1、LeonaGrammar Ellipsis (省略）省略）LeonaJack:Henry:Jack:Hi,Henry!Did you watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday?(1)No,I didnt.What a pity!I highly recommend it.(2)You can watch it online if you want to.Its about some of the worst environmental problems were facing today.Globa
2、l warming,for example,is a major problem caused by greenhouse gases.It may lead to extreme weather events:droughts,heatwaves and so on.(3)I felt worried when watching the documentary.LeonaHenry:Jack:Henry:Jack:Henry:Does it also talk about solutions to these problems?Yes.It includes interviews with
3、more than 20 of the worlds leading experts on environmental issues.All of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve these problems.(4)Some call for the application of modern technology,and others a change of lifestyle.I wish we could also do something to help.(5)Got any ideas?What about makin
4、g a brochure about environmental problems?(6)Sounds great!Lets get started after lunch.Leona1 What is the documentary about?2 How did Jack feel when watching the documentary?3 What do the leading experts suggest doing to solve the environmental problems?Leona1 What is the documentary about?Its about
5、 environmental protection./Its about some of the worst environmental problems we are facing today.Leona2 How did Jack feel when watching the documentary?He felt worried when watching the documentary.Leona3 What do the leading experts suggest doing to solve the environmental problems?Some call for th
6、e application of modern technology,and others a change of lifestyle.Leona1 No,I didnt(watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday).2 You can watch it online if you want to().3 I felt worried when()watching the documentary.4 Some call for the application of modern technology,
7、and others()a change of lifestyle.5()Got any ideas?6()Sounds great!watch itI wascall forHave youIt/ThatWrite down the words that have been left out in the brackets below.P6Leona We sometimes use ellipsis to avoid(1)_ (stressing/repeating)one or more words when the meaning is clear.We can use ellipsi
8、s:in short responses;in infinitives;after some conjunctions like if,when and while;in clauses with the same pattern and the same verb;at the beginning of a sentence in(2)_(informal/formal)speech.repeatingWorking out the rulesinformalP6Leona Ellipsis (省略）省略）为了使语言简洁或避免重复，省略句中为了使语言简洁或避免重复，省略句中的一个或几个句子成
9、分，这种语法现象的一个或几个句子成分，这种语法现象称为称为省略省略。定义定义Leona 运用省略手法，可以避免重复，使句子简练。常见的省略现象有以下几种：一一.在在非正式场合非正式场合，如果语境清晰，如果语境清晰，常省略主语或主语常省略主语或主语+动词动词。例如：例如：(Are you)Ready?NotesLeona二二 .在在简短对话简短对话中，答句常中，答句常保留主语和助动词保留主语和助动词，省略其后主，省略其后主要要动词以及上句出现过的其他内容动词以及上句出现过的其他内容。例如：例如：Did you go to the museum yesterday?No,I didnt(go to
10、 the museum yesterday)NotesLeona Doesnt matter.doesnt matter.(It)Sounds like a good idea.Leona 四四.在在并列句并列句结构中，常省略与结构中，常省略与前面相同的主语、谓语或前面相同的主语、谓语或其他成分其他成分。例例如：如：(1)Peter entered the classroom and(Peter)sat at his desk.(2)I like dancing but my brother(likes)singing.(3)What I said made Jack happy but(wh
11、at I said made)Jane angry.Leona在由在由and连接的一些句子中，为避免重复常省略一些连接的一些句子中，为避免重复常省略一些重复的词或词重复的词或词组。组。1.省略省略共同的主语或宾语共同的主语或宾语。Mr.Smith picked up a coin in the road and Mr.Smith handed it to a policeman.2.若主语不同而若主语不同而谓语助动词，情态动词相同谓语助动词，情态动词相同，则省略后面，则省略后面的助动的助动词或情态动词。词或情态动词。Jack must have been playing football an
12、d Mary must have been doing her homework.Leona3.若若主语与谓语动词相同主语与谓语动词相同，省略后面的，省略后面的主谓成分主谓成分。His advice made me happy,but his advice made Jim angry.4.若主语不同，但主要若主语不同，但主要动词及后续部分相同动词及后续部分相同，则省略主要，则省略主要动词及动词及后续部分后续部分。I was born in winter in 1988 and Bob was born in winter in 1989.5.省略省略重复的介词，连词及后续部分重复的介词，连词
13、及后续部分。He was late because he had overslept and because he had missed the train.Leona1.when，while，as,once，whenever引导的引导的时间状语从句时间状语从句；2.if，unless引导的引导的条件状语从句条件状语从句；3.though，although，even if，even though引导的引导的让步状语从句让步状语从句；4.as though，as if，as引导的引导的方式状语从句方式状语从句；5.wherever引导的引导的地点状语从句地点状语从句 若从句的若从句的主语是主语是
14、it或或与主句的主语相同与主句的主语相同，且谓，且谓语是语是be时，常同时时，常同时省略从句的主语和省略从句的主语和be。LeonaLeonaLeona1.Misunderstandings resulting from lack of social communication,if not (handle)properly,may lead to serious problems.2.Id like to invite you to the coming party,which will take place on the second floor of the dining hall as
15、 (expect)3.Students are not supposed to come in until (ask)to.handledexpectedaskedLeona4.Is he coming back tonight?I think .5.When (walk)alone in the middle of the night,I sensed someone was following me.6.You may have finished your homework.If (如果这样),you can go on to play football.7.You should let
16、us know the result .(如有可能)8.There are few people,(如果有的话),who remember him.if possibleif anysowalkingsoLeona2.定语从句中的省略：定语从句中的省略：1)在限制性定语从句中，作在限制性定语从句中，作宾语宾语用的关系代词用的关系代词whom，which，that可省略。可省略。如：如：我最喜欢的电影明星是李小龙。我最喜欢的电影明星是李小龙。The film star_ I like most is Bruce Lee.我们有使我们感到骄傲的历史。我们有使我们感到骄傲的历史。We have a
17、history_ we are proud of.(whom/who/that)(which/that)Leona判断正误：判断正误：这是我的妻子，我的一切都归功于她。这是我的妻子，我的一切都归功于她。This is my wife,I owe everything to.()见到她的那天是我一生中最伟大的日子。见到她的那天是我一生中最伟大的日子。The day I saw her was the greatest of my life.()注意：注意：关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，即使在从句关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，即使在从句中作中作宾语宾语，_。“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引导引导定
18、语定语从句从句，关系代词，关系代词_。whom/whoon which不可省略不可省略不可省略不可省略Leona2)定语从句中修饰定语从句中修饰way 的关系词的关系词 可以省略可以省略。如：如：The way that/in which he speaks to us is really annoying.The way he speaks to us is really annoying.Leona3.名词性从句中的省略：名词性从句中的省略：1)在在say,know,think,believe,suppose,consider,find,decide等等动词后面所接的一个宾语从句中，动词后
19、面所接的一个宾语从句中，连词连词that可以省略可以省略；若后接多若后接多个宾语从句，只有第一个连词个宾语从句，只有第一个连词that可省略，可省略，其余的连词其余的连词that不能不能省略。如：省略。如：I think that you like me,do you?我们的语我们的语 文老师说这篇课文非常重要，我们应文老师说这篇课文非常重要，我们应 该把它记住。该把它记住。Our Chinese teacher said that the text was veryimportant_.and that we should remember it Leona2)在与在与request,adv
20、ise,suggest,recommend demand,require,insist,order,command 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should+动词原动词原形形”，should可以省略。可以省略。如：如：汤姆建议我们去看电影功夫熊猫。汤姆建议我们去看电影功夫熊猫。Tom suggested that we(should)go to see the movie Kung Fu Panda.(_从句从句)It was suggested that we(should)go to see the movie Kung Fu Pand
21、a.(_从句从句)Tom made the suggestion that we(should)go to see the movie Kung Fu Panda.(_从句从句)Toms suggestion was that we(should)go to see the movie Kung Fu Panda.(_从句从句)宾宾 语语主主 语语同位语同位语表表 语语Leona1)保留不定式符号保留不定式符号to的场合：的场合：不定式作某些动词的宾语时，常见动词如不定式作某些动词的宾语时，常见动词如want，like，love，care，hope，wish，expect，prefer，ref
22、use,mean,agree,afford,forget，remember，try，manage等。等。如：如：对不起，伤害了你的感情。我不是故意的。对不起，伤害了你的感情。我不是故意的。Im sorry I hurt your feelings.I _.didnt intend toLeona 不定式在句中作某些动词的不定式在句中作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语宾语补足语或主语补足语时，常时，常见动词如见动词如ask，advise，persuade,tell,wish,allow,permit,force等。等。如：如：最后他们照我的话做了。最后他们照我的话做了。At last they
23、did as I told them to.(_补补)如果不是迫不得已，他是不会娶她的。如果不是迫不得已，他是不会娶她的。He would not have married her if he had not been forced to.(_补补)她想来但她父母不让她来。她想来但她父母不让她来。(allow)She wants to come but her parents wont_.allow her to宾宾主主Leona1.不定式做介词不定式做介词but，except等的宾语，且前面有等的宾语，且前面有实义动词实义动词do的的各种形式时各种形式时，须省略不定式符号，须省略不定式符号t
24、o。如：如：They nothing but watch TV last night.昨晚他们只看了电视，其他什么都没有干。昨晚他们只看了电视，其他什么都没有干。I dont want to anything except_.除了帮助你们，我除了帮助你们，我什么事情都不想做。什么事情都不想做。He had no choice but _.他别无选择，只能跟她说了真话。他别无选择，只能跟她说了真话。help youto tell her the truthdiddoLeona2.在感官动词在感官动词see,look at,hear,listen to,watch,notice，observe，f
25、eel，和使和使役动词役动词have，make，let等词后作宾语补足语时，须省略不定式符号等词后作宾语补足语时，须省略不定式符号to。如：如：昨天我又一次听玛丽动情地讲述她的爱情故事。昨天我又一次听玛丽动情地讲述她的爱情故事。Yesterday I listened to Mary speak movingly about her love story once again.她的爱情故事总是让我哭泣。她的爱情故事总是让我哭泣。Her love story always makes me cry.判断正误：判断正误：He was seen to cheat in the exam.()有人看见
26、他考试作了弊。有人看见他考试作了弊。He was made to admit that he had cheated in the exam.()他被迫承认他他被迫承认他在考试中作弊。在考试中作弊。注注:以上动词若可用于被动语态以上动词若可用于被动语态,不定式符号不定式符号to不可省略。不可省略。Leona1.虚拟条件句中如有虚拟条件句中如有were,had,should,可省略可省略if,将将were,had,should提前构成部分倒装提前构成部分倒装。如。如:如果我是你的话，我就会努力学习。如果我是你的话，我就会努力学习。If I were you,I would study hard.
27、_,I would study hard.早知如此，我就不来了。早知如此，我就不来了。If I had known it,I would not have come._,I would not have come.如果你明天遇到周杰伦，你会对他说什么如果你明天遇到周杰伦，你会对他说什么?If you should meet Jay Chou tomorrow,what would you say to him?_ Jay Chou tomorrow,what would you say to him?Should you meetHad I known itWere I youLeona1.一
28、些常和动名词、形容词一起搭配的介词常省略，而保留其后的一些常和动名词、形容词一起搭配的介词常省略，而保留其后的 动名词，动名词，常见的句型有常见的句型有spend/waste time(in)doing；have difficult/trouble(in)doing；be busy(in)doing；stop/prevent sb.(from)doing 等。等。The heavy rain prevented him(from)arriving there on time.六、介词的省略六、介词的省略2.表示行为方式的表示行为方式的in在在in this way,in the same wa
29、y,in another way等词组中，经常被省略。等词组中，经常被省略。He did it(in)this way.Leona1.Many westerners who come to China cook much less _ in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018浙江,语法填空)2.Chinas approach to protecting its environment while _(feed)its citizens“offers useful lessons f
30、or agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,”says the banks Juergen Voegele.(2018全国II,语法填空)thanfeedingLeona3.“Well,I dont know you all but I will get there to take pictures with the baby,”replied Dennis before _(ask)which room the new parents were in.(2018全国III,完形填空)4.When _(combine)with berries
31、or slices of other fruits,frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick,cooling fruit shakes and low fat“ice cream”.(2018全国II,阅读理解B)askingcombinedLeona5.Freddy was an average student,_ not an average person.(2017全国II,完形填空)6.One group was asked to seek out an interaction with its waiter;the other,_
32、(speak)only when necessary.(2018全国II,阅读理解D)butto speakLeonaB1 Find the mistakes and rewrite the sentences using ellipsis.1 I cannot watch the documentary this weekend,though I would like._2 Cows live on land,and fish the water._3 The Amazon rainforest is smaller now than was 50 years ago._I cannot w
33、atch the documentary this weekend,though I would like to.P7Cows live on land,and fish in the water.The Amazon rainforest is smaller now than 50 years ago.LeonaB1 Find the mistakes and rewrite the sentences using ellipsis.4 He had planned to borrow a book on environmental protection,but he didnt do._
34、5 When taking photos of wildlife,every effort should be made to ensure that we keep away from the animals._He had planned to borrow a book on environmental protection,but he didnt.When taking photos of wildlife,we should make every effort to ensure that we keep away from the animals.P7LeonaLast week
35、end,I took part in a forest clean-up activity.It was organized by GreenHope,an organization devoted to protecting forests.At first I didnt wantto take part in the forest clean-up activity,but then I thought,“What if nobody goes?”Our team leader,Joe,took us to a forest outside the city.I was sad to s
36、ee litter everywhere.There was a“No littering is allowed here”sign at the entrance to the forest,but that didnt stop people from throwing their rubbish on the ground.B1 Jack is sharing with his classmates his experience of taking part in a forest clean-up activity.Use ellipsis where necessary.Put br
37、ackets around the word(s)that can be left out.()()P7LeonaJoe divided us into two groups:one group cleaned up the north side of the forest,and the other group cleaned up the south side of the forest.We worked for several hours and we were happy to see that the forest looked cleaner than it had looked
38、 before.It was absolutely worth our effort!Therell be another clean-up activity in the green belt next Saturday.You can find Joe and sign up if youre willing to help.Everyone who takes part in the activity will receive a medal.Ill join you too if I have time.()()()()()()()P7LeonaLast weekend,I took
39、part in a forest clean-up activity.It was organized by GreenHope,At first I didnt want to(take part in the forest clean-up activity),but then I thought,Our team leader,Joe,took us to a forest outside the city.I was sad to see litter everywhere.There was a“(is allowed here)”sign at the entrance to th
40、e forest,but that didnt stop people from throwing their rubbish on the ground.Joe one group cleaned up the north side of the forest,and the other(group)(cleaned up)P7 B2Leonathe south side(of the forest).We worked for several hours and(we)were happy to see(that)the forest looked cleaner than(it had looked)beforeTherell be another clean-up activity in the green belt next Saturday.You can find Joe and sign up if(youre)willing to help.Everyone who takes part in the activity will receive a medal.Ill join you too if I have time.
