1、Chapter 1 General PrinciplesvThe Definitions of TranslationvThe Categories of TranslationvThe Assessment of TranslationvThe Competence of A TranslatorvTranslation StrategiesvTranslation Processesv译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。唐贾公彦：义疏v把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来的活动。中国大百科全书语言文字卷v翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。刘宓庆v翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确
2、而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。张培基等：英汉翻译教程v翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。王克非v v翻译是一种语言文字的实践,是利用一种语言文字将另一种语言文字所表达的思想确切而完善地重新表达出来的实践。汪涛、黄新渠v 黄新渠译黄新渠译v翻译是以译者为主体,以语言为转换媒介的创造性思维活动。所谓翻译,就是把见诸于一种语言的文本用另一种语言准确而完整地再造出来,使译作获得与原作相当的文献价值或文学价值。王宏印v翻译是许多语言活动中的一种,它是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。翻译是一门艺术,是语言艺术的再创造。冯庆华 v翻译是把
3、一种语言（即源语）的信息用另一种语言（即译语）表达出来，使译文读者能得到原作者所表达的思想，得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。范仲英：实用翻译教程vto turn from one language into another The Oxford English Dictionaryvto turn into ones own or another language Websters third New International Dictionary of the English LanguagevTranslating is the art of recomposing a work in a
4、nother language without losing its original flavor.Columbia EncyclopediavTranslating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,first in terms of meaning,and secondly in terms of style.Nida Taber.The Theory and Practice of Translati
5、on v翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物，首先是就意义而言，其次是就文体而言。奈达vTranslation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.Perter Newmark.Approaches to Translation vA good translation is one which the me
6、rit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.Alexander Fraser Tytler v好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言
7、，以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。泰特勒vTranslation is the expression in another language(or target language)of what has been expressed in another,source language,preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.Roger Bellv翻译是把第一种语言（源语）语篇所表达的东西用第二种语言（目的语）重新表达出来，尽量保持语义与文体方面的等值。vTranslation
8、may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language(the source language)by equivalent textual material in another language(the target language).John Catford 翻译是把一种语言（源语）的文字材料转换成另一种语言（译语）的对等的文字材料。v翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。安德烈费道罗夫v翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面（也就是意义）不
9、变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物的过程。巴尔胡达罗夫 1.languages involved translation from native language into a foreign language and vice versa.2.working style oral translation/interpreting 口译 (consecutive interpreting CI交替传译;simultaneous interpreting SI同声传译);written translation 笔译.3.different ways of handling absolute
10、translation(全译);selective translation(摘译);translation with reconstruction(编译).v4.translation materials v general translation v specialized-subject translationv literary translation,etc.v“文、质文、质”之争之争vthe conflict between“ornament”and“substance”vthe rhetoric and expressiveness of translation;the impor
11、tance of readability.v主张“文”的翻译家强调翻译的修辞和通顺;强调译文的可读性；vthe faithfulness and intelligibility of translationvbeautiful words are not faithful,and faithful words are not beautifulv主张“质”的翻译家则强调翻译的不增不减，强调翻译的忠实性。v严复严复“信、达、雅信、达、雅”vfaithfulness,expressiveness and elegancevIn translating there are three things
12、that are difficult to achieve:faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance.To be faithful to the original is already very difficult,and yet a translation faithful but not expressiveness comes to no translation at all.Therefore,expressiveness has to be given weight.vThe Book of Changes says that the purp
13、ose of rhetoric is to ensure truthfulness.Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in writing.He also says that writings without elegance do not last.These three principles point to good writing and should be observed as the codes of practice of translation.So,apart from faithfulness a
14、nd expressiveness,elegance is also to be aimed at.vFunction of the three-character principle by Yan Fuva milestone in Chinas translation historyvextracts the essence from Buddhist translation studies of the Han and Tang Dynasties;vopens a new era for modern translation studies.v鲁迅鲁迅&瞿秋白瞿秋白 vs.赵景深赵景深
15、vdichotomy between“faithfulness”and“smoothness”vThe focus of the debate was which principle should take priority in translating.v“faithfulness”:fundamental principle;literal translationv“smoothness”had priority over“faithfulness”,for the reader of the target language preferred a translation easy to
16、read.v“翻译必须有异国情调，就是所谓洋气。其实世界上也不会有完全归化的译文，倘有，就是貌合神离，从严辨别起来，它算不得翻译。凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿，但这保存，却又常常和易懂相矛盾：看不惯了。不过它原是洋鬼子，当然谁也看不惯，为比较的顺眼起见，只能改换他的衣裳，却不该削低他的鼻子，剜掉他的眼睛。我是不主张削鼻剜眼的，所以有的地方，仍然宁可译得不顺口。”v鲁迅全集v“翻译，的确可以帮助我们造出许多新的字眼，新的句法，丰富的词汇和细腻的精密的正确的表现。因此，我们既然进行着创造中国现代的新的言语的斗争，我们对于翻译，就不能够不要求：。”瞿秋白关于翻译的
17、通信v林语堂忠实、通顺、美vfaithfulness,smoothness and beautifulnessv“On Translation”(1933)vC.f.“beautifulness”and“elegance”v“beautifulness”-the aesthetic nature of literary translationv“elegance”-the usage of the classic Chinese language before the Han Dynastyv“beautifulness”-more applicable to literary transla
18、tionv翻译的标准问题，大概包括三方面。我们可依三方面的次序讨论。第一是忠实标准，第二是通顺标准，第三是美的标准。这翻译的三层标准，与严氏的“译事三难”，大体上是正相比符的。我们并须记得这所包括的就是：第一、译者对原文方面的问题，第二，译者对中文方面的问题，第三，是翻译与艺术文的问题。以译者所负的责任言，第一是译者对原著者的责任，第二是译者对中国读者的责任，第三是译者对艺术的责任。三样的责任齐备，然后可以谓具有真正译家的资格。v林语堂论翻译v朱生豪传神论朱生豪传神论vtransference of spiritvThe Complete Plays of ShakespearevThe pr
19、inciple I follow in translating Shakespeare is,firstly,to retain the spirit as best I could and,if not possible,to transfer its meaning and flavor in intelligible and fluent language.As for the translation produced by the stiff word-for-word method,it is the last thing I appreciate.v-Zhu Shenghao v“
20、第一在求于最大可能之范围内，保持原作之，必不得已而求其次，亦必以，”v“余笃嗜莎剧，尝首尾研读全集至十余遍，于原作精神自觉颇有会心 虽贫穷疾病，交相煎迫，而埋头伏案，握笔不辍。凡前后历十年而全部完成，夫以译莎工作之艰巨，十年之功，不可云久，然毕生精力，殆已尽注于兹矣。”v傅雷神似论傅雷神似论vresemblance in spiritvthe preface to his revised version of Balzacs Le Pere Goriot（高老头）.v“Translating,in terms of effectiveness,is like copying paintings
21、.What the translator seeks after is resemblance in spirit rather than in form”.v“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”v“愚对译事看法实甚简单：；译文必须为纯粹之中文，无生硬拗口之病；又须能朗朗上口，求音节和谐，至节奏与韵律，当然以原作为依归。”高老头重译本序v钱钟书化境说钱钟书化境说 sublimation/reaching the acme of perfection v“Lin Shus Translation”vno trace of unnaturalness and stiffne
22、ss of language resulting from the differences between the two languages vthe flavor of the originalva“sublimated”translation“should be so faithful to the original text that it does not read like a translation,because there is not the slightest translationese in the source language text”.v文学翻译的最高标准是“
23、化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风格，那就算得入于“化境”.v刘重德刘重德信、达、切信、达、切 vfaithfulness,expressiveness,closenessvFaithfulness-to be faithful to the content of the original(faithfulness in content)vExpressiveness-to be as expressive as the original(expressiveness in wording)vCloseness-to be
24、as close to the original style as possible(closeness in style)vRelationship of the three:vFaithfulness-prerequisite of expressiveness and closeness;vexpressiveness-representation of faithfulness and closeness;vcloseness-the very picture of faithfulness and expressiveness.v许渊冲许渊冲三美说三美说“Three Beauties
25、”v意美、音美、形美意美、音美、形美（beauty in sense,sound and form）v翻译的艺术v“在三美之中，意美是最重要的，是第一位的；音美是次要的，是第二位的；形美是更次要的，是第三位的。我们要在传达原文意美的前提下，尽可能传达原文的音美；还要在传达原文意美和音美的前提下，尽可能传达原文的形美；努力做到三美齐备。如果三者不可得兼，那么，首先可以不要求形似，也可以不要求音似；但是无论如何，都要尽可能传达原文的意美和音美。”vAlexander Fraser Tytler(1747-1813)vthe three“laws of translation”vEssay on t
26、he Principles of Translation(1790)vThe translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.v译文应完全复写出原作的思想；（“信”）vThe style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.v译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同；（“雅”）vThe translation should have the ease of the o
27、riginal composition.v译文应和原作同样流畅。（“达”）vEugene A.Nida vfunctional equivalencev功能对等功能对等vThe readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of text must have understood and appreciated it.v译文读者对译文的理解应当达到能够想象出原文读者是怎样理解和领会原文的程度。
28、vThe readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did.v译文读者应当能够基本上按照原文读者理解和领会原文的方式来理解和领会原文。vPeter NewmarkvCommunicative and Semantic Translationv交际翻译与语义翻译交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative translation attempts to produce on i
29、ts readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.交际翻译力图对译作读者产生尽可能接近原作读者所获得的效果。Semantic translation attempts to render,as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow,the exact contextual meaning of the original.语义翻译力图在译作语言的语义结
30、构和句法结构允许的情况下，译出原作在上下文中的准确意义。二者区别与联系二者区别与联系 交际翻译注重译文读者产生与原文读者相同的效果,语义翻译注重译出原文的所有含义。根本区别在于交际翻译强调信息产生的效果,语义翻译强调信息内容。二者交替使用,相辅相成,以达到译文的最佳效果。v1.1.以作者或读者两方中某一方为着眼点的原则以作者或读者两方中某一方为着眼点的原则v文质之争v2.2.同时考虑作者和读者的翻译原则同时考虑作者和读者的翻译原则v玄奘既须求真，又须喻俗v严复信达雅v鲁迅信、顺v泰特勒翻译三原则v3.3.从美学角度提出的翻译原则从美学角度提出的翻译原则v傅雷神似v钱钟书化境v许渊冲三美说v总结
31、总结v翻译标准：忠实；通顺。v所谓忠实，指忠实于原文的内容。译者必须把原作的内容完整而准确的表达出来，不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏、或任意增删的现象。v所谓通顺，是指译文必须通顺易懂，遣词造句力求符合语言文字规范。译文没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑模糊、语言晦涩等现象。v二者关系二者关系vExcellent command of the two languagesvConsiderable knowledge of the two culturesvAdequate knowledge of the subject mattervFair capacity for writingvPlenty o
32、f practice and adequate knowledge of translation theories and skillsvSkills in the use of information technologyvIt often take as long as ten days or even a whole month to establish a term in translation after repeated consideration and hesitation.v-Yan FuvI have always thought that translation is e
33、asier than writing,for at least you neednt work out a plot.But as soon as you put pen to paper,you meet with obstacles.For instance,you can avoid a noun or a verb you cannot make good use of in writing,but you cannot do so in translation.You will have to continue to rack your brains for it until you
34、 get dizzy as if you are feeling in your head for a key to open a box,but in vain.vLu Xun v我向来总以为翻译比创作容易,因为至少是无须构想。但到真的一译，就会遇着难关，譬如一个名词或动词，写不出，创作时候可以回避，翻译上却不成，也还得想，一直弄到头昏眼花，好像在脑子里面摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。严又陵说，“一名之立，旬月踯躅”，是他的经验之谈，的的确确的。vExamples and drills vP8-9,10-11vLiteral translation and free translatio
35、nvForeignizing translation and domesticating translation(foreignization and domestication)vStyle and translationvLiteral translation,also called word-for-word translation,is ideally the segmentation of the source language text into individual words and target language rendering of those word-segment
36、s one at a time.This ideal is often literally impossible.For example,an inflected word in an agglutinative source language can almost never be replaced with a single word in an isolative target language,and,even when literally possible,the result is often unreadable.vHence most so-called literal tra
37、nslations are in fact compromises with the ideal:looser renditions that replace individual source language words with individual target language words wherever possible,and cling as closely as possible to the source language word order in the target language(Baker 2001:125)v第一位：忠实于原文的内容v第二位：忠实于原文的形式
38、v第三位：通顺的译文形式vFree translation,also known as sense-for-sense translation,emphasizes transfer of the meaning or“spirit”of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording.The purpose of sense-for-sense translation is to accommodate the needs of the target language reader by producing a
39、 text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture and which does not therefore sound“foreign”(Shuttleworth&Cowie 1997:151)v第一位：忠实于原文的内容第一位：忠实于原文的内容v第二位：通顺的译文形式第二位：通顺的译文形式v第三位：原文的形式第三位：原文的形式 vPrinciple：vChinese scholars seem to have reached a general consensu
40、s which favors literal translation wherever possible and free translation whenever literal translation is not a good choice.vLiteral translation and free translation are not contradictory but complementary.vTranslate literally,if possible,or appeal to free translation.（能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就采取意译。）Textbook:p
41、12 v“天上闪耀着光明的亮星，牛乳路很白，好像是礼拜日用雪擦过的一样”v“天上闪耀着明星，天河清晰得好像在假日扫去路上的残雪似的”契诃夫小说选 可怜织女星，化作马郎妇，乌鹊疑不来，迢迢牛奶路。鲁迅 “我睡着了梦见谢斯达科夫那罐炼乳一个大罐头，贴着一圈天蓝色的商标纸。巨大罐头摔在地上，破成了一千块碎片，牛奶四处横溢，流出了一道波涛汹涌的牛奶路。我一伸手就轻而易举地摸着了天空，饱餐了一顿香甜的星星似的牛奶。”世界文学2001 vExamples:vTommy answered nothing.Father asked him if the cat had got his tongue.v纸老虎
42、v汤米没有回答，父亲问他是不是舌头让猫叼走了vpaper tigerv“一切反动派都是纸老虎”v（All the reactionaries are the paper tigers）v They dont know their right hand from their left.v When Jean graduated from high school,she looked at the world through rose-colored glasses.v 他们什么也不知道。v 简高中毕业时，把一切事情看得太简单/太乐观了。v Our son must go to school.He
43、 must break out of the pot that holds us in.v Watch out for Harlow.Hes full of Mickey Mouse ideas.v 我不会拖你的后腿。v 我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要出人头地。v 要提防着点哈洛，他满脑子歪门邪道。v I wont be in your way/hold you back.vIt means killing two birds with one stone.v-这意味着一石二鸟。(literal translation)v-这意味着一举两得。(free translation)v-这意味着一箭双
44、雕。(combination)v你不要班门弄斧了。v-Dont display your axe at Lu Bans door.(literal translation)v-Dont teach your grandmother to suck eggs.(free translation)v-Never offer to teach a fish to swim.(free translation)vForeignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target
45、 conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.vThis method is“an ethnodeviant pressure on target-language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text,sending the reader abroad”to have alien reading experience.v异化译法是偏离民族主义的，对译入语文化价值施
46、加压力，使其关注外语文本的语言和文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，体验外国人的阅读感受。vIf the translators preference is placed on preserving the language and cultural differences of the source text,we call this kind of approach or its translation foreignizing or foreignization.vto kill two birds with one stone v一石二鸟vAll roads lead to Rome.v条条
47、大路通罗马。vDomestication is a strategy in which a transparent,fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers.vThis method is“an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values,bringing the author back home”v归化译法采
48、取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译入语文化。vConversely,the method or practice of adapting the translation to the norms and values of the target language and culture is called domesticating or domestication.vto kill two birds with one stone v一箭双雕；一举两得vAll roads lead to Rome.v殊途同归。vTo grow like mushrooms
49、 v雨后春笋 vA Dream of Red Mansionsv杨宪益（1915-2009）v戴乃迭（1919-1999)vThe Story of the StonevDavid Hawkes(霍克思)v巧媳妇做不出没米的饭菜。vVersion 1：Even the cleverest housewife cant cook a meal without rice.（杨宪益）异化vVersion 2：Even the cleverest housewife cant make bread without flour.(David Hawkes)归化v知人知面不知心。vVersion 1：Yo
50、u can know a mans face but not his heart.（杨宪益）异化vVersion 2：Appearances are certainly deceptive.(David Hawkes)归化v谋事在人，成事在天。vVersion 1：Man proposes,Heaven disposes.（杨宪益）异化vVersion 2：Man proposes,God disposes.(David Hawkes)归化vc.f.vliteral translation&free translation-linguistic vforeignization&domestic
