1、写作专题二十六 It的使用It的使用一It句型it可以代替句子内部前面出现过的短语或者从句。It is necessary for us to learn English. (it代替句子内部的动词不定式)It is difficult knowing oneself. (it代替句子内部的动名词)I think it right that he refused your request. (it代替句子内部的从句)二在高考写作中的使用1. It is also demonstrated that parents are the second most popular with girls.
2、有现象表明（demonstrate），父母是女孩的第二最受欢迎的偶像。（主语从句）2. It is reasonable that many people who go to the zoo want to take photos with the lovely animals. 前往动物园的人很想和动物拍照，这也是情理之中的(reasonable)。（主语从句）三练习：翻译句子1. _ (这样做违反我的原则) to do that. 2. It is getting harder every day _.（穷人要谋生）3. It _ (我在这里也没有什么作用) my being there.
3、4. It is obvious _人们给公司提供金钱，因为他们相信公司会赚钱）5. It may not have occurred to you _(你应该帮助别人)。6. She _(发现要说服他很难）。7. I have it on my conscience _。（我还没有完成我的义务）8. He hasnt _（没有说清楚什么时候回来）。9. They havent made _（还没有宣布会议在哪里开）10. I think _（这样继续下去非常不明智）。练习答案：翻译句子1） It was against my principle to do that.2） Its getti
4、ng harder every day for a poor man to get a living.3） It doesnt make any difference my being there.4） It is obvious that people supply money to a company because they think it will make profits.5） It may not have occurred to you that you are in a position to help.6） She found it difficult to convinc
5、e him.7） I have it on my conscience that I havent done my duty.8） He hasnt made it clear when he is coming back.9） They havent made it known where the meeting is to take place.10） I think it very unwise going on like this.写作专题二十七 强调句型it与there句型的使用强调句型it与there句型的使用一强调句型it强调句型必须强调一个成分而非单词，公式是：it is/wa
6、s + 被强调部分 + that + 句子剩下部分，例如，句子I saw your friend John at the party yesterday的主语、宾语、状语都可以强调，但是不可以强调谓语、表语。强调主语:It was I that saw your friend John at the party yesterday.强调宾语:It was your friend John that I saw at the party yesterday.强调时间状语It was at the party that I saw your friend John yesterday.强调地点状语
7、It was yesterday that I saw your friend John at the party.如果拆掉it is/was that结构，剩下的部分可以拼装成为一个完整的句子。二there be句型我们介绍三个句子：There are more differences than we can imagine. (差异比我们能够想象的还多)There is no denying the fact that he has made progress in English. （不可否认他在英语方面取进步）There still exist many unfair policies
8、 in this country. （在这个国家任然存在许多不公平的政策）三用强调句型把下列句子翻译成英语。1） 他寄给我的是一张新贺卡。2） 她正是我的老师。3） 他读完这本小说才上床睡觉。4） 写这封信的正是玛丽。5） 他们打算去度假的地方不是西班牙而是中国。6） 全靠约翰的努力工作才有可能把事情办成功。7） 是计算机在五分钟之内解决了这个复杂问题。8） 这正是我们要买的那本书。9） 怀特小姐碰巧知道的就是我的电话号码。10）你的成功完全是由于你自己的勤奋。四. 用it 句型、there be/exist句型把下列句子翻译成英语。1) 考试作弊是可耻的。2) 乘飞机从一个国家到另一个国家比
9、乘火车用的时间通常要少。3) 我觉得掌握一门外语是必要的。4) 美国人发现击败中国队是不可能的。5) 你不以为浪费时间是错误的吗？6) 碰到的困难很可能会比你预计的多。7) 有一些事情使我感到不愉快。首先是乘客的随身行李之多之杂令人不敢相信。8) 人的一生中必须表明立场的时刻来临了。9) 我们要击败那个队的希望似乎不大。答案三用强调句型把下列句子翻译成英语。1）It was a new card that he sent to me.2) She is none other than my teacher.3) It was not until he finished reading the
10、novel that he went to bed.4) The letter was written by none other than Mary.5) It is not Spain but China that theyre going to on holiday.6) It was only Johns hard work that made success possible.7) It was the computer that solved the complicated problem within 5 minutes.8) This is nothing else but t
11、he book we want to buy.9) It was my telephone number that Miss White happened to know.10) Your success was due to nothing else than your own diligence.答案四. 用it 句型、there be/exist句型把下列句子翻译成英语。1. It is considered a shame to cheat in examination.2. It usually takes much less time to fly from one country
12、 to another than to travel by train.3. I feel it necessary to know a foreign language.4. The Americans found it impossible trying to beat the Chinese team.5. Dont you think it wrong wasting your time?6. There are likely to be more difficulties than you were prepared for.7. There are a few things tha
13、t disturb me. First of all, there is the unbelievable amount and variety of luggage that passengers bring on as cabin luggage.8. There comes a time in a mans life when he has to take a stand.9. There doesnt appear to be much hope of our beating that team.写作专题二十三 句子美化技术2：定语位置句子美化技术2：定语位置一定语的形态修饰名词的成分
14、叫定语。形容词、名词、介词短语、非谓语形式、定语从句等语言结构都可以充当定语。这里我们主要介绍最为普通的形容词与介词充当定语的现象。1. 形容词充当定语例题:The doctor spoke to the patient.The doctor was sympathetic.The patient was overweight.划线部分的doctor 与patient 同时可以用形容词进行修饰，一个单词充当定语时，该词放在名词前面，词组（两个以上单词）充当定语时，该词组放在名词后面。答案合并为：The sympathetic doctor spoke to the overweight pat
15、ient.2. 动词变形充当定语Example:The farmer ran from the bull.The framer was frightened.The bull was charging.Solution:The frightened farmer ran from the charging bull.3. 介词充当定语例题:The dance club admits everyone.The dance club is for teenagers.Everyone is between 18 and 21.合并为:The dance for teenagers admits e
16、veryone between 18 and 21.二 定语的位置安排通过巧妙地安排定语的位置，我们可以组合出各种各样的新意义。公式短定语A中心名词B长定语C说明：定语修饰名词的时候，一个单词的定语放前面，两个单词以上的定语放在后面，定语可以是：形容词，名词，介词，分词等等。那么，定语组合AB型 短定语 a big，open area BC型 长定语 an area with some sports facilities ABC型定语齐备 a big openareawith some sports facilitiesfor people to do exercise 例子1： 此外，还有健
17、身场地和健身器材。 并列关系Besides, there is a big open area with some sports facilities for people to do exercise. 并列定语 中心词 斜体部分为后置定语思路：并列关系拆解为多重修饰关系。由于area是中心词，短的定语“big open”放在名词前面，长的定语“with some sports facilities for people to do exercise”放在名词后面。例子2：经过了半个多世纪的伟大努力，一个贫穷落后，积贫积弱(weak)和被受屈辱的(humiliated)旧中国已经成为了一个独
18、立(independent)自主(democratic)和初步繁荣(prosperity) 的新中国。第一步：缩句子：一个旧中国成为了一个新中国。An old China has become a new China. 第二步：在前面加短定语：一个贫穷落后，积贫积弱和被受屈辱的旧中国已经成为了一个独立自主的新中国。A weak, underdeveloped and humiliated old China has become an independent and democratic new China.第三步：在后面加长定语：A weak, underdeveloped and humi
19、liated old China has become an independent and democratic new China on the early stage of prosperity.第四步：加上剩下的部分：After 50 years of unremitting efforts, a weak, underdeveloped and humiliated old China has become an independent and democratic new China on the early stage of prosperity.任何长句子，只要分解得当，都可以
20、各个击破。写作专题二十四 句子美化技术3：介词美化的技术3：介词一介词的连接功能介词具有强大的连接功能，可以表示原因、目的、比较、方式等等的意义关系，相当于从句所起的作用。1. 连接动词,表示方向、目的等虚的意义。The boy looked out of (引导方向) the window over（引导方向） the trees at（目标） the top of（所属关系） the tower.The bell for（用途） the class sent the students out of （地点） the classrooms down along（方向） the stairs
21、onto（地点） the playground for（目的）morning exercise.2. 连接名词、形容词等, 可以表示具体的实际的意义。The rich ladies, in（穿着） their furs out of（走出） the cabins onto（来到） the deck for the last walk before（睡觉之前）bed, started their conversations with each other excitedly.那些有钱的阔太太，身穿皮大衣，走出船舱来到甲板上作睡觉前的最后一次散步，开始起劲地谈论起来。Seeing their da
22、ughter pale with (原因) fear, the father was trembling with (原因) anger, but the mother had her eyes wet with (原因) tears. 看到女儿吓得脸色苍白，父亲愤怒得全省发抖，母亲双眼噙着泪水。上述的介词起到了相当于动词的作用。二最常用介词功能分类with原因She looked more beautiful with the skirt on. 伴随She was sitting on the sofa, with a book in his hand. 方式，工具She writes w
23、ith a red pen.for目的I came here for my money back.用途I heard the bell for the class.原因The teacher blamed him for his carelessness in the exam.跨度He learned for a long time.of具有The news is of great importance.所属He said he was a student of class two. 同一关系He visited the city of London on Tuesday.离开He look
24、ed out of the door. in地点He is in the park.凹陷下去的The boy was picked a hoe in the wall. 在方面He is interested in English.穿戴The boy in red is my cousin.工具He came in a car. 介词的数量不多，但是意义丰富，我们要在平时多学习、多体会。配套练习一: 用介词充当定语来改写句子 The Great Outdoors例子：1. A group persuaded my cousin Brian to join them on a camping t
25、rip.The group was of outdoorsmen.My cousin Brian is from New York.The trip was to Yosemite national park.答案： A group of outdoorsmen persuaded my cousin Brian from New York to join them on a camping trip to Yosemite national park.1. They rented a car, set out for Yosemite, and got caught in traffic.T
26、he car was with a rack.The rack was for their camping gear.The traffic was from San Francisco.2. When they finally arrived at midnight, they found a campsite. The campsite was for backpackers. The campsite was next to a stream.3. His friends hung their bags in a tree, but Brian hid his pack in his t
27、ent. His friends bags were of food.Brians pack was of candy bars and romance novels.4. Throughout one night, Brian heard strange noises and felt strange lumps. One night was of terror. The noises were outside the tent. The lumps were under his sleeping bag.5. When they awoke the next day, they disco
28、vered they had chosen campsite. The campsite was under a pine tree. The campsite was next to a sleeping bear.写作专题二十五 句子美化技术4：动词+介词句子美化技术4：动词+介词一动词词组具有灵活的替代功能英语动词词组一般由“动词+若干介词”构成，它能够体现英文最本质的特征，表达地道，具有最为灵活的替代功能，我们平时想不出来的大词、难词，其实可以用词组进行表达，效果比前者更好，更有英文味道。例如，原词词组performcarry outcontinuego on with partici
29、patetake part inoccupytake up例如, 我们要表达“国家成立了专门小组用以根除各种城市犯罪行为”这个句子，比较下面两个句子哪个更加方便：(1) The government established a special group to eradicate all kinds of city crimes.(2) The government set up a special group to get rid of all kinds of city crimes.二. 具有英语的本质结构特征动词词组最具有英文味道，使用动词词组基本上体现了英文内在的逻辑关系与表达手段，
30、我们比较下面两段中文：句子（1）：今年漫长的冬天刚过了一半，我登上本宁山脉的顶峰，看见树木的影子长长地拖过了教堂，过了磨坊，甚至覆盖了监狱。句子（2）：在今年漫长的冬天中期，在本宁山脉的顶峰，我看见树木的影子长长地拖过了教堂，过了磨坊，甚至覆盖了监狱。 我们发现，句子(1)更加具有汉语的本质特征，因为它动词多，而且丰富，用动词引导读者。相反，句子(2)似乎从英语直接翻译过来，很像欧化汉语，不太像中文的表达特征。我们看英文原文：In the middle of this long winter, on top of the Mount Benning, I saw the shadows of
31、the trees across the church, across the mill and even across the prison. (名词,介词丰富) 简单地说，中文动词多，英文动词少。这种表达方式的优点是：文字简练，信息量大，适合表达连贯、连动的一系列动作和过程，而且，因为动词使用较少，采用英语的逻辑思维方式，更加像原汁原味的英文。三动词词组在篇章中的应用以下这篇文章是用“动词+介词”的形式改写2005年广东省高考书面表达的答案，同学们注意动词词组的应用。Once upon a time there was a farmer on a farmer. He worked in
32、the fields every day. One day, he was ploughing hard in the fields. Suddenly he heard a noise from behind. He looked round and found a hare lying by the trump. The poor creature had bumped into the tree and died at once. He was happy to get a free hare without hard work. He said to himself, “Maybe I
33、 do not have to work so hard. I can wait for another hare by the tree without doing anything. ” With this idea, he threw away his hoe on the ground, waiting for another free hare every day. Several months passed by. However, the “clever” farmer ended up having his fields deserted without a hare. He
34、felt greatly regretted for his wrong decision. The story tells us that we have to pay before we succeed. We will get nothing without hard work. 写作专题二十一 表达的简练表达的简练一英文句子的弹性英文句子具有很大的弹性，加上定语与状语可以很长，删减定语与状语可以非常简短。主要成分缺少了句子语法不成立，次要成分缺少了句子语法成立，但是信息量不够丰富。例如，我们可以拓展句子，进行准确生动的描述：SVO基干句We held a discussion. 加定语
35、We held a heated discussion. 加状语Last week we held a heated discussion among the teachers and students of our school on the topic of the importance of good manners at school.上周我们在师生中进行了一次热烈的讨论，话题谈及了在学校良好礼貌的重要性。同时可以压缩句子，例如，Immediately, realizing the seriousness of the whole incident, he moved to a gro
36、und floor room with a small waiting-room to look into the matter himself, leaving his second-in-command（副手）to take over all other cases.压缩句子剩下基干结构：He moved to a ground floor room. 他搬到一楼的小型等候室。 二语言的经济原则一般来说，我们要追求简练的表达，这就是语言的经济原则，用尽量的少的文字传达更多的信息量，例如:下列各句。What I am trying to say is that in my opinion h
37、e has not done his work very well and it needs improving. It is difficult to make an estimation of how much money it would cost.上述两句话虽然显得很长，但是十分罗嗦，词语堆砌。句子越长，读者越难以准确捕捉句子的主要意义。建议改为：In my opinion his work needs improving.It is difficult to estimate its cost.三 运用经济原则简化下面的啰嗦说法：1. He is not only a good pi
38、anist, but also a good singer as well.2. There are so many inexperienced unskilled workers without training in a particular job that production of the factory has been affected.3. The time for learning is the time of youth.4. I think the time has come for us to leave.5. We find the situation that ex
39、ists at the moment intolerable. 6. The process was performed in two steps. The first of these consisted of drying the sample, and the second consisted of weighing it.7. It is blue in color, round in shape and small in size.8. As we walked in the direction of home, I felt as if I had never been happi
40、er.9. After the conference concluded, the committee members met to discuss how to put the plan into action.10. In my opinion, I think your plan is too hard to carry out.11. There was a pine tree that stood like a giant on the top of the mountain. It towered into the clouds.12. During the three years
41、 when I was studying at college, I witnessed many persecutions of black students by white racists.答案：三 运用经济原则简化下面的啰嗦说法：1. He is not only a good pianist, but also a good singer.2. There are so many inexperienced workers that production of the factory has been affected.3. Youth is the time for learnin
42、g.4. I think it is time to leave.5. We find the existing situation intolerable.6. The process was performed in two steps: drying the sample and weighing it.7. It is blue, round and small.8. As we walked home, I felt as if I had never been happier.9. After the conference, the committee members met to
43、 discuss how to put the plan into action.10. In my opinion, your plan is too hard to carry out.11. On the top of the mountain, a giant pine tree towered into the clouds.12. During the three years at college, I witnessed many persecutions of black students by white racists.写作专题三十 内容的连贯内容的连贯一语篇课程改革背后是
44、理论的支撑，新课程是基于对语篇的研究提出来的，新题型的语言结构，与两篇作文，无不体现了语篇的思想。因此，同学们写的作文，应该是一个完整的语篇。下图可以帮助大家大致了解一下语篇概念。语篇核心概念coherencecohesion中文意思连贯衔接含义内容上的联系形式上的联系包括文字紧紧围绕中心，逻辑性强，没有离题或与中心联系不密切的内容主要靠词汇（复现、同现）和语法手段（照应、替代、省略、连接）联系起来，帮助读者理解作者的思路与立场。我们举一个例子说明一下，请看句子：Because I love her very much, I do not save her.Because I am very strong, I am ill in hospital.上面两个句子，以Because为（因为所以）关联词语，只是在形式上做到了句子的衔接，但是，在意义上是站不住脚的，你既然爱她，为什么不救她呢？你因为身体好，所以要住院？在逻辑上说不过去。因此，上面两个句子只是具有衔接之名，而无连贯之实，并不是真正意义上的连贯。二连贯真正意义上的连贯是指语篇中语义的关联。连贯存在于语篇的底层，通过逻辑推理达到语义连接完整，利用无形网络实现语篇内部内容上的联系。内容是文章的主题思想，也就是作者的个人独特的思想见解，即是连贯。形式是指运用英语语言知识恰当地
