1、专题四定语从句定语从句牢记从句的结构,记熟关系词(如 that,which)的用法。关系代词有哪些,指人指物分别用哪个,注意区分一下that和which,这两个词的应用范围有大有小。个人建议在做题时可用的小技巧就是区分应用范围大的那个。在平时注意区分两者的用法,但是如果怕自己越分越乱那就简单记忆,最终能把题做对才是目标。同时记得区分关系代词和关系副词,熟悉语境和句式结构。如果想要构成一个完整句子,缺什么成分那么对应的补出来就是答案。在练习时建议针对不同情况各做几道题领会要义即可,没有必要盲目做题。浙江大学欧阳煜宽 大家在做定语从句的题目时,最重要的就是细心。与其他从句相比较,定语从句简单一些,
2、所以一定要避免出现低级错误。做题时即使是看似眼熟的题目也不要凭经验主义直接判断,应该把这些题目当作新题新句子重新做一遍。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.But Sarah,has taken part in shows along with top models,wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全国真题)【答案】who【解析】本题考查定语从句。此处先行词在从句中作主语且指人,故用who引导。2.The little problems we meet in our daily lives may be
3、 inspirations for great inventions.(2017北京真题)【答案】that【解析】本题考查定语从句。句意:我们在日常生活中遇到的这些小问题很可能是伟大发明的灵感。先行词受little修饰,且定语从句中缺少宾语,所以用关系代词that引导该从句。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练3.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme,one of purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.(2017江苏真题)【答案】whose【解析】本题考查定语从句。句意:1963年,联
4、合国设立了世界粮食计划署,其目的之一是缓解全球饥荒。分析句子结构可知,先行词the World Food Programme与purpose构成所属关系,故填whose。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练4.Many young people,most of were well-educated,headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(江苏真题)【答案】whom【解析】本题考查定语从句。句意:很多年轻人前往偏远地区去追逐他们的梦想,他们中的很多人都受过良好教育。根据句子结构可知,此处为定语从句,先行词为many young peo
5、ple,作介词of的宾语,故要用whom。【高手悟道】在some,any,few,little,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。如:John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of whom are family members.约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼,他们当中大部分是亲属。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练5.Scientists have advanced many theories about why hu
6、man beings cry tears,none of has been proved.(浙江真题)【答案】which【解析】本题考查定语从句。句意:科学家们已经提出许多关于为什么人类哭泣时会流泪的理论,其中没有一个被证实。分析句子成分可知,空处引导定语从句,此处是非限制性定语从句,which代替many theories,故应用 which引导该定语从句。【高手悟道】“复合介词短语+关系代词”引导的定语从句,常与先行词用逗号隔开,定语从句常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一个大
7、房子里,房子的前面有一棵大树。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练6.Id skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.(全国真题)【答案】that/which【解析】本题考查定语从句。句意:我曾在桂林附近轻快地穿行,这是游客们寻找石灰岩山顶和漓江黑水的理想的地点,它们被画家画到很多中国画中。因为先
8、行词the limestone.the Li River是物,且在定语从句中作主语,所以用that或which引导。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练7.Opposite is St.Pauls Church,you can hear some lovely music.(北京真题)【答案】where【解析】本题考查定语从句。句意:对面是圣保罗大教堂,在那里你可以听到美妙的音乐。因为先行词St.Pauls Church在非限制性定语从句中充当地点状语,所以这里使用where引导定语从句。【高手悟道】where表地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于“介词in/at/on.+which”。如
9、:A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.银行是那种在天晴之时借伞给你,到了下雨时就催你还回去的地方。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练8.China Today attracts a worldwide readership,shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.(福建真题)【答案】which
10、【解析】本题考查定语从句。句意:今日中国获得了全世界读者的关注,表明世界各地越来越多的人想了解中国。which引导非限制性定语从句代替前面整句话。9.It is a truly delightful place,looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.(湖南真题)【答案】which【解析】本题考查定语从句。句意:这真是一个令人高兴的地方,这个地方看起来和一百年前一样,有蜿蜒的街道和美丽的小屋。先行词a truly delightful place
11、是物,且在非限制性定语从句中作主语,所以使用which引导。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练10.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.(天津真题)【答案】where【解析】本题考查定语从句。句意:这家公司的老板正试图创造让一个员工都享受工作的轻松环境。先行词为抽象地点名词,定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,故用where引导。【高手悟道】当先行词为situation,case,stage,point,atmosphere等抽象名词,且引
12、导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时,常用关系副词where引导。如:Creating an atmosphere where employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.创造出让员工感觉到自己就是团队一员的一种氛围是一项极大的挑战。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练11.The number of smokers,is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.(江苏真题)【答案】as【解析】句意:据报道,仅一年的时间,吸烟人的数量就下降了百分之十七。此处由as引
13、导非限制性定语从句,表示“正如”。【高手悟道】as也可以引导非限制性定语从句,用来说明整个句子,可放在主句之前。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above,as is already mentioned above,as often happens,as is often the case,as is reported in the newspaper,such.as.,the same.as.等。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练My connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid
14、-1980s,I was the first Western TV reporter.(2016全国真题)【答案】when句意:我与熊猫结缘要追溯到20世纪80年代中叶的电视秀节目,那时我是第一位西方电视记者。由句子结构可以判断这是一个定语从句,主句部分主语核心是名词My connection,谓语部分核心是动词goes,back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s作时间状语;后面从句中先行词是表示时间的in the mid-1980s,从句中缺少状语,因此填写关系副词when。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高
15、招对点精练定语从句一般由关系代词或关系副词引导。常见的关系代词有:who,whom,whose,which,that,as;常见的关系副词有:when,where,why。关系代词或关系副词既要起连接作用,同时在从句中又充当句子成分。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。考生必须明确关系代词和关系副词的用法。关系代词who 指人,在定语从句中作主语;whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语;whose既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作定语;which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语;that既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。关系副词when指时间,在定语从
16、句中作时间状语;where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语;why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练由此可知选择关系词可考虑以下四点:一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时不用which等)。二看关系词的句法功能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when,where,why)。三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。四看文体,即分清是
17、正式文体还是非正式文体,是书面语体还是口语体。因为在非正式文体中,that和which在定语从句中作宾语时可省略。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.需要注意的是:先行词指物时,关系代词that与which往往可以互换。但在以下情况中只能用that而不能用which。(1)指物的先行词受到下列词语修饰时:形容词最高级;序数词;all,any,much,little,no,the very,the only,the same等等。如:He asked for the best book that there was on the subject.他要了一本有关该主题的最好的一本书。Thi
18、s is the first book that I have written in English.这是我用英语写的第一本书。Xian was the last city that he visited in China.西安是他们在中国参观的最后一座城市。I have read all the magazines that you lent to me.我已经读完了你借给我的所有杂志。You can take any seat that is free.你可以坐任何一个空着的座位。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练(2)先行词是all,much,few,little,everythi
19、ng,anything,nothing等不定代词时。如:Everything that we saw at the exhibition was very interesting.我们在展览会上看到的一切都非常有趣。There is still much that can be improved.还有许多事需要改善。(3)先行词既有人又有物时。如:They often talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.他们经常谈起拜访过的老师和参观过的学校。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练(4)who和which引导
20、的特殊疑问句中的定语从句。如:Who is the boy student that is reading the newspaper over there?在那边读报的男同学是谁?Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?我们当中哪一位了解物理的人不知道这一点?(5)先行词在从句中作表语时。如:My hometown is not the place that it used to be.我的家乡不再是过去那个样子了。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.另外还要特别注意关系代词as引导定语从句的
21、情况:(1)在下列结构中:as we(all)know,as is well known,as is known to all,as was expected,as might be expected/imagined,as is announced,as has been said before,as we can see,as we all know,as sb.pointed out,as has been pointed out,as is often the case(情况常是这样),as we all can see,as is mentioned above。如:As is an
22、nounced in the newspaper,our country has launched another man-made satellite.正如报纸上所报道的,我国又发射了一颗人造卫星。As Engels pointed out,labor created man himself.正如恩格斯指出的那样,劳动创造了人本身。John got beaten in the game,as had been expected.约翰在比赛中失利,这是我们预料到的事。A new building will be built,as is reported in todays newspaper.
23、正如今天报纸所报道的,新大楼将启工。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练(2)先行词受到such,as,the same修饰时,用as引导;若先行词与关系词在定语从句中所指代的内容是指同一件东西时,关系词则需用that。如:I have never seen such kind of people as they are.我从来没见过像他们这样善良的人。I received as nice a gift as my mother promised.我收到一件跟我母亲许诺过的一样好的礼物。Do you want to buy the same radio as was shown on TV
24、?你想买和电视里一样的收音机吗?She was wearing the same dress that she had on the day before yesterday.她穿的正是前天穿的那件衣服。(3)非限制性定语从句放在句首时。如:As is known to all,China is a developing country.众所周知,中国是一个发展中国家。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练“介词+关系代词”这种结构引导的定语从句是同学们学习定语从句时的难点之一,也是高考的常考点,现将其用法简要总结如下:(一)简单介词+关系代词1.关系代词指人时只能用whom,指物时只能用w
25、hich。2.介词选择的依据:(1)以从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配而定;(2)以先行词与从句中的动词关系及所表达的含义而定;(3)以先行词在定语从句中的作用和含义而定。如:Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?(表示地点)这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗?Martins garage,to which the car had been taken,was not far away.(to表示方向)马丁取车的车库并不远。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练There are fifty students in Class Four
26、,of whom John is the most diligent.(of表示部分与整体的关系)四班有五十名学生,其中约翰是最勤奋的。A harvester is a man who is harvesting or a machine with which we harvest crops.收割者/收割机是指收割庄稼的人或者指我们用来收割庄稼的机器。The train on which she is traveling is arriving.(on表示乘坐的交通工具,此处不能用by,因为train前面有限定词)她乘坐的火车快要到了。He saw me coming,after which
27、 he offered me this seat.(after表示时间)他看我来了之后给了我这个座位。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练(二)复杂介词+关系代词用于此结构的关系代词有which,whom,whose;常用于该结构的复杂介词有:as a result of,at the back of,because of,by means of,in front of等。如:There was a great pain in my right foot,because of which I could only limp along.我右脚很痛,因此我只能跛着走。They arrived
28、 at a farmhouse,in front of which sat a small boy.他们来到一家农舍,房子前面坐着一个小男孩。We study in this classroom building,at the back of which there is a big garden.我们在这幢教学楼里学习,在它后面有一个大花园。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练(三)简单介词+关系代词+名词用于此结构的关系代词有which,whose;介词的选择取决于关系代词后的名词及整个句子的含义。如:She may have missed the train,in which cas
29、e she wont arrive for another hour.她可能没赶上火车,要是那样的话,再过一个小时她也到不了。Mrs.Lee will move into her new house next Monday,by which time it is completely finished.李太太下星期一就会搬入新房,那时房子就会装修完毕。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Do you know the boss in whose department my brother works?你认识我弟弟工作的那个部门的老板吗?He lived in London for thre
30、e months,during which time he learned some English.他在伦敦住了三个月,这期间他学到了一些英语。This is the tallest building here,from whose top you can enjoy a good sight of the city.这是这儿最高的建筑物,从顶部你可以欣赏到城市美景。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练(四)the+名词+of+关系代词该结构中的关系代词只能用which;该结构表示所有关系,口语中常用“whose+名词”代替。非正式文体中可用“of which the+名词”。如:I s
31、aw some trees,the leaves of which were black with disease.我看到一些带病的树,那些树叶是黑色的。He mentioned a book,the title of which I cant remember now.他提到一本我忘记了书名的书。This is the book,the cover of which was designed by Mr.Jones.这是那本由琼斯先生设计封面的书。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练(五)表示部分的词语+of+关系代词此时指人的关系代词只能用whom,指物的只能用which;表示部分的词
32、语常见的有:不定代词all,both,none,neither,either,some,any;数词(包括基数词、序数词、分数和百分数);数词+名词;“the+最高级”以及表示数目或数量的词语many,most,several,enough,half,a number,a quarter,few。如:During his first year,Chaplin acted in 35 films,many of which he wrote and directed himself.卓别林第一年演了35部电影,其中一些是他自编自演的。There are seventy students in o
33、ur class,thirty of whom are girls.我们班有70名学生,其中30名是女生。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练He wrote several books,the first of which has been published.他写了好几本书,第一本已经出版。Here are two pairs of socks,either of which you may choose.这儿有两双袜子,你可以选任何一双。More stories about middle school students are written now,some of which ar
34、e popular.现在写的较多的是有关中学生的故事,其中有些是很流行的。Mr.Wang has three daughters,all of whom are music lovers.王先生有三个女儿,她们都是音乐爱好者。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练The football team has 15 members,the oldest of whom is 25 years old.这个足球队有十五个成员,年龄最大的二十五岁。但要注意有些动词短语不能拆开使用。这样的动词短语常见的有:look after,look for,turn in,pay attention to,tak
35、e care of,depend on,listen to 等。如:The babies(whom)the nurses are looking after are very healthy.正被保育员照看着的婴儿都很健康。Is this the book(which/that)she was looking for?这是她正在找的那本书吗?试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练(一)状语从句判断是定语从句还是状语从句的关键是寻找是否有先行词,有先行词的句子则为定语从句。由when和where引导的句子,其前面无先行词则为状语从句。如:It was five oclock when Tom
36、came to see me yesterday afternoon.(句中无先行词,故when引导的句子为时间状语从句,it指时间)When you read the book,youd better make a mark where you have any questions.(句中无先行词,where引导地点状语从句)试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练(二)同位语从句定语从句与先行词之间是修饰与被修饰、限制与被限制的关系,从句说明先行词的性质或特征,关系词(或先行词)在定语从句中必须充当相应的成分。而同位语从句中从句与其前面的名词之间是等同关系,进一步说明其具体内容,连接代词只
37、能用that,而不能用which,且在从句中不充当任何成分。如:The news that I heard over the radio was exciting.(定语从句,先行词在从句中充当动词heard的宾语,说明news是从收音机里听到的)The news that our football team won the match is exciting.(同位语从句,说明news的具体内容)试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练(三)强调结构判断句子结构是否是强调句型可用还原法,即将被强调的部分放在从句中相应的位置,不需要再添加任何词语句子就是正确的,即为强调句型结构。如:It wa
38、s at five oclock that Tom came to see me yesterday afternoon.It was in the bookstore that I met your brother the other day.(四)并列结构若句与句之间有并列连词and,but或分号、句号,则该结构为并列结构,若无则为定语从句。Last night I took a taxi,and it took me straight home.此时属于并列结构,若将并列连词and去掉,it改为which,则为非限制性定语从句。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Toms mothe
39、r kept telling him that he should work harder,but it didnt help.若将but去掉,则应填which,成为非限制性定语从句。The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we expected.该处为which引导非限制性定语从句。He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.该处为which引导定语从句。若将逗号改为分
40、号或句号,或在most之前加并列连词and,均需将which改为them。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练高招高招1根据指代和成分正确判定和选择关系词根据指代和成分正确判定和选择关系词典例典例1 A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.(山东真题)【剖析】whose句意:国内市场利润下降的公司可以从国外市场上寻找机会。本题考查定语从句。所填词whose引导定语从句,并在从句中作定语。典例典例2 The book has helped me greatly in my
41、daily communication,especially at work a good impression is a must.(江苏真题)【剖析】where句意:这本书在日常交流方面对我帮助很大,尤其在那些要求必须具备良好外部形象的工作中。work在此为表示地点的名词,其后是一个定语从句;要填的词引导从句并在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词where。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练典例典例3 English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,each of uses it differently.(天津真题)【剖析
42、】which句意:英语是多种不同文化所共享的一种语言,每种文化使用它的方式都不一样。根据句子结构可判断,逗号后面是非限制性定语从句,要填的词位于each of之后,共同作句子的主语,所以填which。【方法综述】解答定语从句类问题,关键是找准先行词,分析句子结构确定从句所缺的成分。如果缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语,引导词需要用关系代词;如果缺少状语,引导词则用关系副词。确定所缺成分之后,再看先行词是人还是物,是表示时间的名词还是表示地点的名词等,从而最后确定答案。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练高招高招2正确理解定语从句与同位语从句的区别正确理解定语从句与同位语从句的区别典例典例1 Th
43、ere were many people waiting at the bus stop,some of looked very anxious and disappointed,but none of jumped the queue.【剖析】whom;them本题考查定语从句和并列句的区别。第一空为定语从句修饰先行词people,第二空由but可知为并列句,应用them。句意:许多人都在公共汽车站等,一些人看起来很焦虑又很失望,但是没有一个人插队。典例典例2 There is much truth in the idea kindness is usually served by fran
44、kness.【剖析】that本题考查同位语从句。分析题干可知空格处引导同位语从句,解释truth的内容,从句结构和意义完整,故用that引导。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练【方法综述】1.在英语中,有许多从句,如主语从句、同位语从句以及强调句型与定语从句有许多相似之处。因此,命题人会利用这些相似性,设置一个特定语境,来考查考生对这些易混点的辨析能力。遇到这样的问题,我们的思路就是:抓住它们各自的特征,结合语境去判断到底属于何种句型或从句。2.同位语从句是对前面名词的内容作进一步的解释、说明,引导词只起引导作用,不在句中作任何成分,一般不可省略。定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰、限制,引导
45、词在句中作一定的句子成分。The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们赢得比赛的消息很快就传遍了整个学校。(同位语从句,进一步解释news的内容)The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.你昨天告诉我的消息真的很令人失望。(定语从句,修饰news)试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.用关系代词还是关系副词,要看其在从句中的作用,不是看在主句中所作的成分。很多考生在做定语从句的题目时,不是分析要填的关系代词或者
46、副词在从句中的作用,而是分析和主句谓语动词的关系,或者分析和临近动词的关系,这些做法都是错误的。如:He visited the city where his father worked several years ago.这里要填写的关系词要看和worked之间的关系,不是看和主句谓语动词visited之间的关系。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.思维模式固定,不会分析句子成分,是做定语从句题目易犯的错误。定语从句的考查,要结合句子的逻辑意思,分析句子语法结构,语法的正确使用是为逻辑意义的通顺服务的。如果不分析句子成分,单纯从句意考虑,就会导致出错。如:He is such an
47、honest boy we all like.此句为定语从句,先行词boy在从句中作like 的宾语,且先行词被such修饰,故要用as。如果只考虑句意“他是个如此诚实的孩子,我们都喜欢。”感觉使用that,构成“such.that”表示“如此以至于”,that引导结果状语从句。但认真分析句子结构后可以看出,从句中缺少like的宾语,因此不是结果状语从句;that只在定语从句中充当成分,因此此句是定语从句。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练判断从句中缺少宾语,要用关系代词,然后再看先行词是否特殊,则可以发现先行词被such所修饰,故用特殊关系代词as。如果将like后加上宾语him,则从
48、句成分完整,只填that即可,这时才是that引导的结果状语从句。因此,要先分析从句成分,而不是一味依靠句意进行判断。同时牢记,定语从句中一定缺少成分,是不完整的,所缺少的成分正是由关系词来充当,而that只在定语从句中充当成分。what不能引导定语从句。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练一、单句填空知识点:定语从句中关系代词与关系副词的选择1.There,lying in the muddy river bed was a little dog about two months old,front legs were tightly tied with ropes.(2017江西红色七
49、校一联)【答案】whose【解析】句意:那里,在泥泞的河床里躺着一只大约两个月的小狗,它的前腿被绳子紧紧地拴在一起。先行词为a little dog,将先行词代入定语从句后为:the little dogs front legs were tightly tied with ropes。由此可见在定语从句中front legs缺少定语,故用whose引导。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.Some of the teachers at the college asked Dr.Naismith to invent a game can be played indoors.(2017山
50、东青岛质检)【答案】that/which【解析】句意:那所大学的一些教师请奈史密斯博士发明一种可以在室内玩的游戏。先行词为a game,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,且指“物”,故用that或which引导。3.On looking at the spot the bird had risen,I saw two eggs.(2017山东青岛一模)【答案】where【解析】句意:我刚向那只鸟儿飞起来的地方看去,便发现了两枚鸟蛋。先行词为the spot,关系副词在定语从句中作地点状语,故答案为where。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练4.The heart-warming story
