1、01/04/2011 超声波物位计基础 01/04/2011 内容介绍 测量原理 超声波物位计的型号及参数 现场安装注意事项 应用举例 要求掌握的内容要求掌握的内容 超声波物位计的测量原理 产品的型号，及相应的特点与区别 主要的应用场合 根据实际的工况进行选型 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波物位计 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 测量原理 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波基础 超声波是频率超出人耳听觉的上限（约20kHz）的声波，是 一种听不到的声波。 在19世纪末，科学家就已经开始对超声波进行研究了。 早在1794年，意大利的生物学家 Lazzaro Spallan
2、zani 就已经发现蝙 蝠是利用一种听不见的声波来在黑暗中定位的。 20Hz 20kHz 20MHz 次声波次声波 声波声波 超超 声声 波波 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波基础 1914年，Canadian Reginald Fessenden 在美国发明了最早的声纳。 1942年，奥地利医生杜西克首次利用超声波原理来进行脑部 扫描。 直到20世纪80年代，超声波原理才开始在工业上用于对物位的 测量。 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波基础 超声波物位测量所利用的两个主要性质： ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波的传播 超声波的传播依赖于介质的存在 气体、液体或固
3、体 不同介质中的传播速度不同 气体 液体 固体 超声波在理想气体中的传播速度只受到温度温度的影响 现实中，声速也会受到气压的影响 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波的传播能量的损耗 超声波传播时会因介质产生损耗。距离越长，能量越小。 空气中存在粉尘颗粒、小液滴时，一部分能量被散射。 超声波具有一定的波束角，传播距离越远，单位面积上的能 量越小 距 离 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波的反射 当超声波遇到界面时会发生反射 声阻抗： 声阻抗主要与介质的密度有关 声波在密度不同的界面上发生反射 两种介质的密度差（ ）越大，反射越强 vZ ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波的
4、反射 常见介质的密度 当在空气中传播的超声波遇到液体或固体的表面时，由于密 度差别很大，声波几乎全部被反射回去 介质 （液体） 密度 （kg/m3） 汽油 700 乙醚 710 石油 760 酒精 790 煤油 800 苯 880 植物油 920 水 1000 介质 （固体） 密度 （kg/m3） 聚丙烯 870 聚乙烯 900 PET树脂 1400 铝 2700 煤 7000 铁 7800 铜 8900 铅 11300 空气：空气： 1.23 1.23 kg/mkg/m3 3 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波的产生和接收压电效应 最早由皮埃尔居里和雅克居里兄弟发现 压电效应：某些物
5、质在受到压力产生变形的时候，其表面上 会产生积聚的电荷 逆压电效应：在压电材料表面施加电压，压电材料会产生机 械形变 表面没有电荷 表面与内部的电荷 极性相同极性相同 表面与内部的电荷 极性相反极性相反 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波探头结构 压电晶体 压电晶体基底 传感器外壳； 将传感器整体封装，无需密封 将膜片振动与外界隔离 声抗耦合材料 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波探头的盲区 同一块压电晶体既负责超声波的发射，也负责接收 因此，在发射状态与接收状态之间，需要一段时间使得压电 晶体从振荡状态恢复到静止状态，然后才能开始接收反射的超 声波信号 根据ToF的原理，这段
6、时间代表了空间的一段距离，即盲区盲区 在盲区内，超声波物位计是不能进行测量的 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 传感器探头 输出/显示模块 去往上位机 电子模块 超声波信号 将测量值转换为输出信号 超声波物位计的组成 信号强度/时间信息 各种补偿算法 生成波形图（包络线） 各种分析算法，确定回波 物位值计算 线性化计算 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 仪表型号及参数 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波物位计的分类 一体化变送器 分体式变送器 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 型号 FMU30 1.5” FMU30 2” FMU40 FMU41 FMU42 FMU43 FMU44
7、 最大量程 （液体） 5m 8m 5m 8m 10m 15m 20m 最大量程 （固体） 2m 3.5m 2m 3.5m 5m 7m 10m 盲区 0.25m 0.35m 0.25m 0.35m 0.4m 0.6m 0.5m 精度 3mm (0.2) 2mm (0.2) 4mm (0.2) 最大耐温 +60C +80C 最大耐压 3 bar 2.5 bar 输出 420mA HART, PROFIBUS PA, FF 一体式超声波物位计 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 型号 FDU90 FDU91 FDU91F FDU92 FDU93 FDU95 FDU96 最大量程 （液体） 3m 10
8、m 10m 20m 25m N/A N/A 最大量程 （固体） 1.2m 5m 5m 10m 15m 45m 70m 盲区 0.07m 0.3m 0.3m 0.4m 0.6m 0.7m 1.6m 精度 2mm (0.17) 最大耐温 +80C +105C +95C +150C 最大耐压 4 bar 3 bar 1.5 bar 3 bar 防护等级 IP68 分体式超声波物位计探头 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 分体式超声波物位计变送器 型号 FMU90 FMU95 探头数量 2个 10个 输出 420mA HART PROFIBUS DP Relay PROFIBUS DP ToF 基础
9、 01/04/2011 价格价格 性能性能 Prosonic T 两线，连续测量 或开关 最大测量距离 7 m 价格低廉 Prosonic M 两线或四线 最大测量距离 15 m 菜单引导式操作 现场显示可观察回波曲线 带HART, PA , FF通讯协议 免费提供ToF-Tool调试软件 Prosonic 四线 分体式 最大量程70米 可最多配五路继电器输出 双通道 OCM preprogrammed 专门针对水/污水行业所设 计的功能（明渠、隔栅） 可选配HART, DP, RS 485 接口 可用COMMUWIN II E+H E+H 超声波物位仪表的特点超声波物位仪表的特点-针对不同行
10、业的清晰定位针对不同行业的清晰定位 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 应用 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 超声波物位计的特点（相对于接触式测量） 非接触式测量 安装简单 不受介质粘附的影响 不怕罐内的搅拌 测量距离长 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 影响超声波物位计测量的因素 接收的信号强度 声速 传播时间的确定 虚假信号 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 影响测量的因素信号强度 超声波的能量： 粘附，冷凝 实际测量距离： 传播中的衰减： 粉尘，蒸汽 介质表面情况： 泡沫、颗粒大小 波动表面，安息角 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 影响测量因素声速 理想气体中的声速只和气体的
11、温度有关： 空气在压强较低时近似为理想气体，无需压力补偿 M TR cideal ToF 基础 01/04/2011 影响测量的因素介质表面情况（传播时间） 介质表面情况 平静表面 波动/搅拌 泡沫 固体颗粒 安息角 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 影响测量因素虚假回波 罐壁上的障碍物 多重回波 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 安装注意事项罐顶安装位置 盲区 避开罐内的障碍物/进料口 不能装在罐顶的中心处 不能距离罐壁太近 理想安装位置： 距离罐壁1/6直径 ToF 基础 01/04/2011 Level measurement in fat/oil mixture View insi
12、de empty tank FMU90 RequirementsRequirements Fat/oil mixture for coating process in food industry Tank with conical ceiling and agitator Height 6 m/19.7 ft Diameter 3 m/9.8 ft 220 rpm Process temperature 60 C/140 F Ambient temperature 60 C/140 F Atmospheric pressure SolutionSolution Prosonic S FMU90
13、 field housing and FDU91 sensor Applications FDU91 Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in yoghurt production RequirementsRequirements Tank in the yoghurt production with fruit mix CIP at +135 C/+275 F Pressure abs. 1.5 bar/22 psi Triclamp connection SolutionSolution Prosonic S with f
14、ully welded stainless steel sensor FDU91F Empty tank Echoes from cone 2.55 m/ 8.4 ft 1.25 m/4.1 ft 0.55 m 1.8 ft Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in industrial waste water tank RequirementsRequirements Waste water mixture out of sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, textil
15、e color and water Horizontal tank Length 5 m / 16.4 ft Diameter 3.5 m / 11.5 ft Process temperature 2070 C/ 68 158 F Ambient pressure SolutionSolution Prosonic S with top-hat rail housing and FDU91 sensor FDU91 Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in storm water basin Req
16、uirements Level measurement in a storm water basin Control and recognition of the overload amount to the sewage treatment plant Solution Prosonic S with FDU91 sensor and mounting angle Flood-proof sensor according to IP68/NEMA6P Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Parshall flume Requireme
17、ntsRequirements 9“ Parshall flume waste water atmospheric pressure relay for flow pulse output Solution Prosonic S FMU90 transmitter with top-hat rail housing and FDU91 sensor Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Flow measurement in open channels Requirements Flow measurement in an open ch
18、annel Solution Prosonic S with FDU91 sensor Pre-programmed flow curves included Summation of the flow rate by integrated counter Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Screen control (1) RequirementsRequirements Control of the screen by differential level outputs Waste water Atmospheric pres
19、sure Solution Prosonic S FMU90 transmitter and two sensors FDU91 in front of screen behind the screen Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Screen control (2) grid in front of screen grid behind the screen Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Screen control (3) Requirements Screen
20、 control in a sewage treatment plant Solution Prosonic S with 2 FDU91 sensors Measurement of the different level in front of and behind the screen Control of screen cleaning by relay integrated in the device Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in a pump sump Requirements
21、Requirements Level measurement in a pump sump of an underground hydro- electric power plant Narrow shaft with obstacles Measuring range 5 m / 16.4 ft SolutionSolution Prosonic M/T in a plastic sonic guide tube (DN100) clear, big signals Level echoLevel echo Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/
22、2011 Pump control Requirements Level measurement in a pump shaft Control of pump Measurement unaffected by obstacles Solution Prosonic S with sensor FDU9x Control of pumps (up to 6) by integrated relays Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in power plant Requirement Level
23、 monitoring in the raw water production (screen control, level measurement) Solution Installation of Prosonic T/M in shaft below bottom grid Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in acid and alkaline tanks (1) Requirement Level measurement in acid/alkaline tank of a desali
24、nation plant (power plant) Solution Prosonic T/M easy and fast commissioning Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in acid and alkaline tanks (2) Requirements Level measurement in viscous pigment solution Measuring range 4 m / 13 ft Tank with dished bottom Agitator 10 - 30
25、 rpm Solution Prosonic M FMU41 Fast and easy commissioning by menu guidance Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in a twin tank Requirements Level measurement in liquid Polyol Storage tank Diameter approx. 2.4 m / 7.9 ft Height approx. 3.5 m / 11.5 ft Tank 1 Installation
26、in dome ceiling Tank 2: Bypass installation (DN100) Solution Prosonic M Fast and easy commissioning by menu guidance Applications Tank 1 Tank 2 Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in a reservoir Requirement Level measurement in a process water reservoir Solution Prosonic T/M Easy and
27、 fast commissioning with an attractive price Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement above a filter Requirement Level measurement above a filter Solution Prosonic T/M with mounting angle Easy and fast commissioning with an attractive price Applications Ultrasonic measurement
28、 01/04/2011 Level measurement in an asphalt mixing plant Requirements Steel silo with conical bottom Height 8 m / 26.2 ft Diameter 5.6 m / 18.7 ft Different types of stones, asphalt granulates, grain size 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4”) Solution Prosonic S transmitter with field housing and FDU93 sensor Fi
29、eld housing FDU93 Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Bunker monitoring Requirements Bunker for stone processing Height of bunker 6 m / 19.7 ft Ambient temperature Atmospheric pressure Stones, grain size from 50 to 80 mm (2” to 3.2”) Solution Prosonic S FMU90 and FDU93 sensor FDU93 FMU90
30、Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Crusher monitoring Requirements Crusher Ambient temperature Atmospheric pressure Stones Solution Non-contact measurement by Prosonic S FDU93 FMU90 Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Monitoring of crusher feed Requirements Level monitoring at
31、 a crusher feed Avoiding of overload Monitoring of minimum level to prevent demolitions Solution Prosonic S with FDU92 sensor Non-contact and robust level measurement Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in a tank with aluminum chips Requirements Silo with conical bottom
32、9.5 m/29.5 ft high, 3300 mm / 10.8 ft Ambient temperature Atmospheric pressure Aluminum chips with a large grain size During filling process very loud Solution Prosonic S with FDU93 sensor installed on a nozzle (height: 200 mm / 7.9”). Located 600 mm (2 ft) of the wall and 1000 mm (3.2 ft) above the
33、 media. FDU93 Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in fly ash Requirements Silo Height 8 m / 26 ft Diameter 5 m / 16.4 ft Temperature up to +110 C/+230 F Atmospheric pressure Fly ash in a waste incineration plant Extreme aggressive and corrosive atmosphere Solution Proson
34、ic S non- contact measurement Robust sensor with self-cleaning effect 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 02000400060008000100001200014000 Time Min 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Temperatur CDistanz m 110 C Temperature C Distance m Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in a coarse ash silo
35、 (power plant) ash conveyor beltash conveyor belt Requirement Burning coal produces ashes in the boiler. The ashes are used in road construction. Solution Measurement of silo content with Prosonic S Evacuation of the ashes by lorries Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement a
36、t rotary crushers Requirements Level monitoring under rough conditions Vibration Dirt Solution Non-contact level measurement with Prosonic S Robust sensor design with self-cleaning effect Switch points individually adjustable by integrated relays Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level
37、measurement in silos or storage tanks Requirements Level measurement in a storage tank Product: PE powder Silo height: 28 m /92 ft Silo diameter: 3.5 m / 11.5 ft Filling: 14 - 20 t / h (pneumatically) Solution Non-contact level measurement with Prosonic S Robust sensors with self-cleaning effect App
38、lications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in limestone Requirement Level measurement under dusty and build-up forming conditions Solution Non-contact measurement with Prosonic S Self-cleaning effect of the sensors Sensors with ignition-proof approvals (ATEX II 1/2D, FM, CSA) Appl
39、ications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Level measurement in clinker silo Requirements Level measurement in a clinker silo Silo height: 50 m / 164 ft Silo diameter: 30 m / 98 ft Temperature at the s Sensor: 120 C / 248 F Solution Prosonic S with FDU96 Temperatures up to 150 C / 302 F at the senso
40、r Dust ignition-proof approval Applications Ultrasonic measurement 01/04/2011 Measurement in a coaling plant Requirements Continuous monitoring of a coal stock in a power plant Measurement unaffected by obstacles Solution Level measurement with ultrasonic instrumentation Prosonic S Applications Ultr
41、asonic measurement 01/04/2011 Monitoring of conveyor belts Requirement Measurement of the belt load Monitoring the belt feed points Monitoring the conveyor belt regarding correct guidance or damage Solution Prosonic S with FDU9x Safe and reliable function due to the high sampling rate Applications Ultrasonic measurement
