安徽加速煤矿建设。速煤矿建设。【知识拓展知识拓展】为了浓缩结构，节省篇幅，新闻
23、写作人员常使用前置为了浓缩结构，节省篇幅，新闻写作人员常使用前置修饰语（修饰语（pre-modificationpre-modification）,或称前置定语。前置定语或称前置定语。前置定语的使用可以避免因使用从句而带来的句式拖沓。美国专的使用可以避免因使用从句而带来的句式拖沓。美国专栏作家约翰栏作家约翰利奥把前置定语称为利奥把前置定语称为“新闻语言的基本成新闻语言的基本成分分”。从结构上看，前置定语大致可分为以下几类：。从结构上看，前置定语大致可分为以下几类：1.1.名词短语作前置定语。如：名词短语作前置定语。如：The talks to resolve the 43-year Arab-
24、Israeli bitter The talks to resolve the 43-year Arab-Israeli bitter conflict were launched on October 30 at a mostly conflict were launched on October 30 at a mostly symbolic session in Madrid Spain.(=the bitter conflict symbolic session in Madrid Spain.(=the bitter conflict between Arab and Israeli
25、 which had lasted for 43 years)between Arab and Israeli which had lasted for 43 years)十月三十日在西班牙马德里召开了一个非常有意义的十月三十日在西班牙马德里召开了一个非常有意义的会议，会上举行了谈判，旨在解决持续四十三年的阿以会议，会上举行了谈判，旨在解决持续四十三年的阿以激烈冲突。激烈冲突。2.2.动词短语作前置定语。如：动词短语作前置定语。如：The crowds across the US that cheered the The crowds across the US that cheered th
26、e Presidents cease-fire announcement Presidents cease-fire announcement and his and his declaration that“By God,weve kicked the declaration that“By God,weve kicked the Vietnam syndrome once and for all”-were Vietnam syndrome once and for all”-were celebrating far more than Saddam Husseins celebratin
27、g far more than Saddam Husseins defeat.(=the presidents announcement that defeat.(=the presidents announcement that the fire had been ceased)the fire had been ceased)全全 全美国的老百姓都全美国的老百姓都为总统宣告停战为总统宣告停战和他那和他那“我们已经把越战失我们已经把越战失败综合症永远赶走了败综合症永远赶走了”的宣言而欢呼的宣言而欢呼他们庆他们庆贺的远不止击败萨达姆贺的远不止击败萨达姆侯赛因这件事本身。侯赛因这件事本身。3.3
28、.形容词短语作前置定语。如：形容词短语作前置定语。如：Only nine months after giving birth to her Only nine months after giving birth to her first child,Liz first child,Liz McColganMcColgan yesterday ended yesterday ended Britains week-long wait for a gold medal Britains week-long wait for a gold medal at the world championshi
29、p.(=ended at the world championship.(=ended Britains wait that had lasted for a week)Britains wait that had lasted for a week)仅在第一个孩子出生九个月之后，莉仅在第一个孩子出生九个月之后，莉兹兹麦考根就于昨天在世锦赛上赢得了金牌，麦考根就于昨天在世锦赛上赢得了金牌，结束了英国为期一周的等待。结束了英国为期一周的等待。4.4.分词短语作前置定语。如：分词短语作前置定语。如：Yesterday,the troops were seen off by flag-waving,
30、Yesterday,the troops were seen off by flag-waving,cheering crowds,their tanks strewn with flowers.cheering crowds,their tanks strewn with flowers.(=by the crowds who were waving flags and(=by the crowds who were waving flags and cheering)cheering)昨天，人们挥舞旗帜，欢呼着为部队送行，坦克昨天，人们挥舞旗帜，欢呼着为部队送行，坦克上撒满鲜花。上撒满鲜花
31、。MANILAMANILA：Former Philippine first lady Imelda Former Philippine first lady Imelda Marcos may return home one day earlier than Marcos may return home one day earlier than expected,according to records of the state-run expected,according to records of the state-run Philippine Airlines(PLA).(=the P
32、hilippine Airlines Philippine Airlines(PLA).(=the Philippine Airlines which is run by the state)which is run by the state)马尼拉：据菲律宾国家航空公司的订票记录，前马尼拉：据菲律宾国家航空公司的订票记录，前菲律宾第一夫人伊梅尔达菲律宾第一夫人伊梅尔达马科斯可能比预计提前马科斯可能比预计提前一天回国。一天回国。5.5.综合性词组或短语作前置定语。如：综合性词组或短语作前置定语。如：Traditional department stores have suffered Trad
33、itional department stores have suffered from poor business as customers have flocked to from poor business as customers have flocked to discounters and back-to-basics stores.(=credit discounters and back-to-basics stores.(=credit cards and checking accounts to which you cards and checking accounts t
34、o which you yourself write a loan)yourself write a loan)在一个到处充斥信用卡和自写支票付款的年代，在一个到处充斥信用卡和自写支票付款的年代，节省已像罗纳德节省已像罗纳德里根的电影一样过时了。里根的电影一样过时了。从以上各例中可以看出，前置定语是精炼句式从以上各例中可以看出，前置定语是精炼句式的有效手段，在翻译时也应体现出原文语言精炼的有效手段，在翻译时也应体现出原文语言精炼的特点，尽量保持字面的工整对应。当然必要时的特点，尽量保持字面的工整对应。当然必要时亦可适当增补词语，以求通顺晓意。亦可适当增补词语，以求通顺晓意。除运用前置修饰来浓缩
35、句式之外，名词除运用前置修饰来浓缩句式之外，名词定语的使用亦有助于语句的精练。如：定语的使用亦有助于语句的精练。如：When wave after wave of newly homeless When wave after wave of newly homeless people rolled through the cities,emergency people rolled through the cities,emergency shelters seemed the surest and quickest way shelters seemed the surest and qui
36、ckest way to get them off the streets.(=shelter for use to get them off the streets.(=shelter for use in emergency)in emergency)当新的无家可归者一浪又一浪地席卷城市时，当新的无家可归者一浪又一浪地席卷城市时，临时收容所看来是他们离开接头最快也是最临时收容所看来是他们离开接头最快也是最可靠的办法。可靠的办法。(三三)巧用时态，不拘呼应巧用时态，不拘呼应【理论研讨理论研讨】新闻报道中动词时态简化。英美报刊文章中常用一般现在时代新闻报道中动词时态简化。英美报刊文章中常用一般
37、现在时代替一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时等。新闻替一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时等。新闻英语中有时可不受传统语法规则的限制，时态有较大的灵活性。英语中有时可不受传统语法规则的限制，时态有较大的灵活性。【示例讲解示例讲解】1 1I leave for Beijing tomorrowI leave for Beijing tomorrow(=I an1 leaving for Beijing)(=I an1 leaving for Beijing)2 2But Carter told reportersBut Carter told reporters，the U
38、nited States will continue the the United States will continue the restraints it imposed on Iran when the hostages were taken 1 50 restraints it imposed on Iran when the hostages were taken 1 50 days ago days ago 3 3He made it clearHe made it clear，howeverhowever，that the freezing of Iranian assets
39、that the freezing of Iranian assets and monitoring of Iranian students in this country would and monitoring of Iranian students in this country would continuecontinue“We will continue to monitor the situation very We will continue to monitor the situation very closelyclosely，”Carter saidCarter said句
40、中既有按传统语法规则呼应句中既有按传统语法规则呼应“madewould continue”madewould continue”，也有，也有从实际出发灵活运用的从实际出发灵活运用的“toldtold willwill continue”continue”。(四）被动语态，频频出现四）被动语态，频频出现【理论研讨理论研讨】新闻报道中读者所关心的往往是动作的执行者。比新闻报道中读者所关心的往往是动作的执行者。比如有关灾难、战争、事故、骚乱等的报道中，读者更如有关灾难、战争、事故、骚乱等的报道中，读者更关心的是伤亡人员与人数。因此，被动语态在新闻文关心的是伤亡人员与人数。因此，被动语态在新闻文体中的
41、使用频繁多于其他文体。英语新闻报道中的被体中的使用频繁多于其他文体。英语新闻报道中的被动语态在译文中可作灵活处理，除非有必要突出动作动语态在译文中可作灵活处理，除非有必要突出动作的接受者，否则不用译成被动语态。的接受者，否则不用译成被动语态。【示例讲解示例讲解】1 1More than 50 million acres of farmland have More than 50 million acres of farmland have been submerged and grain store damaged been submerged and grain store damaged
42、2 2Thousands of peasants have been shown on Thousands of peasants have been shown on television trying to save their grain by loading sacks television trying to save their grain by loading sacks into boats or trying to move them to higher into boats or trying to move them to higher groundground (句中句
43、中“Thousands of peasants have been shownThousands of peasants have been shown 在翻译时译成主动语态更符合汉语的表达习惯。在翻译时译成主动语态更符合汉语的表达习惯。)五千多万亩粮田被淹，很多粮仓被毁。电视屏幕五千多万亩粮田被淹，很多粮仓被毁。电视屏幕上，成千上万的农民在设法抢救粮食。他们或把麻上，成千上万的农民在设法抢救粮食。他们或把麻袋装的粮食运到船上，或者把它们转移到高处。袋装的粮食运到船上，或者把它们转移到高处。（五）善用修辞，讲究效果五）善用修辞，讲究效果【理论研讨理论研讨】新闻文体除了注重事实真实，表达清晰，还
44、讲究语言新闻文体除了注重事实真实，表达清晰，还讲究语言的美感和韵味。因此，常常借助于比喻、夸张、双关语、的美感和韵味。因此，常常借助于比喻、夸张、双关语、成语、押韵等修辞手法来增加新闻的可读性和吸引力。成语、押韵等修辞手法来增加新闻的可读性和吸引力。各种修辞手段的运用反映了新闻语言的文学特征。在翻各种修辞手段的运用反映了新闻语言的文学特征。在翻译时，译文不仅能够传达原意，而且应尽可能保持原文译时，译文不仅能够传达原意，而且应尽可能保持原文的风格。的风格。【示例讲解示例讲解】1 1The proposal to protect the hundreds of thousands The prop
45、osal to protect the hundreds of thousands of Kurdish refuges seemed dependent on the whims of of Kurdish refuges seemed dependent on the whims of Saddam Hussein or that it would have to be given Saddam Hussein or that it would have to be given muscle by a multinational forcemuscle by a multinational
46、 force 保护几十万库尔德难民的计划看来要依靠萨达姆保护几十万库尔德难民的计划看来要依靠萨达姆候候赛因的心血来潮。或者必须以多国部队的武力做后盾。赛因的心血来潮。或者必须以多国部队的武力做后盾。(muscle(muscle 原意为原意为“肌肉肌肉”，在此句中借以代替，在此句中借以代替“力量力量”)2 2All WorkAll Work，Low Pay Make Nurses Go AwayLow Pay Make Nurses Go Away 工作辛苦，工资低廉，很多护士离职而去。（此句源工作辛苦，工资低廉，很多护士离职而去。（此句源于成语于成语“All work and no play
47、make John a dull boyAll work and no play make John a dull boy”略加改变，活泼俏皮，颇具讽刺性。）略加改变，活泼俏皮，颇具讽刺性。）【动笔实践动笔实践】1 1Dare Devil who Dared Dare Devil who Dared 胆大包天的人（通过押头韵和使用叠词来增加语言的节胆大包天的人（通过押头韵和使用叠词来增加语言的节奏感，起到强调的作用。）奏感，起到强调的作用。）2 2The Open Barn Door The Open Barn Door 敞开的粮仓大门（比喻美国的科技情报很容易获取）敞开的粮仓大门（比喻美国的
48、科技情报很容易获取）3 3Climbers hold summit talks Climbers hold summit talks 登山运动员会师峰顶（原意是登山运动员会师峰顶（原意是“首脑会议首脑会议”。而这一则。而这一则新闻报道了有关中国、日本、尼泊尔三国登山运动员登上新闻报道了有关中国、日本、尼泊尔三国登山运动员登上珠穆朗玛峰的情况。用在此处一语双关，增加了趣味性。）珠穆朗玛峰的情况。用在此处一语双关，增加了趣味性。）4 4This QuixoteThis Quixotelean,laserlean,lasereyed,lankeyed,lankhaired 33-haired 33-
49、year-old is no romantic Burton,no lyrical year-old is no romantic Burton,no lyrical GielgudGielgud,no protean Olivier.no protean Olivier.这个身材瘦削有如唐吉珂德，目光锐利有如激光，这个身材瘦削有如唐吉珂德，目光锐利有如激光，头披直发的三十三岁的演员独具特点，他不像伯顿头披直发的三十三岁的演员独具特点，他不像伯顿那样带有浪漫情调，也不似吉尔古具有田园风味，那样带有浪漫情调，也不似吉尔古具有田园风味，而且也有别于多才多艺的奥利维尔。（将目光夸张而且也有别于多才多艺的奥利维尔。（将目光夸张到如激光一样锐利。）到如激光一样锐利。）【总结归纳总结归纳】各种修辞手段运用反映了新闻语言的文学特征。各种修辞手段运用反映了新闻语言的文学特征。在翻译时不仅要传达原意，而且必须尽力保持原文在翻译时不仅要传达原意，而且必须尽力保持原文的风格。的风格。
