1、-By Judy Xu动词一一.动词是什么动词是什么？用来描述主语的动作行为或状态的词称为动词.例1.We study English.(study 是主语发出的动作）例2.He is ill.（is 表示主语状态）动词分类动词类别举例实义动词She has some bananas.They eat a lot of photaoes.连系动词His father is a teacher.Twins usually look the same.助动词I am studing in Canada now.He doesnt speak English.Do you have a brothe
2、r.情态动词We must go now.You can keep the books for two weeks.一 实义动词定义及特征：表示主语的行为动作及状态，在句子中能够独立作谓语，随着人称，数量，时态的变化而变化。He works in a hospital.They work in a hospital.He worked in a hospital last year.一 实义动词分类根据句法作用分类1.及物动词：及物动词本身意思不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。2.不及物动词：不及物动词自身意思完整，无需接宾语的动词为不及物动词。后面若要加宾语，常加介词。根据延续性分类3.延
3、续性动词：表示能够延续的动作或状态4.非延续性动词：表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束1.及物动词(1)含义：及物动词本身意思不完整，必须接宾语才能使其意思完整。一般情况下可以跟名词、代词、反身代词等作宾语。常见的及物动词:have,allow,get,bring,reach,hit,like,find,forget,make,take,tell,see等。例句1.They have a beautiful house.2.Tom reached Paris yesterday.3.The ship hit a shark.1.及物动词(2)及物动词的常见句型动词+宾语只跟一个宾语的及
4、物动词称为单宾语及物动词常见的单词有：accept，borrow，enjoy，put,use等。例句：1.They accepted thier puishment.2.You borrowed my book yesterday.3.All my family enjoy skiing1.及物动词(2)及物动词的常见句型动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 可以同时跟两个宾语的及物动词称为双宾语及物动词。动词所表示的动作涉及的事物称为直接宾语；动词所表示的动作所涉及的人称为间接宾语。常见的跟双宾语的动词有：bring拿来 send送 pass 传递 return 归还 hand 递 offer提供 te
5、ll 告诉 teach 教 give给 show给看 post寄例句：1.Can you bring me some water?2.I will send you a copy of this report.3.Pass me the book please.1.及物动词(2)及物动词的常见句型动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 双宾语结构的词可以转换为“to 型”或“for 型”句式可改为“to型”句式的动词有：bring,tell,give,offer,pass,promise,sell,send,show,teach,hand,write,post例句：1.Can you show me you
6、r new camera?=Can you show your new camera to me?2.Lucy gave me an apple.=Lucy gave an apple to me.3.他给了我一支笔。He offers me a pen.He offers a pen to me.4.他送了我一朵花。He send me a flower.He send a flower to me.1.及物动词(2)及物动词的常见句型动词+间接宾语+直接宾语双宾语结构的词可以转换为“to 型”或“for 型”句式.可改为“for型”句式的动词有：buy,choose,find,make,o
7、rder,prepare,see,draw,book,cook get,post等例句：My parents bought me a beautiful bike.=My parents bought a beautiful bike for me.sth for sb.He cooked me a delicious meal.He cooked a delicious meal for me.动词 sb sth.动词+sth+to/for sb.1.及物动词(2)及物动词的常见句型 动词+宾语+宾补 有些及物动词只接一个宾语不能表达完整的意思，还需要再加一个宾语补足语，用以说明宾语的性质、
8、状态，从而使意思完整。以名词（短语）/形容词（短语）作宾补的动词有：believe,get,call,keep,make,name,suppose,think,find例句：1.We call the girl Mary.2.I saw the girl(dancing in the hall.)3.I think thier methods stupid.2.不及物动词(1)不及物动词的含义 不及物动词自身意思完整，无需接宾语的动词为不及物动词。如：happen,come,go,run,work，fall，look，lie，occur,rain,remain,sleep等例句1.Horses
9、 run fast.2.They work in a factory.3.She lied.4.It is raining.5.The kids are sleeping.2.不及物动词(2)不及物动词+介词 不及物动词后面一般不可以接宾语，但有时不及物动词和介词或副词一起使用，构成短语动词，这时可以跟宾语。例如1.The nurse looks after the sick children very carefully.2.He is waiting for the bus.3.Lucy and Mary are talking about music.They are talking.2
10、.不及物动词(3)不及物动词or及物动词 一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，不是固定不变的，同一个动词在不同的句子中，有时用作及物动词，有时用作不及物动词。例句：1.Drink your tea before it gets cold.2.Her husband doesnt drink.3.We study English.4.They study hard.5.Boys fly kites.6.Birds can fly.3.延续性动词(1)含义 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作或状态例句，可以与表示时间段的状语，如“for+一段时间”，“since+从句”，“since+时间点”，how l
11、ong等连用。常见的延续性动词有:learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,stay,sit,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay,last例句：1.He has lived here for six years.2.How long did you have the car?3.She walks about 20 minutes before she arrive at the bus station.4.非延续性动词(1)含义 非延续性动词表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束,非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时
12、间点的状语连用，在否定句中可以与表示时间段的状语连用。常见的延续性动词有:open,die,close,begin,end,finish,come,go,move,borrow,lend,buy例句：1.I lent my car to my workmate.2.I havent heard from him for three weeks(时间段）.4.非延续性动词(2)延续性和非延续性的转换 有些非延续性动词有与其对应的延续性动词，如果句子需要，二者可进行转换。常用的有：Leavebe away borrowkeep buyhave begin/startbe on diebe dead
13、 finishbe over come herebe here go therebe there becomebe come backbe back get to/arrive/reachbe(in)leavebe away fromge/get out ofbe out put onwear join“be in+组织机构”或“be a member of”1.我离开家乡8年了。I left my hometowm eight years ago.I am away from my hometown since 8 years ago.二 系动词(1)含义：连系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓
14、语，必须和表语一起构成谓语，说明主语的状态、性质,特征或身份。有人称和数的变化。例句：1.He looks young.2.Tom is a teacher.3.Translation is an art.二 系动词(2)分类：二 系动词(2)分类：状态系动词：be(am,is,are，was,were)用来表示主语的状态。其后可接名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词等作表语。例句：1.XiaoMing is a student.2.Mary is ill.3.The road is broken.4.Trees are strong.二 系动词(2)分类：表象系动词:seem,look,appea
15、r用来表示“看起来像.”这一概念。可接形容词、名词、不定式、介词短语等作表语，一般不接副词作表语。例句：1.Tom looks tired.2.The pthotos look very touching.3.Her claims seem credible to many people.4.She appears to be very young.二 系动词(2)分类：表象系动词:appear 其意为“似乎”“好像”，其后的表语可以是：不定式:He appeared to be talking to himself.形容词:He appears quite rich.名词:It appear
16、s a true story.从句:It appears that he forgot to sign the letter.二 系动词(2)分类：感官系动词:看（look）听(sound)闻(smell)尝(taste)摸(feel),表示“起来”、“上去”不能用于进行时态,可接形容词、名词、介词短语作表语.例句：1.The mixture(混合物）tasted horrible。2.This flower smells sweet.3.Cotton feels soft。4.Your idea sounds reasonable.二 系动词(2)分类：变化系动词：become、get、tu
17、rn、grow、go come、make、run、fall。这类系动词可以用于进行时态，become与turn可接形容词及名词作表语(turn所接的名词前通常不用限定词)，其余一般只接形容词作表语。例句：1.Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.2.Soon she turned writer。3.I hope you will get well again quickly.4.She is growing old.5.His ideal has come true.二 系动词(2)分类：持续系动词：keep、remain、stay、sta
18、nd、lie、rest。表示“人”或“物”保持某种状态、处于某一地点、位置，可接名词、形容词、分词、介词短语作表语，用于一般现在时，有时可用进行时态。1.The weather is keeping dry.2.He remained a poor man.3.Stay quiet for a little while,please.4.The land no longer lies waste.二 系动词(2)分类：终止系动词：prove,turn out表示”证明“一般接形容词、名词及to be 引起的短语例句：1.The method proved highly effective。2.
19、The day turned out fine.3.She proved a very strict teacher.4.He has proved his courage in the battle.5.As time went on,Einsteins theory proved to be correct.三 助动词（1）定义及特征：本身无意义，不能独立做谓语，只能与其后的主动词一起共同构成谓语。主要用来帮助构成时态，语态，否定，疑问等三 助动词(1)be(am,is,are,was,were)作用：构成进行时态：I am studing in Canada now.be+V-ing 现
20、在进行时构成被动语态：The glass was broken by Amy.be+V过分 被动语态构成系表结构：She is kind.三 助动词(2)have（has,had)作用：构成完成时态：have+过去分词 1.We have known John for years.2.It has been a long time that we didnt see each other.3.Every thing had gone.三 助动词(3)do(does、did)作用：构成疑问句、否定句：1.Do you like music?2.I didnt know you were comi
21、ng.加强语气 She does love pop music.代替主要动词 She dances as well as I do（dance）.三 助动词(4)shall(用于第一人称)will(用于各种人称)作用：构成一般将来时态：(shall/will+v原型）1.I shall leave for Canada tomorrow.2.They will go on a picnic next Sunday.四 情态动词（1）定义：情态动词表示说话人在能力、必要、义务或猜测等方面的语气或态度，有自己的词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和动词原形一起构成复合谓语，没有人称和数的变化。情态动词主要
22、有：can(could),may(might),must,shall(should),will(would),need,had better等 情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。四 情态动词（2）can的用法 can表示能力,体力，知识技能，意为“能，会”，如：I can dance.She can sing.can表示推测，意为“可能”，常用在疑问句和否定句中。如：That cant be Mr Li.此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式;而be able to则有更多的时态。四 情态动词（2）can的用法can/could表示“请求，许可“。Could比can语气
23、更加委婉，客气。”Could I/you.?”表示“我/你能.吗？“肯定回答要用can,不用could。如：1.Could you please give me a hand?2.-Can I borrow your book?-Yes,you can./No,you cant.四 情态动词（3）must的用法must意为“必须，应该、一定“，表示说话人认为必须要做某事，或要求别人做某事。否定形式为mustnt，意为”禁止，一定不“，表示不许对方做某事。表示“一定不”时,否定形式是“cant”如：1.We must be very careful when we cross the road.
24、2.It must be Jack.3.I havent seen Kate today.She cant be here.四 情态动词（3）must的用法由must提问的一般疑问句用“No，neednt“或”“No，dont have to.“作否定回答；肯定回答用must。如：-Must we clean the room before we leave?Yes,you must./No,you neednt.四 情态动词（3）must的用法must和have tohave to表示因客观需要必须做某事，有“必须，不得不”的意思，其后跟动词原形。have to有时态、人称和数的变化。Mus
25、t表示人的主观看法，有“必须，应当”的意思。Must没有时态、人称和数的变化。如：1.We have to leave now for it is very late at night.2.She has to go to hospital because of her serious injuries.3.He must apologize to me四 情态动词（3）may和might的用法may表示允许、请求或可能性,用may提问时,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用cant或mustnt.如：1.-May I ask you a question
26、?Certainly/Yes,you may.2.-May I use your phone?-No,you cant./No,you mustnt.can和may均可用来征求意见或许可，意为“可以”，一般可互换使用四 情态动词（4）may和might的用法may用于祈使句，表示祝愿。如：1.May you succeed!2.May you have a long and happy life!四 情态动词（4）may和might的用法may,might表示把握性不大的可能性；might可以指过去的可能性，也指现在的可能性，指现在的可能性时比may程度弱。1.I thought mother
27、 might like the idea2.She was afraid he might not agree3.He may have gone abroad四 情态动词（5）need的用法 need表示“需要”，用作情态动词只有现在时，无人称和数的变化，只用于疑问句与否定句中。在肯定句中要用must，have to来代替。1.You neednt come so early.2.-Need I finish the work today?四 情态动词（5）need的用法 need作情态动词和实义动词 作为情态动词：need+动词原形；作为实义动词need+to do。如：1.-Mum,mu
28、st I wash the dishes right now?No,you neednt.2.We need to preserve the forest.四 情态动词（6）shall的用法 shall用于第一人称表示征求意见，询问。如:1.Shall I open the window?2.Shall we have lunch here?shall 用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。1.You shall fail if you dont work hard.(警告)2.He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺)3.H
29、e shall be punished.(威胁)四 情态动词（7）should和ought to的用法 should,ought to表示“应该”，ought to表示义务或责任，比should语气重。如：1.I should help her because she is in trouble.2.You ought to take care of the baby.表示劝告、建议和命令。should,ought to可通用，但在疑问句中常用should。如：1.You should/ought to go to class right away.2.Should I open the wi
30、ndow?四 情态动词（7）should和ought to的用法 表示推测should,ought to(客观推测),must(主观推测)。如：1.He must be home by now.(断定他已到家)2.He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定)3.This is where the oil must be.(直爽)4.This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)四 情态动词（7）will的用法 用于第二人称表示询问、请求，也可以表达现在的“意愿”。如：1.Will you pass me the b
31、ook？2.We will do anything for you.四 情态动词（7）would的用法 would用来表示过去的意义或委婉询问。1.Would you tell me the way to the nearest bus station?表示请求、建议等，would比will更委婉。1.Will/Would you pass me the ball,please?四 情态动词（8）had better的用法 had better用于提建议或表示自己应该做什么事，常省略为d better,意为“最好”。其后用动词原形，否定形式在had better后加not.如：1.We had
32、 better start at once.2.Youd better not do that again,四 情态动词（9）dare的用法作实义动词，意为“敢于，胆敢”，作实义动词时，有人称、时态和数的变化1）在肯定句中，其后常接带to的不定式2）在否定句和疑问句中，既可接带to的不定式，也可接不带to的不定式3）在否定句和疑问句中，要用do,does,did等助动词例如He dares to swim across the river.他敢游过这条河。Do you dare（to）tell her the truth?你敢告诉她真相吗？He doesnt dare(to)come to s
33、ee you.他不敢来见你。四 情态动词（9）dare的用法作情态动词，意为“敢，胆敢”，没有人称和数的变化，时态只有现在时和过去时，通常用于否定句和疑问句。常见用法I dare say(that).我想.，可能.例如：1.The little girl dare not speak in public.那个小女孩不敢再公众面前说话。2.He dare not tell us the truth.他不敢告诉我们实情。3.I dare say（that）Jack wont come.我想杰克不会来。主要情态动词一览表原形过去式 词义同义词组cancould可以/可能/能够be able to domaymight可以/能够 无mustmust必须/一定have towillwould愿意无shall should 应该be supposed to dohad better无最好无need无需要无dare无敢，胆敢无
