1、CONTENTS目录01动词不定式的特征动词不定式的特征02 动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类动词不定式的特征动词不定式的特征1、不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生或是在它之后发生。1.He appears to be very happy.他看起来好像很高兴。(同时发生)2.To catch the train,wed better hurry to the station by taxi.为了赶上火车,我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。(to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后)动词不定式是由不定式符号to+
2、动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。动词不定式的特征动词不定式的特征3不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。Im sorry to have lost your key.我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。4.不定式的否定形式 不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.由于天气不好,我们决定不出去。动词不定式的特征动词不定式的特征注意:谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义 I did not promise to wake him up.我没有答应叫醒他。I
3、promised not to wake him up.我答应了不叫醒他。5不定式的被动形式当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系,有一般式和完成时两种。(1)一般式 to be done These are the books to be given out to the students.这些是要发给学生的书。(2)完成式 to have been done The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.据说这部小说已被译成多种
4、语言。动词不定式的特征动词不定式的特征6 不定式的完成进行式不定式的完成进行式(1)不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行 He is said to be studying abroad.据说他正在国外读书。(2)不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束He is said to have studied abroad.据说他在国外学习过。比较:不定式的时态意义动词不定式的特征动词不定式的特征不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。动词不定式的种类
5、动词不定式的种类一、不定式结构作主语一、不定式结构作主语动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类 例句:例句:To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times看一次总比听一百次好。To persevere means victory!坚持就是胜利!注:注:某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之前加上前加上“of+名词词组名词词组”来说明不定式所指的来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况,如:是谁的情况,如:Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its very n
6、ice of you to be so considerate.注:注:这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子,如:词不是系动词的句子,如:It took us five hours to get there.It made us angry to hear him talk like that.注:注:不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出,也可以由文或情景中看出,也可以由“for+名词词名词词组组”来表示,如:来表示,如:It is not hard for one to do a
7、bit of good.It was difficult for me to do the work.一、不定式结构作主语一、不定式结构作主语动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类注:注:在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先行行it代替主语,而把不定式后置:代替主语,而把不定式后置:Its a great pleasure to be here.It is not an easy thing to master a language.注:注:某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之前加上前加上“of+名词词组名词
8、词组”来说明不定式所指的来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况,如:是谁的情况,如:Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.注:注:在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先行在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先行it代替主语,而把不定式后置:代替主语,而把不定式后置:Its a great pleasure to be here.It is not an easy thing to master a language.注:注:这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动这种后置不定式的结构
9、也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子,如:词不是系动词的句子,如:It took us five hours to get there.It made us angry to hear him talk like that.注:注:不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出,也可以由文或情景中看出,也可以由“for+名词词名词词组组”来表示,如:来表示,如:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It was difficult for me to do the work.一、不定式结构作主语一、不定
10、式结构作主语动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类注:注:某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之前加上前加上“of+名词词组名词词组”来说明不定式所指的来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况,如:是谁的情况,如:Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.注:注:在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先行行it代替主语,而把不定式后置:代替主语,而把不定式后置:Its a great pleasure to
11、be here.It is not an easy thing to master a language.注:注:不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出,也可以由文或情景中看出,也可以由“for+名词词名词词组组”来表示,如:来表示,如:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It was difficult for me to do the work.一、不定式结构作主语一、不定式结构作主语动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类 注:注:这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词这种后置不定式的结构也适
12、用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子,如:不是系动词的句子,如:It took us five hours to get there.It made us angry to hear him talk like that.注:注:某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之前加上前加上“of+名词词组名词词组”来说明不定式所指的来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况,如:是谁的情况,如:Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.注:注:在很多情况
13、下,特别是在口语中,常采用先在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先行行it代替主语,而把不定式后置:代替主语,而把不定式后置:Its a great pleasure to be here.It is not an easy thing to master a language.注:注:这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子,如:词不是系动词的句子,如:It took us five hours to get there.It made us angry to hear him talk like that.一、不定式结构作主语一、不定式
14、结构作主语动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类注:注:不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出,也可以由或情景中看出,也可以由“for+名词词组名词词组”来表示,如:来表示,如:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It was difficult for me to do the work.注:注:在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先行行it代替主语,而把不定式后置:代替主语,而把不定式后置:Its a great pleasure to be here.I
15、t is not an easy thing to master a language.注:注:这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子,如:词不是系动词的句子,如:It took us five hours to get there.It made us angry to hear him talk like that.注:注:不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出,也可以由文或情景中看出,也可以由“for+名词词名词词组组”来表示,如:来表示,如:It is not hard for
16、one to do a bit of good.It was difficult for me to do the work.一、不定式结构作主语一、不定式结构作主语动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类注:注:某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之前加上前加上“of+名词词组名词词组”来说明不定式所指的是来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况,如:谁的情况,如:Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.1主语和表语都是不定式(其含义往往一是
17、条件,主语和表语都是不定式(其含义往往一是条件,一是结果),如:一是结果),如:To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.善待敌人就是残酷对待自己的人民。To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.要做到这一点,就要把脚切成适合鞋子的形状。2主语是以主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion 等为等为中心词的名词词组,后面的不定式说明其内容,如:中心词的名词词组,后面的不定式说
18、明其内容,如:My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.我的想法是从北边爬山 Your mistake was not to write that letter.你的错误是没有写那封信二、不定式结构作表语二、不定式结构作表语动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类二、不定式结构作表语二、不定式结构作表语动词不定式的种类注注:在某些句型中,当主语部分有动作动词在某些句型中,当主语部分有动作动词 do 时,作表语的不定式可以省略符号时,作表语的不定式可以省略符号“to”,如:,如:All we have to do is(to)push the but
19、ton.我们所要做的就是按下按钮The only thing I can do now is(to)go on by myself.我现在唯一能做的就是自己继续干下去。All I could do was(to)send him a telegram.我所能做的就是给他发一封电报。三、不定式结构作动词宾语三、不定式结构作动词宾语2动词动词+疑问词疑问词+带带 to 的的不定式结构不定式结构这类动词常见的有:这类动词常见的有:tell,advise,show,teach,find out,decide,discuss,learn等。等。疑问词有:疑问词有:what,where,who(m),wh
20、en,how,whether,which(why 除外)除外)仿例:仿例:I dont know what to do/where to go/who(m)to ask/when to stop/how to get there.I havent decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next/where to put it.动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类1动词动词+带带 to 的不定式结的不定式结构构这类动词常见的有:这类动词常见的有:afford,agree,arrange,ask,choose,dec
21、ide,demand,desire,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer等,例如:等,例如:Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock.I didnt expect to find you here.4不定式结构与所修饰的名不定式结构与所修饰的名词,有时意义上有着主谓关系词,有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系,如:或动宾关系,如:He has a large family to support(=that he must support).1不定式作定语通常只能放不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后,如:在被修饰的名词之后,如:Its
22、 time to go to bed.He is not a man to bow before difficulties.2能带不定式结构作宾语的能带不定式结构作宾语的动词,转化成名词时往往也能动词,转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语,如:带不定式结构作定语,如:They will attempt to cross the river tonight.They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight.3某些能带不定式结构作状某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词,转化成名词时,语的形容词,转化成名词时,也能带不定式结构作定语,如
23、:也能带不定式结构作定语,如:He was obviously anxious to go.His anxiety to go was obvious.四、不定式结构作定语四、不定式结构作定语动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类注:注:不定式结构表示目的时,通常句不定式结构表示目的时,通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见参见以上以上2句句),但也有例外的情况,但也有例外的情况,例如:例如:I stopped for him to speak to me.He opened the door for the children to come in.五、不定式结构作状语五、不定
24、式结构作状语 不定式结构可以作状语,修饰动词、不定式结构可以作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词等,表示形容词、副词等,表示目的、原因、结果、条目的、原因、结果、条件件等。等。1表示目的:表示目的:They ran over to welcome the delegates.He went home to see his mother.注:注:为了强调表示目的的不定式结构,为了强调表示目的的不定式结构,特别是在不定式结构前有否定词特别是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时,通常可以在不定式符号时,通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上之前加上 in order 或或 so as,如:如:He came
25、here in order to see Charlie.He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.注:注:表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,这也是区别于其他功能的标志。这也是区别于其他功能的标志。但是,置于句首表示目的的不定但是,置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上式之前可以加上in order,但不,但不能加上能加上so as,如:,如:To draw maps properly,you need a special pen.(In order to draw maps properly,you need a special
26、 pen.)动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型:so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle.such()as to Im not such a fool as to believe that.enough to The boy is old enough to go to school.too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.五、不定式结构作状语五、不定式结构作状语2.表示结果:表示
27、结果:What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital.3.表示原因:表示原因:(不定式所表示的(不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词动作先于谓语动词的动作)的动作)She wept to hear the news.I pretend to be happy to know him.He laughed to see such fun.动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类含有含有”命令命令”强迫强迫”禁止禁止”等意等意义的动词,如:义的动词,如:order,c o m m a n d,requ
28、ire,charge,tell,make,oblige,force,drive,forbid,warn.例:例:He required us to keep it a secret.六、不定式结构作宾语补足语六、不定式结构作宾语补足语 表 示表 示“希希望望”“”“愿望愿望”等等心理状态的动词,心理状态的动词,如:如:w i s h,desire,expect,love,prefer,en c o u r a g e,trust 等。等。例:例:What do you desire me to do?含有含有”让让”允许允许”促使促使”致使致使”等祈使意等祈使意义的动词,如:义的动词,如:l
29、e t,a l l o w,p e r m i t,decide,mean,lead,bring,put,cause,等等。例:例:We mustnt l e t t h i s happen again.带 有带 有“请请求求”“”“恳求恳求”等等感情色彩的动词,感情色彩的动词,如:如:a s k,desire,invite,beg,request,worry 等。等。例:例:He begged me not to tell his father about it.含有含有”建议建议”劝告劝告”等意义的等意义的动 词,如动 词,如:a d v i s e,persuade,call on,u
30、rge 等。等。例:例:He urged us to accept the compromise.动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类 Dont force yourself to write when you have nothing to say.He believed the earth to be a globe.只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词:词:七、不定式的完成式有这七、不定式的完成式有这些用法些用法动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类1构成复合谓语,如:构成复合谓语,如:He is said to have written a new book abo
31、ut workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.)2在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语,如在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语,如 You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert.(=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.)3在某些动词后作宾语,如:在某些动词后作宾语,如:He pretended not to have seen me.I meant to have told you about
32、 it,but I forgot to do so.八、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法八、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法 如果主要如果主要谓语所表示的动谓语所表示的动作(或情况)发作(或情况)发生时,不定式所生时,不定式所表示的动作正在表示的动作正在进行,这时,不进行,这时,不定式就要用进行定式就要用进行式。式。动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类1构成复合谓语,如:构成复合谓语,如:They are said to be building another bridge across the river.They seem to be getting along quite well.2在某些
33、动词后构成复合宾语,如:在某些动词后构成复合宾语,如:We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.3在某些动词后作宾语,如:在某些动词后作宾语,如:He pretended to be listening attentively.4有时可以作主语或状语,如:有时可以作主语或状语,如:I am glad to be working with you.(状语状语)Its nice of you to be thinking of us.(主语主语)1作主语:作主语:It is an honor for me to be asked to speak
34、here.2作宾语:作宾语:She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.3构成复合谓语:构成复合谓语:The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.4作定语:作定语:Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?5作状语:作状语:She was too young to be assigned such work.九、九、不定式的被动形式有下列用法不定式的被动形式有下列用法动词不定式的种类动词不定式的种类 当不定式当不定式的逻辑主语是不的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动定式所表示的动作的承受者时,作的承受者时,不定式一般要采不定式一般要采用被动形式。用被动形式。