1、北京市2015届高考一轮专题训练说明文阅读【2014北京】CChoosing the Right Resolution (决定) Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013 with, a goal of losing weight. However, setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake. To reach our goal of losing weight - the output, we need to control what we
2、 eat - the input ( 输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construce goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “Ill stop having desert for lunch,” or “I
3、ll walk every day for 20 minutes.” Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome. Recently a new science behind incentives (激励) , including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see wh
4、at works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on in
5、put but had no effect on output. Fryers conclusion was that the intensives for inputs might be more effective because do not knoe how to do better on exam, aside from general rules like “study harder.” Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over which they have much more contro
6、l. As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And its easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do. If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a
7、cafe, for example. This is a well-specified action-based goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isnt a goal because its too general. Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, dont stop with this general wish. Think bout an actionable habit that you
8、could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday. In the long run, these new goals could become a habit.63. The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because _ .A. it is hard to achieve for most AmericansB. it is focused too much on the resultC. it is depen
9、dent on too many thingsD. it is based on actionable decisions64. In Roland Fryers research, some students did better than the others because _ .A. they obeyed all the general rulesB. they paid more attention to examsC. they were motivated by their classmatesD. they were rewarded for reading some boo
10、ks65. According to the writer, which of the following statements is a good goal?A. “Ill give up desert.” B. “Ill study harder.”C. “Ill cut down my expense”D. “Ill spend more time with my family”66. The writer strongly believes that we should _ .A. develop good habits and focus on the outcomeB. be op
11、timistic about final goals and stick to themC. pick specific actions that can be turned into good habitsD. set ambitious goals that can balance the input ang output【答案】63-66： BDAC【2014北京】DMultitaskingWhat is the first thing you nitice when you walk into a shop? The products displayed (展示) at the ent
12、rance? Or the soft background music?But have you ever notice the smell? Unless it is bad, the answer is likely to be no. But while a shops scent may not be outstanding compared with sightsand sounds, it is certainly there. And it is providing to be an increasing powerful tool in encouraging people t
13、o purchase.A brand store has become famous for its distinctive scent which floats through the fairly dark hall and out to the entrance, via scent machines. A smell may be attractive but it may not just be used for freshening air. One sports goods company once reported that when it first introduced s
14、cent into its stores, customers intension to purchase increased by 80 percent.When it comes to the best shopping streets in Pairs, scent is just as important to a brands success as the quality of its window displays and goods on slaes. That is mainly because shopping is a very different experience t
15、o what it used to be.Some years ago,the focus for brand name shopping was on a few people with sales assistants disproving attitude and dont-touch-what-you-cant-afford displays. Now the rise of electronic commerce (e-commerce) has opened up famous brands to a wider audience. But while e-shops can us
16、e sights and sounds, only bricks-and-mortar stores (实体店) can offer a full experience from the minute customers step through the door to the moment they leave. Another brand store seeks to be much more than a shop, but rather a destination. And scent is just one way to achieve this.Now a famous store
17、 uses complex man-made smell to make sure that the soft scent of baby powder floats through the kid department, and coconut (椰子) scent in the swimsuit section. A department store has even opened a new lab, inviting customers on a journey into the stores windows to smell books, pots and drawers, in s
18、earch of their perfect scent.67. According to the passage, what is an increasingly powerful tool in the success of some brand store?A. Friendly assistant.B. Unique scents.C. Soft background musicD. attractive window display.68. E-shops are mentioned in the passage to _ .A. ashow the advantages of br
19、ick-and-mortar storesB. urge shop assistants to change their attitudeC. push stores to use sights and soundsD. introduce the rise of e-commerce69. The underlined word “destination” in Paragraph 5 means _ .A. a platform that exhibts goodsB. a spot where travelers like to stayC.a place where customers
20、 love to goD. a target that a store expects to meet70. The main purpose of the passage is to _ .A. compare and evaluateB. examine and assessC. argue and discussD.inform and explain【答案】67-70: BACD【2012北京】DWilderness“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a w
21、riter regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved. As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images o
22、f the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions
23、that humans needthe rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services,
24、 such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the
25、ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not,
26、 in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly
27、. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serio
28、us thinking.67. John Sauven holds that_. A. many people value nature too much B. exploitation of wildernesses is harmful C. wildernesses provide humans with necessities D. the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong68. What is the main idea of Para. 3? A. The exploitation is necessary for t
29、he poor people. B. Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials. C. Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation. D. All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.69. What is the authors attitude towards this debate? A. Objective
30、. B. Disapproving. C. Sceptical. D. Optimistic.70. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?A. B. C. D. CP: Central PointP: PointSp: Sub-point(次要点)C: Conclusion67.B 第二段中， The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation brings to such lan
31、dscapes is real.68.C He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, but that is not a reason to avoid all human presence.69.A This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reasondeserves much more serious thinking.70.D 总分总的结构类型【2011北京】BS
32、ubmission GuidelinesBefore sending us a manuscript（稿件）, look through recent issues（刊物）of the Post to get an idea of the range and style of articles we publish. You will discover that our focus has broadened to include well-researched, timely and informative articles on finance, home improvement, tra
33、vel, humor, and many other fields.The Posts goal is to remain unique, with content that provides additional understandings on the ever-evolving American scene.In addition to feature-length（专题长度的）articles, the Post buys anecdotes, cartoons, and photos. Payment ranges from $25 to $400.Our nonfiction n
34、eeds include how-to, useful articles on gardening, pet care and training, financial planning, and subjects of interest to a 45-plus, home-loving readership. For nonfiction articles, indicate any special qualifications you have for writing about the subject, especially scientific material. Include on
35、e or two published pieces with your article. We prefer typed articles between 1000 and 2000 words in length. We encourage you to send both printed and online versions.We also welcome new fiction. A light, humorous touch is appreciated. We are always in need of straight humor articles. Make us laugh
36、, and well buy it.Feature articles average about 1000 to 2000 words. We like positive, fresh angles to Post articles, and we ask that they be thoroughly researched.We normally respond to article submissions within six weeks. You are free to submit the article elsewhere at the same time.Please submit
37、 all articles to Features Editor, The Saturday Evening Post, 1100 Waterway Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, (317)634-1100. 60. Before sending a manuscript to the Post, a contributor is advised to .A. get a better understanding of American issuesB. find out the range of the articles in the postC. i
38、ncrease his knowledge in many fieldsD. broaden his research focus61.to submit nonfiction articles，a contributor must_.A. provide his special qualification B. be a regular reader of the PostC. produce printed version D. be over 45 year old 62.From the passage we can learn that the Post .A. allows art
39、icle submission within six weeksB. favor science articles within 2,000 wordsC. have a huge demand for humorous worksD. prefers nonfiction to fiction article 60-62BAC【2011北京】DAs the railroads and the highways shaped the American West in the past centuries, a new electhical generating（发电）and transmiss
40、ion（输送）systen for the 21th century will leave a lasting mark on the West, for better or worse. Much of the real significance of railroads and highways is not in their direct physical effect on the scenery, but in the ways that they affect the suurouding community. The same is true of big solar ppant
41、s and the power lines that will be laid dowm to move electricity around.The 19th century saw land grants（政府拨地）offered to railroad companies to build the transcontinental railroads ,leaving public land in between privately owned land . In much of the west ,some of the railroad sections were developed
42、 while others remained undeveloped ,and in both cases the landownership has presented unique challenges to land management ,with the completion or the interstate highway system ,many of the small towns which sprang up as railway stops and developed well ,have lost their lifeblood and died .Big solar
43、 plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the west .this is not an argument against building then ,we need alternative energy badly .and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we can now .So t
44、rade-offs will have to be made .some scenic sport will be sacrificed .some species (物种)will be forced to move ,or will be carefully moved to special accommodations ,deals will be struck to reduce the immediate effects .The lasting effects of these trade-offs are another matter .the 21st century deve
45、lopment of the American west as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money to do a lot of good .but it is just as likely that they will be spent wastefully and will leave new problems behind ,just like the railroad and the highway .The money set aside in neg
46、otiated trade offs and the institution that control will shape the west far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines .so lets remember the effects of the railroad and the highways as we construct these new power plants in the west .67.What was the problem caused by the c
47、onstruction of the railways ?A. Small towns along the railways became abandoned.B. Some railroad stops remained underused.C. Land in the West was hard to manage.D. Land grants went into private hands.68.What is the major concern in the development of alternative energy according to the last two para
48、graphs ?A. The transmission of power. B. The use of money and power. C. The conservation of solar energy. D. The selection of an ideal place. 69.What is the author s attitude towards building solar plants ?A. Cautious B. Approving C. Doubtful D. Disapproving 70.Which is the best title for the passage ?A. How the Railways Have Affected the West B. How Solar Energy Could Reshape the West C. How t
