1、英语（二）自学教程 Unit 5Keeping Your Dreams Alive TEXT A Life Is DifficultTEXT BBegin AgainLife Is Difficult生活是艰难的1.Life is difficult.生活是艰难的。2.This is a great truth,one of the greatest truths.It is a great truth because once we truly see this truth we transcend it.Once we truly know that life is difficult-o
2、nce we truly understand and accept it-then life is no longer difficult.Because once it is accepted,the fact that（同位语从句）life is difficult no longer matters.（承上句）这是一条真理，是众多伟大真理之一。一旦我们真正认识了它，才会超越其本身。一旦我们真正认识到生活的艰难所在，真正理解并接受它，生活将不再如那般的艰难，生活是艰难的这一事实，也不会再影响到我们。3.Most people do not fully see this truth tha
3、t（同从）life is difficult.大多数人并未真正认识到生活是艰难的这一事实。1.transcend trnsend;trn-vt.超越，超出的限度；优于或胜过；高于或独立于（宇宙）而生存 =go beyondSuch matters transcend human understanding.这些事情是人类所无法理解的.He could never transcend his resentments and his complexes.他从来不能把他的怨恨和感情上的症结置之度外.前缀:trans-1.表示变换,改变,转移;2.表示横过,越过transport 运输;运输系统,运载
4、工具，trans变换,改变,转移+port运搬运转移运输transplant 移植，trans变换,改变,转移+plant种转移过去移植词根:scend=climb,表示爬,攀transcend，trans横过,超过+scend爬爬过超越no longer不再，已不I no longer have any objection to your going to see her.我不会再因为你去见她而不高兴。She was devoted to him,but she no longer loved him madly.她一心一意地爱他，但是这份爱不再疯狂。The construction ind
5、ustry is no longer as depressed as it was.建筑业不再像以往那样萧条了。the fact that（引出同位语从句）life is difficult no longer matters.一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般只能跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。Most people do not fully see this truth that life is difficult.大多数人并未真正认识到生活是艰难的这一事实。I heard the news that our team had won.我听到了我们队获胜的消
6、息。二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，demand,wish,resolution，words(消息)，plan，theory，doubt，truth，information，belief，conclusion，possibility,decision等(一般的抽象名词都可用)。三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that，whether，连接代词what，who。连接副词how,when,where，why等，(if不能引导同位语从句。)that叫做从属
7、连词/连接代词，只起连接作用，不在从句中担任任何成分，不能省略。而that引导定从时，叫做关系代词，在句中担任成分，可省略。He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他突然想起（有了）敌人可能已经逃出城了（这一想法）。4.Instead，they moan more or less incessa
8、ntly,noisily or subtly,about the enormity of their problems,their burdens,and their difficulties as if（方状从，虚拟）life were generally easy,as if life should be easy.They voice their belief,noisily or subtly,that（同从）their difficulties represent a unique kind of affliction that（定从）should not be and that（定
9、从）has somehow been especially visited upon them,or else upon their families,their tribe,their class,their nation,their race or even their species,and not upon others.I know about this moaning because（原状从）I have done my share.（承上、总结的句子）相反，他们不停地无病呻吟，或是聒噪地，或是微弱地，絮叨着他们所遭遇的种种问题、所承受的负担以及所忍受的苦难，好像生活应该是一帆风顺
10、的。他们或高声抗议，或微弱地嘀咕，认为他们的苦难代表一种特殊的不幸，它不应加诸于他们，现在却降临在他们身上，或是他们家人身上、或是他们的部落、他们的阶级、国家、种族、甚至于他们这一特种身上，而不是别人。我深谙这种埋怨，因为我也曾参与其中。moan about 抱怨It is outrageous atreds that people doing well-paid jobs should moan about how badly off they are.那些有着高薪工作的人竟然还抱怨自己多么缺钱，真是过分。We had a good moan about the weather.我们对天气着
11、实抱怨了一番.more or less差不多，几乎；大约；多少不等；多多少少The fog was so thick that we were more or less driving blind.雾太大，我们几乎是两眼摸瞎地开车。as if/though(好像)引导方式状语从句往往用虚拟，表示与事实相反。They looked at me as if/as though I were/was mad.他们看着我好像我发疯了似的。visit sth.on/upon sb./sth.对进行惩罚 God visited everlasting grief upon her.上帝使她悲痛不已。The
12、 court visits all costs upon them.法院要他们负担全部费用。know about 深谙/知道do ones share尽某人的本分（参与其中）Ive done my share in life,I havent got the heart anymore.我已经尽完了自己的本分,不再有这样的雄心了.I have done my share of the work.我已经做了我分内的工作.2.incessantly adv.不停地；持续不断地relentlessly,unendingly,unremittingly,constantly,nonstop talk,
13、ring+不停地；持续地Dee talked incessantly.迪伊说个不停。It rained and stormed incessantly throughout our stay.我们在那儿的几天里一直是狂风暴雨。3.noisily adv.喧闹地 noisy adj.喧闹的；嘈杂的；吵闹的noise n.噪音；嘈杂声，喧闹声；声音，声响；杂音vt.谣传；哄传；传说vi.发出声音；大声议论to make a noise(complain)抱怨；发牢骚I hope she doesnt make a noise about it.我希望她不会对此事大发牢骚。to make noise
14、s about sth(indicate intentions)（含蓄）表明对的意图（或观点）His mother had also started making noises about it being time for him to leave home.他母亲也开始旁敲侧击，暗示他应该离家独立了。to make the right noises|to make all the right noises随声附和；故作踊跃He was making all the right noises about multiparty democracy and human rights.他假意支持多
15、党民主和人权问题。noises off(offstage sounds)台后音；幕后音4.subtly adv.不易察觉地；不明显地；微妙地subtlest()l adj.微妙的；敏锐的；不明显的；精细的；狡猾的(not very noticeable)+difference,distinction,changes 不明显的；不易察觉的；隐约的Theres a subtle distinction between these two words.这两个词之间隐约有点区别。(delicate)+flavour,scent，+scent,shade 清淡的，柔和的delightfully subt
16、le scents怡人的淡淡香气(clever)+person,character,manner,mind 敏感的；敏锐的；有辨别力的Hughes was a nice man,but not a subtle one.休斯是个和气的人，但没有什么辨别力。+plan,argument 精巧的；精妙的(cunning)机智的；机巧的；狡猾的I even began to exploit him in subtle ways.我甚至开始巧妙地利用他。5.enormity n.巨大；深远影响；严重性 enormous adj.庞大的，巨大的；凶暴的，极恶的+building,pressure,imp
17、act,disappointment,success,effort，+task 巨大的；极大的，艰巨的The main bedroom is enormous.主卧室非常大。The film had an enormous impact on the publics interest in the fate of whales.这部电影使公众对鲸的命运产生了浓厚的兴趣。These are projects with enormous potential.这些项目极具潜力。He takes enormous pleasure in reading.他从阅读中获得了极大的乐趣。Rebuilding
18、 the shattered country will be an enormous task.重建这个支离破碎的国家将会是一项艰巨的任务。an enormous amount of sth大量的某物an enormous amount of money一笔巨款represent reprzent 代表(correspond to)相当于；等同于Our tent represents home for us when we are camping.野营时，帐篷就是我们的家。(act as substitute)代表；代替(act on behalf of)+client,worker,vote
19、r 代理；代表the politicians we elect to represent us我们选出来代表我们的政治家to represent sbs interests代表某人的利益(in sport)+country,town,school 代表参加比赛He has represented his country in the Olympics.他代表国家参加奥运会。(symbolize)意味着；代表；表示In Einsteins equation c represents the speed of light.在爱因斯坦方程式中，c表示光速。(exemplify)代表；象征；体现；反映
20、These views dont represent those of American people.这些观点并不代表美国人民的看法。(constitute)相当于；表示；是This represents a major change.这是一个重大转变。(through picture,sculpture)表现；描绘；刻画(in mind)（在脑海中清晰地）呈现(state)说明；阐述；陈述(portray)描绘；描述He didnt like the way he was represented.他不喜欢别人那样去形容他。(make out to be(sth)将说成是；认为是；声称是to
21、 represent sb/sth as sth将某人/某事说成是to be represented as sth被认为是The withdrawal was represented as a military success.这次撤军被视为军事上的胜利。6.burden n.（义务、责任等的）重担，负担 v.加重压于，加负担于，使负重担，（使）烦扰，加重.的负担，把压倒，麻烦，劳累The burden fell on the eldest son.担子落在了长子身上。His poor family is becoming a burden.他贫困的家庭渐渐成了累赘。The burden of
22、 his complaint was that quality was very poor.他投诉的要点是品质非常差。I dont want to burden you with my problem.我不想让我的问题给你添麻烦。【常用短语】burden withput a burden on sb/oneself加负担于 burden sb/oneself with sthWhy do you burden yourself with your sisters dog?你何必自找麻烦为你姐姐的狗所累呢?【词汇搭配】用作名词(n.)动词+bear a burden承受负担 become a b
23、urden成为负担 carry a burden背负重担 cast ones burden on sb把责任丢给某人 drop ones burden卸下重任 lay a burden on sb给某人增加负担 lessen a burden减轻负担 lighten a burden 减轻负担 share a burden分担责任 shoulder a burden肩负重担 take up a burden 挑起重担 形容词+common burden共同的负担 domestic burden家庭负担 financial burden财政负担 heavy burden沉重的负担 mental
24、burden 精神负担,思想包袱 weighty burden重担,重任 名词+tax burden税收负担 介词+with a burden on ones back负有重担+介词burden of grief压在心头的悲伤 burden of leadership 领导的担子 burden of sorrow压在心头的悲伤 burden of taxation税收负担 burden of the people人民的负担 burden on sb 某人的负担 burden to 的负担7.belief n.相信；信心 disbelief，believe，believable，unbeliev
25、ablebeyond belief难以置信的;不可思议的 too great,difficult,dreadful to be believed;incredibleto the best of ones belief据某人所知；在某人看来in the belief that.相信 feeling confident that.8.unique adj.唯一的；独一无二的；独特的unique ability无与伦比的才能 unique fashion奇特的服装 unique opportunity极难得的机会 unique style独特的风格 quite unique 独特无比 almost
26、 unique可算是独特的 unique in its scenery那地方的景色无与伦比 unique to the region这个地区所特有的9.affliction n.折磨；痛苦eat the bread of affliction遭受痛苦I have great sympathy for people in affliction.我对那些受苦受难的人们充满同情。Malnutrition is one of the common afflictions of the poor.营养不良是致使穷人痛苦的常见原因之一。10.especially adv.尤其；特别；格外adapt esp
27、ecially 特别适用于 excite especially 使特别激动 prepare especially 特别准备 qualify especially 特别适合 especially cautious特别谨慎 especially exact特别苛求 especially frequent 特别频繁的 especially food 特别是食物 especially fruit 特别是水果 especially now 尤其是现在11.tribe n.部落用作名词(n.)形容词+the vagrant tribe一批流浪者 名词+the rose tribe 玫瑰族12.specie
28、s spiiz n.种，物种（分类上小于属）species的单复数同形,用作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式,也可用复数形式。species有时还可指人,既有褒义,又有贬义。用作名词(n.)形容词+strange species 奇特的种类 endangered species濒临灭绝的物种5.Life is a series of problems.Do we want to moan about them or solve them?Do we want to teach our children to solve them?6.（主题句）Discipline is the basic se
29、t of tools（that定从）we require to solve lifes problems.Without discipline we can solve nothing.With only some discipline we can solve only some problems.With total discipline we can solve all problems.生活是由一系列的问题组成的。我们是抱怨它们还是解决它们?我们想教育我们的孩子去解决它们吗?磨练是我们解决生活问题所需要的一套基本工具。没有它我们什么也解决不了。部分磨练只能解决部分问题，历经磨练，我们才
30、能解决所有问题。13.discipline dspln n.训练;磨炼；自制力；遵守纪律；准则；(尤指大学里的)学科，科目vt.训练；使有纪律；处罚；使有条理The aim of discipline is to teach children to behave acceptably.纪律的目的是教育儿童举止得体。Hospital discipline was broken.Amy would have to explain herself.破坏了医院的纪律，埃米将不得不为自己辩解。Self-discipline,willingness,enthusiasm,thats what you mu
31、st depend on.自律、自愿与热情，这是你所必须依仗的。It was that image of calm and discipline that appealed to voters.正是那个冷静、自律的形象打动了选民。The discipline of studying music can help children develop good work habits.音乐学习中的训练可以帮助孩子们培养好的工作习惯。Were looking for people from a wide range of disciplines.我们需要各个学科的人才。Im very good at
32、disciplining myself.我能做到严格自律。7.What（主从）makes life difficult is that（表从）the process of confronting and solving problems is a painful one.Problems,depending upon their nature,evoke in us frustration of grief,sadness,loneliness,guilt,regret,anger,fear,anxiety,anguish,or despair.These are uncomfortable
33、feelings,often very uncomfortable,often as painful as any kind of physical pain,sometimes equaling the very worst kind of physical pain.Indeed,it is because of the pain that（强调句结构）events or conflicts engender in us all that（定从）we call them problems.（承上启下句）And since（原从，已知原因）life poses an endless seri
34、es of problems,life is always difficult and is full of pain as well as joy.生活的艰辛在于面对和解决问题的痛苦过程。不同性质的问题会让我们产生复杂的情绪：沮丧、悲伤、寂寞、内疚、遗憾、愤怒、恐惧、焦虑、痛苦还有绝望。这些情感上的痛苦和身体上的痛苦一样，有时同最深刻的肉体疼痛一样，让人难受，难以释怀。事实上，正是由那些经历或挣扎冲突在我们的内心引起的疼痛才产生了我们称之为问题的东西。由于生活总会给我们提出一系列无穷无尽的问题，生活才总会充满苦难，带给我们痛并快乐着的体验。14.confront v.处理，解决（问题或困境）
35、(tackle)+issue,question,danger，+person 正视；勇敢面对，对抗We will soon have to confront a fundamental question.我们很快就将不得不正视一个基本问题。We are learning how to confront death.我们正在学习如何直面死亡。The candidates confronted each other during a televised debate.候选人在电视辩论中面对面交锋。to confront sb about sth与某人对质某事I could not bring my
36、self to confront him about it.我无法迫使自己和他当面对质此事。(stand face to face with)+person 迎面遇到She pushed her way through the mob and confronted him face to face.她挤过骚动的人群和他迎面相对。I had to confront the reporters.我不得不面对记者。to confront sb with sth(present)+evidence,facts 使某人面对某事；（尤指）以某事与某人对质She had decided to confron
37、t him with what she had learnt.她决定拿自己了解的事实与他当面对质。(face)task,problem,situation+临到头上；使面临Ministers underestimated the magnitude of the task confronting them.部长们低估了他们所面临任务的艰巨性。to be confronted with sth+problem,situation,choice 面对某事；面临某事She was confronted with severe money problems.她面临严重的资金问题。15.evoke v.
38、引起，唤起（感情、记忆或形象）(call up)+memory,feeling,idea,image 唤起；引起；勾起The scene evoked memories of those old movies.这个场景唤起了人们关于那些老电影的记忆。Being blamed unfairly evokes feelings of humiliation,unfairness,anger,and resentment.受到不公平的指责使人感觉屈辱、不公、气愤和怨恨。He evokes conflicting emotions in all of us.他使我们所有人产生矛盾的情绪。(elicit
39、 ilstvt.引出，探出；诱出（回答等）)+response 引起；造成；带来Neither call has evoked any response.两通电话都没有任何回应。I hope to make pictures capable of evoking a response in other people.我希望可以作出能引起别人反响的画。(conjure knd(r)up想到)+spirit,ghost 召唤；使显灵16.grief n.（尤指因某人去世引起的）悲伤，悲痛，伤心(sorrow)（尤指对某人过世的）悲伤，悲痛We were struck dumb with horro
40、r and grief.恐惧与悲痛令我们一句话都说不出来。(cause of suffering)伤心事；悲痛事I am afraid that I have been a great strain on your nerves,a grief and worry to you.我担心自己给你造成了极大的不安，让你伤心发愁了。(annoyance)烦恼；烦扰My girlfriend is giving me grief about it.女朋友正为这事烦我。to come to grief plan+失败A number of good ideas always come to grief.
41、许多好主意总是落空。17.guilt n.内疚；悔恨 guiltybe guilty of 有之罪She would be guilty of betraying her own mother.她会犯下背叛自己母亲的错误。be/feel guilty about 为.感到内疚I feel guilty about visiting her so rarely.我因极少去看望她而感到惭愧.(feeling)内疚；自责；悔恨She lives with a pervasive pvesv adj.普遍的；扩大的；渗透的；弥漫的sense of guilt.她生活在深深的愧疚之中。Ive alway
42、s felt so full of guilt about what happened.对于发生的事情我一直满怀愧疚。(fact of having done wrong)犯罪；有过失；犯错He made a public admission of his guilt.他公开承认自己有罪。18.anxiety n.焦虑；忧虑 anxious(worried)+person,expression 不安的；焦虑的；忧虑的It was obvious from her anxious expression that he had not come home yet.从她焦虑的表情看来他显然还未回家。
43、to be anxious about sb/sth为某人/某事感到忧虑I get anxious about possibly missing the train.一想到有可能错过火车我就变得焦虑不安。to grow anxious|to get anxious变得忧虑As the hours went by,those waiting at home grew more and more anxious.随着时间一小时一小时地过去，那些在家等待的人变得越来越焦虑。(causing worry)+time,moment 令人焦虑的；让人担忧的an anxious couple of days
44、令人担忧的几天(eager)热望的；渴望的to be anxious to do sth渴望做某事Both nations are anxious to avoid conflict.两国都迫切希望避免发生冲突。to be anxious that渴望Hes anxious that there should be no delay.他非常希望不会出现延误。to be anxious for sth渴望某事those anxious for political reform那些渴望政治改革的人19.anguish n.剧痛；极度痛苦；苦恼(mental)极端痛苦；精神折磨Mark looked
45、 at him in anguish.马克痛苦地望着他。a quarrel which caused her great anguish给她带来极大痛苦的一场争吵(physical)剧痛；肉体折磨She doubled over,her face distorted in anguish.她弓着身子，脸痛得变了形。20.despair n.绝望 (hopelessness)绝望，feelings of despair绝望的感觉He felt close to despair.他觉得快绝望了。to be driven to despair被推入绝望的境地；被逼得走投无路They were dri
46、ven to despair.他们被逼入了绝境。in despair绝望地I looked at my wife in despair.我绝望地看着我的妻子。to be in despair绝望I was in despair.我很绝望。(cause of hopeless feelings)使人绝望的人或事物Till then he had been the despair of his father.在此之前，他一直让父亲感到绝望。His refusal to explain is the despair of his closest supporters.他拒绝作出解释，令他最亲近的支持
47、者感到绝望。a horse that has been the despair of three trainers一匹让三个驯马师都很头疼的马frustration 懊恼 沮丧21.uncomfortable adj.（使）焦虑的，尴尬的，害怕的，不自在的22.physical adj.身体的；肉体的；躯体的23.equal v.比得上；敌得过能力（或地位、权利）相当的人（或物）She was one of the boys,their equal.她是这些男孩子中的一员，和他们不相上下。You should have married somebody more your equal.你本该和
48、一个更门当户对的人结婚。sbs intellectual equal和某人智力相当的人to be sbs equal与某人旗鼓相当She is my equal,or maybe even my better.她跟我差不多，甚至比我还好。to have no equal无与伦比；绝无仅有When it comes to taking the tough decision,he has no equal.说到做艰难决定，无人能出其右。24.conflict n.冲突；争执；争论(fighting)（敌对兵力间的）冲突，争斗aim at ending four decades of conflic
49、t旨在结束40年冲突的会谈(battle)（敌对兵力间的）冲突，战斗A conventional conflict might escalate esklet to a nuclear confrontation.一场常规战斗有可能逐步升级为一次核对抗。(disagreement)（想法、利益等的）矛盾，冲突Try to keep any conflict between you and your ex-partner to a minimum.要想办法把你和你前配偶之间的矛盾降到最低。to be in conflict with sb与某人有冲突Employees already are i
50、n conflict with management over job cuts.员工已经和管理层在裁员问题上出现了冲突。to come into conflict产生冲突The two companies came into conflict.这两个公司产生了冲突。(between appointments，clash)（时间上的）冲突He had a diary conflict.他的工作日程有冲突。(between beliefs,ideas,interests，difference)（信仰、想法、利益的）严重分歧There is a conflict between what they
