1、高中英语必修四语法汇总Unit1 Women of achievement【重点词汇】61.human beings 人类2.campaign 运动，战役3.behave 行为4.shade 阴凉处5.move off 离开，启程6.observe 观察7.respect 尊重8.argue 讨论，辩论9.lead a.life 过着的生活10.crowd in 涌入脑海11.support 支持12.look down upon/on 看不起13.refer to 查阅，参考，涉及14.by chance 碰巧e across 偶遇16.intend 计划，打算17.deliver 提送，生
2、（小孩），接生，发表（演说）18.carry on 继续，坚持【重点句型】1.She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她弄清楚了黑猩猩的社会体系。 work out 解决、解答、计算出；产生结果、发展；锻炼；作出、制订出2.She is leading a busy life but she says 她
3、过着忙碌的生活，但是她说 lead a life = live a life 过的生活3.Many people look down upon poor people.很多人瞧不起穷人。 look down upon / on 蔑视；轻视；瞧不起You mustnt look down upon/ on the disabled.你绝不能瞧不起残疾人。4.If the word group refers to different members, use a plural verb.如果group（作主语）指的是各个成员，谓语动词用复数。 refer to指的是：提及；谈到；提到；查阅、参考5
4、.By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in womens diseases.很偶然地，我看到了一篇关于林巧稚大夫的文章，她是一名妇科专家。 by chance=by accident 偶然地，意外地6.Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work?为什么不像林巧稚那样去读医学院，继续她的伟大事业呢？ carry on 继续；坚持【语法总结】主谓一致含义：主谓一
5、致，即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致。分类：主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。一.语法一致原则即在语法形式上取得一致，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。1.单数名词、不可数名词、单个动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。 例如：To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 Reading aloud is very important in learning English.学习英语时大声朗读非常重要。注意：what引导的主语从句充当主语时，有时要以what所指代的词的意义来决定谓语动词的数。例如：What he said is t
6、rue. 他所说的是真的。What we need are more volunteers.我们所需要的是更多的志愿者。 2.由连接词and或both and连接的名词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。例如：Both his father and his mother are advanced workers.他的爸爸和妈妈都是先进工作者。注意：有时，一些用and连接的主语表达的却是单数的概念，这时谓语动词也应用单数形式。（1）用and连接的名词表示同一人、同一物或同一概念作主语时例如：Bread and butter is nutritious for pa
7、tients. 黄油面包对病人很有营养。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起使人健康、富有和聪明。The secretary and manager was speaking at the meeting.那位书记兼经理在会上讲话。（2）“each/every/no/ many a + 单数名词+ and +each/every/no/many a + 单数名词”作主语时。例如：Every hour and every minute is precious.每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵
8、。No man and no woman is not allowed to enterthe hall.每个人都不允许进入大厅。3.“名词+as well as,rather than, like, but, expect, besides, with, together with, along with,including, in addition to+ 名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词同第一个名词的数保持一致。例如：Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加宴会了。Nobody b
9、ut one teacher and three students was in the lab.实验室只有一个老师和三个学生。4.“more than one 或many a + 单数名词”作主语时，尽管其意义为复数，但谓语动词还是用单数形式。例如：More than one student is against the decision.不止一个学生反对这个决定。Many a page in this book is missing. 这本书缺了许多页。5.不定代词either, neither,each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every与thi
10、ng, body, one构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Nothing in the world moves faster than light.世上没有什么东西比光传播得更快。Each one of us has his own duty.我们每个人都有自己的职责。注意：若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数形式；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数形式或复数形式都可以。例如：None of the money has been spent on repairs.这笔钱没有花费在维修方面。None of the passengers wer
11、e/was aware of the danger.乘客中没有一个意识到危险的存在。6.由“a lot of, lots of,plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。例如：The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.大多数医生都认为吸烟有害健康。The rest of the books were returned to thelibrary.其余的书都归还给图书馆
12、了。7.“a large amount of + 不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“large amounts of +不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：A large amount of damage was done in a short time.在短时间内就造成了巨大的损失。8.在定语从句中，关系代词that, who,which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如：I, who am your teacher, will do my best to help you.我是你的老师，我会尽全力帮助你的。Those who have fi
13、nished the work can go home first.那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。注意：“one of + 复数名词+who/which/that”引导的定语从句中.若关系代词在定语从句中充当主语，谓语动词常用复数形式。若one 前有the (only/very / right ) 修饰时，从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。例如：He was one of the students who were given aprize.他是那些获奖的学生之一。9.由两部分组成的表示衣物或工具的名词作主语时，如：glasses，spectacles，shoes，boots， trousers/p
14、ants，compasses，chopsticks，scissors，socks等，谓语动词通常用复数，但这类词如用a pair of修饰时，谓语动词用单数。例如：A pair of shoes is lying under the bed.床底下有一双鞋。Here are some new pairs of shoes.这里有几双新鞋。10.由“kind/form/type/sort/species/series +of + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于这些词的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。例如：All kinds of difficulties have to be ove
15、rcome .必须克服各种各样的困难。This kind/sort of questions is very difficult.这种问题很难。注：但Questions of this kind / sort are very difficult.谓语动词要用复数形式。二.意义一致原则即谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的意义而不是形式所决定。当主语形式为单数，但意义为复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式；但主语形式为复数，而意义却为单数时，谓语动词用单数形式。1.有些名词如people, cattle，police，trousers等没有单数形式，作主语时，谓语动词只能用复数。例如：The police w
16、ere sent to the spot to keep order immediately. 警察立即被派往现场维持秩序。Cattle were allowed to graze in this area.允许牲畜在这个地区吃草。2.英语中一些单复数同形的名词作主语时，应根据其表达的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。这类名词常见的有sheep，deer，fish，means， species，Chinese，Japanese，series等。例如：Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution.为了防止大气污染，每
17、一种方法都试过了。3.有些集合名词，如public，family,enemy, audience，government，group，committee，team，media，staff，crew等作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据其包含的意义而定。如果该名词表示一个整体，其谓语动词用单数形式；但如果这些集体名词表示集体中的若干个体时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.情绪高昂的球队比较可能获胜。The team are practicing hard on the playground.队员们正
18、在操场刻苦地训练。4.“the + 形容词或过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式；如 “the + 形容词”指一个人或表示一种抽象概念或品质时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：The wounded were saved by the villagers at last.最后，伤员们被村民们救起。The beautiful is not always useful. 好看的并不总是有用的。5.有些以s结尾表示学科名称的词，如physics,mathematics, economics, politics等，以及用作书名、地名、国名、地区名的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Polit
19、ics is a complicated subject.政治是一门复杂的学科。The New York Times is one of the most influential newspapers in the world.纽约时报是世界上最具影响力的报纸之一。6.表示距离、长度、价值、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语时，如作为一个整体来看待的话，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：Twenty kilometers is a quite long distance.二十公里是一段相当长的距离。7.“a number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of复数名词”作主
20、语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：A large number of people have applied for the job.很多人申请了这项工作。8.such作主语时要根据其所指的内容决定谓语动词的单复数形式。例如：Such is our plan.这就是我们的计划。Such are his words. 这些就是他所说的话。三.就近一致原则即谓语动词的人称和数须与邻近的主语保持一致。1.在there be 结构、here 以及表示地点的介词词组位于句首引起的倒装句中，谓语动词的人称和数应与最近的一个主语保持一致。例如：There are two chairs and a desk i
21、n the office.办公室中有两把椅子和一张桌子。Here are my replies to your questions.这些是我对你的问题的回答。2.当eitheror；neithernor；not onlybut also；notbut；or；nor等并列连词连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与邻近的主语保持一致。例如：Either he or you are to blame for it. 不是他就是你必须为此事负责。Not you but I am responsible for the delay.不是你而应是我应对这次的延误负责。Unit 2 Working the
22、land【重点词汇】1.struggle 斗争2.expand 使变大，伸展3.thanks to 幸亏，由于4.rid 摆脱5.ridof 摆脱，除去6.be satisfied with 对感到满意7.would rather宁愿8.therefore 因此9.export 出口10.regret 后悔，遗憾11.build up 逐渐增加，建立，开发12.lead to 导致13.focus on 集中与14.reduce 减少15.keep.free from/of 使免受影响ment 评论，议论【重点句型】1.Have you ever grown any plants? If so
23、, what did you do to grow them? If not, what kind of plant would you like to try growing?你种过植物吗？如果种过的话，你是怎么种植的？如果没有种过的话，你想要尝试种植什么植物？ If so为省略句式，意为“如果是这样的话”，if用作连词，so 用来代替上文的内容，以避免重复。If not 意为“如果不是这样的话，否则，要不然”，意义与If so 相反。2.In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice t
24、hat has a high output.1974年，他成了世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋。不定式放在表示次序的词如the first, the last以及the only, the very, the right, the best等词后面作定语,且与所修饰的名词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。3.Using his hybrid rice, framers are producing harvest twice as large as before.用他的杂交水稻， 农民种出的粮食是以前的两倍。“times as+形容词/副词的原级+ as”为常见的倍数表达法，意为“是的几倍”。This
25、 room is three times as big as that one.这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。知识拓展英语中常见的倍数表达法还有：This room is twice bigger than that one.= This room is three times the size of that one.这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。The output of TV sets in our factory is 15 times that of ten years ago.= The output is 15 times what it was ten years ago.我们厂电
26、视机的产量是10年前的15倍。【语法总结】动名词动词的ing形式如果是名词，这种形式叫做动名词。动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。一.动名词的四种形式及其意义基本形式：doing （表示主动）被动式：being done（表示被动）完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成） 例如：Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future.在未来，普通人在太空旅行将会是普遍的事情。Freddy and his band c
27、ould go nowhere without being followed by their fans.Freddy和他的乐队到哪里都被他们的粉丝跟着。I have no idea of his having done such a thing against you.我不知道他做过这样一件违背你的事情。Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop.很多顾客抱怨在那家商店被缺斤少两过。二.动名词的语法功能动名词在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语等。Learning English is very
28、difficult .（作主语）学英语非常困难。I enjoy dancing.（作动词宾语）我喜欢跳舞。 I have got used to living in the country.（作介词宾语）我已经习惯了住农村。His job is driving a bus.（作表语）他的工作是开车。 The washing mashine woks well.（作定语）这台洗衣机非常好用。三.注意事项1.只接动名词（不能接不定式）作宾语的28个常用动词practice、consider、enjoy、finish、give up、imagine、keep、put off、risk、suggest
29、、admit、advise、allow、appreciate、avoid、delay、deny、discuss、dislike、escape、excuse、fancy、forbid、mention、 mind、miss、permit、prohibit 2.既可接不定式也可接动名词，但含义完全不同的8个动词remember to do sth.记住要做某事（未做） remember doing sth.记得做过某事（已做） forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做） forget doing sth.忘记做过某事（已做）regret to do sth.遗憾要做某事（未做） regr
30、et doing sth.后悔/抱歉做过某事（已做）try to do sth.努力做某事 try doing sth.尝试做某事 mean to do sth.计划做某事 mean doing sth.意味着做某事 cant help to do sth.不能帮助做某事 cant help doing sth.情不自禁做某事 go on to do sth.继续做另一件事 go on doing sth.继续做同一件事stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth.停下正在做的事情3.it 做形式主语，动名词做真正主语位于句末的重要句型It is no use/not any use/hardly any use/useless doingIt is no good / not much good doing It is no worthwhile doing It is a waste of time doing
