1、第一部分语法知识及运用专题1冠词考纲展示命题探究基础点1不定冠词的基本用法(1)不定冠词有a和an两种形式，常位于名词或名词的修饰语前。当紧跟不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为辅音音素(注意：不是辅音字母)时，用a；而当紧跟不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为元音音素(注意：不是元音字母)时，用an。a university student 一个大学生a European writer 一位欧洲作家an honest boy 一个诚实的男孩an ugly man 一个丑陋的人(2)泛指某个或某类人或物，或者未提到的，对方不熟悉的人或物。I was born in a small village in Heb
2、ei Province.我出生在河北的一个小村庄。(3)用在第一次提到的人或物的名词前，表泛指。At that time, I was working in a factory. The factory produces car parts.那时，我在一家工厂工作。那家工厂生产各种汽车部件。(4)表示“一”“每一”“同一”或“某一”概念。I will return in a day or two.(one)我将在一两天后返回。The car can run 200 kilometres an hour.(per)这种车每小时能行驶200公里。They are of an age. (the s
3、ame)他们年龄相同。A Mr Smith is waiting for you. (a certain)一个叫史密斯的先生在等你。2定冠词的基本用法(1)用于上文已经提到过的，或从语境中可判断出谈话双方都知道的人或物前。He bought a house. Ive been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。Take the medicine.把药吃了。(2)用于单数可数名词或形容词及分词前，表“一类人或物”。Who invented the_telephone?谁发明了电话？After the explosion, people rushed to help the
4、_injured.爆炸发生后，人们赶到现场帮助受伤的人。(3)用于序数词、形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only, very, same等前面。Is this the_first_time you have visited Beijing?这是你第一次游览北京吗？He runs the_fastest in his class.他是他班跑得最快的。Thats the_very_thing Ive been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。特别提醒(1)副词的最高级前the可有可无。He runs (the) fastest in his school.他是全校中跑得最快的。(2)序数
5、词前面也可用不定冠词，但意义与用定冠词不同。I have failed twice, but Ill try a third time.我失败两次了，但我还要再试一次。(强调再一次)March is the third month of a year.三月是一年的第三个月。(强调次序) (4)用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇俩”。The_Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。(5)用于宇宙中独一无二的事物、西洋乐器名词和方位名词前。the moon月亮play the piano 弹钢琴the west
6、 西部(6)用于表示朝代、年代的名词前，或用于整十的数词复数前，表示某个年代。the Ming Dynasty 明朝in the 1990s或1990s 在20世纪90年代特别提醒表示“某人岁”时，则用“inones整十的数词复数”。in his fifties 在他50多岁时(7)用在表度量单位的名词前，表示“按计算”。by the hour 按小时by the day 按天特别提醒如size, weight, time这类名词与by连用时不用冠词。by size 按大小by weight 按重量(8)用于固定结构“动词sb.介词the身体部位”中。hit sb. on the head 打
7、某人的头take sb. by the arm 抓某人的胳膊3零冠词的基本用法(1)用于不可数名词、复数名词或专有名词前表示泛指，用零冠词。Man needs air_and_water.人类需要空气和水。They are teachers.他们是老师。Beijing 北京特别提醒高考中常见的纯不可数名词，它们是：baggage, luggage, furniture, health, weather, fun, space (太空), advice, word (news), progress, information, luck, wealth (财产)等。以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词
8、连用。(2)用于表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词，及球类、棋类和学科名词前。in spring 在春天on Sunday 在周日have breakfast 吃早餐play football 踢足球play chess 下棋Im very interested in English.我对英语很感兴趣。(3)名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any等指示代词、形容词性物主代词、限定词以及名词所有格等限定时不再用冠词。She is not my type of woman.她不是我心目中的那类女人。His heart was b
9、eating wildly with fear.他的心因害怕而狂跳不已。(4)表示独一无二的头衔和职位名词作表语、补足语或同位语时。Mr Smith was elected president of our school.史密斯先生被选为我校校长。重难点1不定冠词的特殊位置(1)如果名词前用了many, such等具有限定意义的词和表示感叹的what等词，a(an)必须放在这些词后面，语序为：many/such/what a(an).I have never seen such_an interesting film.我从来没看过这么有趣的电影。What_a clever boy he is!
10、他是个多么聪明的男孩啊！(2)副词quite和rather同形容词连用修饰名词时，quite要置于不定冠词a/an之前，rather可置于不定冠词a/an之前，也可置于其后。Its quite_a small house.这是一所相当小的房子。Thats rather_a/a_rather sudden change.那一变化相当突然。(3)当单数可数名词之前的形容词有so, too, as, how等副词修饰时，a(an)必须放在形容词之后，词序为：so/too/as/how/.形容词a(an).She is so_good_a_girl that all the people like h
11、er.她是如此好的女孩，所有人都喜欢她。2定冠词的特殊位置在名词词组中，定冠词一般放在最前面，但名词词组中如果有exactly, just, half, double, twice, all, both等修饰语，定冠词要放在这些词后面。exactly_the same color 完全相同的颜色just_the right place 就是这个地方half_the story 故事的一半double_the amount 双倍的量3零冠词的特殊用法(1)turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。但名词前若有形容词作定语时，则必须加冠词。His brother has turned_write
12、r.他弟弟已成为一名作家。Later she turned_a_successful_singer.后来她成了一名成功的歌手。(2)在“表示类型的名词of.”这一结构中of后的可数名词单数前不用冠词。This_kind_of_question often appears in the exam.此类问题在考试中经常出现。(3)“零冠词可数名词单数as/though主语谓语主句”意为“尽管/虽然但是”。Hero_as_he_is,_he has some shortcomings.尽管他是个英雄，但是他也有一些缺点。(4)用在独立主格结构中的某一形式中。The teacher came in,
13、book_in_hand(with a book in his hand)老师手里拿着一本书走了进来。(5)与by连用的表示交通工具和通讯工具的名词之前不用冠词。Its quicker by_air than by_sea.乘飞机比乘船快。考法综述冠词的基本用法，尤其是冠词的泛指和特指在语篇型语法填空和短文改错中常会涉及，近五年就考查了48次之多，由此可见其重要性。命题法1考查冠词的泛指和特指典例1I cant tell you _ way to the Wilsons because we dont have _ Wilson here in the village.答案the; a句意：我
14、不能告诉你去威尔逊家的路，因为我们村里没有一个叫威尔逊的人。第一空特指去威尔逊家的路，故填the; 第二空为泛指“一个叫威尔逊的人”，故填a。典例2Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day._答案average前的a改为anaverage以元音音素/开头，故用an。【解题法】冠词表泛指和特指时的必备知识和一般解题思路(1)首先要了解冠词的泛指和特指：不定冠词用在首次提到的或不限定的单数可数名词前表泛指；定冠词用在上文提到的人或物前，或是被限制性修饰语加以限定的人或物前，也可指双方所默认的特定的人或物的名词前表特指。(2)在
15、语法填空中，考查冠词时是不给提示词的，因而可先从形式上去判断，然后观察空格后部分的中心词是否是名词或相当于名词的词或短语，因为冠词唯一的作用就是用来修饰名词的。(3)在短文改错中，当名词前有不定冠词时，要格外注意使用a还是an，以其后所跟单词的开头音素而不是其开头字母为依据。因此在平时学习中，务必要注意掌握单词的发音。命题法2考查冠词与一些特定词的基本用法典例3The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even _ most modern of a
16、rchitects and engineers.答案the句意：由美国西南部的普韦布洛印第安人建造的土坯房甚至受到了(当今世界上)最前卫的建筑师和工程师的青睐。根据句意和空后的最高级标志词most可知此处表示“最的”，故填the。典例4Tomorrow is first day of school._答案first前加the序数词通常和定冠词the搭配。【解题法】冠词与特定词搭配时的必备知识和一般解题思路(1)通常情况下，形容词比较级前不用冠词；形容词最高级、序数词及表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前用定冠词the。(2)在语法填空中，考查冠词时是不给提示词的，因而可以从形式上判断，然后观察空格
17、后部分是否是形容词最高级、序数词或表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词。(3)在短文改错中，常考查冠词的错用和漏用，形容词比较级前常不用冠词；形容词最高级，序数词及表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前常用定冠词the。A单句填空1I just heard _ bank where Dora works was robbed by _ gunman wearing a mask.答案the; a句意：我刚听说Dora工作的银行被一个戴着面罩的持枪歹徒抢了。第一空，句中where引导的定语从句修饰bank，由此可知这里特指Dora工作的银行，故用定冠词；第二空，泛指“一个持枪歹徒”，因此用不定冠词。2He
18、owned _ farm, which looked almost abandoned.答案a句意：他拥有一家看起来几乎荒芜的农场。farm在句中是第一次出现，而且表示泛指，所以用不定冠词。3_village where I was born has grown into_ town.答案The; a句意：我出生的那个村庄已经变成一个城镇了。由village后的定语从句where I was born可知这里特指“我”出生的村庄，用定冠词the；第二空后town为可数名词，在本句中表泛指，泛指一个城镇，故用不定冠词a。4The paper is due next month, and I am
19、 working seven days _week, often long into _night.答案a; the句意：论文下个月要上交了。我现在每周工作七天，经常工作到深夜。第一空表示“每一”，故用不定冠词a；第二空是固定搭配long into the night，意为“直到深夜”，故用定冠词the。5They chose Tom to be _captain of the team because they knew he was _ smart leader.答案the; a句意：他们选择汤姆为这个队的队长，因为他们知道他是一个聪明的领导。第一空后的名词captain是特指，特指这个队
20、的队长，故用定冠词the；第二空后的名词leader表示泛指，故用不定冠词a。6We can become _ smart shopper by choosing for value, not for looks; in other words, choose good quality goods with plain packages.答案a句意：如果我们买东西是为了价值而不是为了包装，那么我们就能成为一个明智的消费者；也就是说，应选择普通包装的质量好的产品。shopper为单数可数名词，此处泛指“一个明智的消费者”，故填不定冠词a。7_ news of the mayors coming
21、to our school for a visit was given out on the radio yesterday.答案The句意：市长来我们学校参观的新闻昨天通过收音机发布了。名词news后有介词短语修饰，起限定作用，表特指，故填The。8In Germany, _ successful project, which roughly translates as “adopt a grandparent”， has been running with a great success.答案a句意：在德国，一个名为“领养祖父母”的项目已成功运行。project为单数可数名词，此处意为“一
22、个成功的项目”，表泛指，故填不定冠词a。9Mom, why cant I have _ new bike?Dear, you know, money doesnt grow on trees.答案a句意：妈妈，我为什么不能要一辆新自行车？亲爱的，你要知道，赚钱可不是件容易的事。bike为单数可数名词，是首次提到，此处表泛指，故用不定冠词a。10_ wish always remains unrealistic that you can come first in the final exam when you make no efforts at all.答案The句意：你不付出任何努力而想在
23、期末考试中得第一名的愿望是不现实的。wish后有that引导的同位语从句修饰，表特指，故填定冠词The。B单句改错1Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be Beethoven._答案在Beethoven前加a此处表示泛指“一个像贝多芬的人”。2She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on a top floor._答案把第二个athefloor前有top修饰，此处表示特指，故用the。3Life is like a ocean; only
24、the strongwilled can reach the other shore._答案aanocean是以元音音素开头的单词，且此处表泛指，故用an。4A best moment for the football star was when he scored the winning goal._答案AThebest为最高级，故用the。5An exact year which Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008._答案AnTheyear后有定语修饰，表示特指，故用the。6I think good habit t
25、hat in our spare time we read more books of great use._答案good前加a habit意为“习惯”，是可数名词，此处为泛指，故用不定冠词a修饰。7Three years ago I failed an important exam in my life and became a student in a ordinary school._答案第二个aanordinary是以元音音素开头的形容词，故其前应用不定冠词an。8Last Sunday I saw a worst storm in years. It came suddenly an
26、d went on for over three hours._答案athe根据in years可知，此处表示“最严重的暴风雨”，形容词最高级前应加定冠词the。9Rock climbing is great fun. You will get close to the nature and take adventures at the same time._答案第一个the去掉nature意为“自然，自然界”时，其前不能加冠词。10Once you click the button, a email will be sent to you via your email address._答案
27、aanemail是以元音音素开头的名词，故其前应用不定冠词an。基础点1不定冠词的习惯用语或固定搭配as a result 因此as a matter of fact 事实上as a rule 通常，照例 after a while 一会儿后in a hurry 匆忙地 in a sense 在某种意义上in a word 总之 once in a while 偶尔at a loss 困惑，不知所措 at a distance 离一段距离for a while 暂时，一时 once upon a time 从前all of a sudden 突然 a waste of.的浪费What a pi
28、ty! 真遗憾！have a population of 有人口have a history of 有的历史a collection of 一批a knowledge of (know) 知道an understanding of (understand) 懂得2定冠词的习惯用语或固定搭配in the end 最后，终于make the most/best of 充分利用in the distance 在远处in the way 挡路on the whole 总之on the right/left 在右/左面at the same time 同时at the moment 此刻go to th
29、e doctors 去看医生by the way 顺便说，附带地说说the other day(a few days ago) 几天前on the radio/phone 通过无线电/电话on the spot在场，到场；立即，马上；当场to tell (you) the truth 说实话，老实说go to the cinema 去看电影on (the) one hand., on the other hand.一方面，另一方面3零冠词的习惯用法或固定搭配under repair处于维修中 lose heart 灰心day and night 整天整夜out of control 失控out
30、 of work 失业in danger 处于危险之中 at risk 有危险at present 目前 take part in 参加in peace 平静 by chance/accident 碰巧on purpose 故意 on second thoughts 再一想ahead of time 提前 in advance 提前by law 根据法律 by mistake 由于差错重难点有无冠词意义不同的习惯用语或搭配考法综述冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配是高考语篇型语法填空及短文改错的常考点，近五年考查了13次，是考查重点之一。命题法考查冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配典例1Jane is in a
31、hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half _ hour.答案an句意：简非常匆忙，因为到达机场的列车将在半小时之后开车。half an hour为习惯用法，意为“半小时”。典例2Since thenfor all these yearswe have been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please. As result, the plants are growing everywhere._答案result前加aas a result为固定短语，意为“因此”，故在resu
32、lt前加a。【解题法】冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配的必备知识和一般解题思路(1)首先要熟练掌握不定冠词，定冠词及零冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配。(2)在语法填空中，考查冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配时，是不给提示词的，因而可以根据语境来确定习惯用语及固定搭配的冠词。(3)在短文改错中，考查冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配，主要体现在考生因固定思维模式或汉语语言的影响而对冠词的错用、漏用和多用。A单句填空1Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in _ countryside.答案the句意：现在我生活在一座城市，但是我想念农村的家乡。in the country
33、side为固定短语，意为“在乡下，在农村”。故填定冠词the。2_more learned a man is, _ more modest he usually becomes.答案The; the句意：一个人越博学，他通常会变得越谦逊。根据句子结构来判断，此句使用了“The形容词/副词比较级，the形容词/副词比较级”结构，意思是“越，越”。3Janes grandmother had wanted to write _ childrens book for many years, but one thing or another always got in _ way.答案a; the句意
34、：多年来，简的祖母一直想写一本儿童读物，但由于种种原因耽搁下来了。第一空，book是可数名词，此处表泛指，用不定冠词a；第二空，in the way是固定词组，意为“挡路，妨碍”。故填a; the。4Starting your own business could be a way to achieve financial independence. On _ other hand, it could just put you in debt.答案the句意：自己创业可能是使你获得经济独立的一种方式。另一方面，它也可能让你欠债。on the other hand为固定短语，意为“另一方面”，故
35、填定冠词the。5Well reach the sales targets in a month which we set at _ beginning of the year.答案the句意：我们将在一个月内实现我们年初制订的销售目标。at the beginning of为固定短语，意为“在之初”，故填定冠词the。6I thought Id better have _ word with you about the task to be done.答案a句意：我想我最好跟你谈一下关于这项要做的任务。have a word with sb. “和某人谈一谈”为固定搭配。7With the
36、development of society, our country is badly in need of those with _ better command of computer skills.答案a句意：随着社会的发展，我们国家非常需要那些可以进行电脑操作的人才。with a command of.为惯用搭配，意为“掌握”，故填不定冠词a。8We slept in a tent and took _ long walk every day.答案a句意：我们睡在帐篷里，每天步行很长的路。take a walk为固定搭配，意为“散步；走路”。9The tour will provid
37、e _ unique opportunity to stay with a British family for a week in _ hope that you will better understand the life there.答案a；the句意：这次旅游会提供给你一个和英国家庭生活一周的独特机会，希望你对那里的生活有一个更好的了解。“机会”强调的是一次，所以填不定冠词a；in the hope that为固定用法，意为“怀着的希望”。10If you dont have _ good knowledge of English, its out of the question f
38、or you to use it flexibly and fluently.答案a句意：如果你对英语的掌握不够好，你就不可能灵活、流利地使用它。have a good knowledge of是固定短语，意为“精通；掌握”。B单句改错1I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning._答案hurry前加ain a hurry是固定短语，意为“匆忙”。2The next morning Jason went to the office for his papers as an usual._答案把an去掉as
39、 usual为固定短语，意为“像通常一样”。3Now, years later, this river is one of most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup._答案most前加the根据one of知后面是形容词的最高级，因此most前加定冠词the。4In the fact, hunters would stop and take pictures, because they had never seen anything like her._答案把the去掉In fact为固定短语，意为“事实上，实际上”。5.At an
40、end of the day, she returned to take me back to my accommodation._答案antheat the end of为固定短语，意为“在结尾，在末端”。6I tried to appear at the ease when the foreign guest greeted me by kissing me on the cheek._答案去掉第一个theat ease“自由自在，无拘无束”，固定搭配。7The driver was at loss when word came that he was forbidden to drive
41、 because of speeding._答案在loss前加aat a loss是固定短语，意为“不知所措”。8Many people dont think much of the movie.I think differently. In the way, it is a good film. And the photographed scenes are very beautiful._答案第二个thea句意：很多人认为这部电影不好。我不那么认为。在某种程度上，这是一部很不错的电影。拍摄的场景非常美。in a way为固定短语，“在某种程度上”。9I signed it “some thankful students” and slipped it into the envelope._答案thean根据句意表示把信装进“一个”信封，故用不定冠词，且envelope的始发音为元音，故改为an。10As
