1、定语从句定语从句1定语从句定语从句：2先行词先行词：3关系词关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词通常有下列三个关系词通常有下列三个作用作用：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。所修饰的先行词之后。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有等；关系副词有when,where,why等。等。A、引导定语从句；、引导
2、定语从句；B、代替先行词；、代替先行词；C、在定、在定语从句中担当一个成分。语从句中担当一个成分。关系代词的一般用法关系代词的一般用法先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which,who,whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。This is the man _helped me yesterday.The teacher(_)you want to see is coming.I met a boy _father wa
3、s a astronaut.Here is the coat _will be made to you.This is the factory(_)we visited last year.He has a book _ cover(=the cover_)is very beautiful.whowho/whom/thatwhosewhich/thatwhich/thatwhoseof which（作定语）（作定语）(作主语)(作see的宾语，可以省略)(作定语)(作主语）(作visited的宾语，可以省略)关系副词的一般用法关系副词的一般用法关系副词有when,where,why，在定语从
4、句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time,day,season,age,occasion等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place,city,town,village,house,case,situation,scenes等地点或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词which”代替，why可用for which代替。There are occasions _ one must yield.（屈服）Beijing is the place _ I was born.Is this the reason _ he r
5、efused our offer?when(=on which)where(=in which)why(=for which)注意注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。(1)The factory _his father worked has closed.比较：The factory _was built in 1978 has closed.(2)Ill never forget the days _ we lived together.比较：Ill never forget the days(_)we spent
6、in Australia.(3)The reason(_)she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.比较：The reason(_)he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.where(作状语)which/that(作主语)when(作状语)that(作及物动词spent的宾语)why(作状语，用关系副词)that(作gave的宾语，用关系代词)在定语从句中，关系代词 which 和 that 都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。但在下列情况下值得注意：只能用只能用that而不能用而不能用wh
7、ich的情形的情形(1)当先行词为：all,little,few,much,none 及 some-,any-,no-,every-与 thing 所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress.(2)当先行词前面有当先行词前面有only,some,any,no,every,little,few,much,all,very等形容词修饰时，只能等形容词修饰时，只能用用that。如：。如：This is the only problem that we cant work out.(3)当先行词由形容词的
8、最高级或序数词修饰时，当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用只能用that。如：。如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.(4)当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用that。如：。如：Luxun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great.(5)当先行词在当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。如：This is a book that I have been looking for since la
9、st week.(6)当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用 that。如：Which is the picture that you drew yesterday?只能用只能用which而不能用而不能用that的情形的情形(1)当非限制性定语当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用 which。如：The pencil-case,which I bought last week,is missing.(2)关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which。如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down.(3)
10、先行词为代词先行词为代词that或或that所修饰时，只能用所修饰时，只能用which。如：。如：I dont take that which is too expensive.who(whom)和和that的用法区别详解的用法区别详解 在定语从句中，关系代词who(whom)和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，一、用一、用who(whom)而不用而不用that的情形的情形(1)在在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who(whom)。如：My sister,who is studying abroad,sent me a beautiful present just b
11、efore this Christmas.(2)当定语当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who(whom)。如：Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students?(3)当先行词为当先行词为people和和those时，只能用时，只能用who(whom)。Those who want to go there come here please.(4)当先行词为当先行词为one,ones,anyone,everyone,none,all(指人指人)时，只能用时，只能用who(wh
12、om)。如：。如：Anyone who is against us is our enemy.(5)先行词指人，而先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。如：The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days.(6)在there be句型中名词的定语从句多用who(whom)。There are students in our class who/whom you have met.(7)当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that,那么，另一个定语从
13、句的引导词必定为who。如：The boy that you met just now is Li Mings brother who just graduated from a university.二、用二、用that 而不用而不用who(whom)的情形的情形(1)当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong.(2)当当先行词前面有only,some,any,no,every,little,few,much,all,very等词
14、修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：He is the only student that said“no”to the teacher.(3)当主句是以当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用只能用that。如：。如：Who is woman that you talked with just now?(4)thesameas与与the same thatthe same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如：She is wearing the same coat th
15、at I lost a few days ago.She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 形式上形式上 不用逗号不用逗号“，”与主句隔与主句隔开开用逗号用逗号“，”与主句与主句隔开隔开 意义上意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整意思表达不完整 只是对先行词的补充只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句说明，如删除
16、，主句仍能表达完整的意思。仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译法上 译成先行词的定语：译成先行词的定语：“的的”通常译成主句的并通常译成主句的并列句列句 关系词关系词的使用的使用上上 1.1.作宾语时可省略作宾语时可省略1.1.不可省略不可省略 2.2.可用可用that that 2.2.不用不用thatthat 3.3.可用可用whowho 代替代替whomwhom 3.3.不可用不可用who who 代替代替whom whom 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句应注意以下几点：应注意以下几点：一、非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。如：1.I like the book,which was bo
17、ught yesterday.我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。2.I like the book which/that was bought yesterday.我喜欢昨天买的那本书。二、非限制性定语从句不能用why引导。要用for which代替why。如：1.I had told them the reason,for which I didnt attend the meeting.我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。2.I had told them the reason why I didnt attend the meeting.我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。(限制性定语从句“t
18、he reason why.”是常见搭配。)三、非限制性定语从句置于句首时，不能用which引导。关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以放主句前，也可以放主句后。如：1.As I expected,he didnt believe me.正如我所预料的，他不相信我。2.She heard a terrible noise,which brought her heart into her mouth.她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。四、非限制性定语从句由“介词+关系代词”引导时，其中的关系代词不能用as。如：1.He bought the car for more t
19、han$20,000,with which his father was angry.他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对此很生气。2.I finished my work ahead of time,after which I sat some time reading the newspaper.我提前干完了我的活，随后我坐着看了一会儿报纸。五、在非限制性定语从句中，指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格whom;不能用who替换，也不能省略。如：1.Do you know Tom,whom we talked about?你认识汤姆吗?我们谈到过他。2.This book,which you
20、can get at any bookshop,will give you all the information you need.这本书会给你提供所有你需要的资料，它在任何一家书店都能买到。(非限制性定语从句中引导词在从句中作宾语，无论指人还是指物都不能省略。)六 Which可指前面整个句子。The sun sends out light and heat,which makes it possible for living things to exist on the earth.太阳发出光和热，这使得生物能够在地球上生存。His father is an engineer,_ make
21、s him very proud.for what .which.that.what2.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whenB.whichC.thatD.itwhich可代替句子可代替句子,用于非限定性定语用于非限定性定语从句从句,而而what不可。不可。that不能用于非限定不能用于非限定性定语从句性定语从句,it不为连词不为连词,使由逗号连接的使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。Bas与与which引导非限制性定语引导非限制性定语从句从句的区别的区别
22、 这类定语从句只能由 which 或 as 引导。两者之间的区别在于：1.which引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。如：David,as you know,is a photograopher.(不可用which)As is often the case,Li Ming is late.(不可用which)2.as在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词，但which不受此限制。如：Li Ming was late,which(=and this)made Mr.Zhang very angry.李明迟到了，这件事使张先生非常生气。(不可用as
23、)3.as引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，但 which 不受此限制。如：He married her,which was unexpected.他和她结婚了，这是出乎意料的。(不可用as)4.as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用and this/that/it来代替。5.as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上
24、所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。注：注：which代表整个句子，还可用于in which case,at which point,on which occasion等。如：I may have to work late,in which case Ill telephone you.我可能得晚点下班，那样我会给你打电话的。定语从句定语从句(一一).定语从句定语从句构成及种类构成及种类:1.Theschoolwhereweliveandstudylieswestofthetown.2.I,whoamyourEnglishteacher,willtrymy
25、besttohelpyou.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句结构：结构：先行词先行词+关系词关系词+定语从句定语从句(二二).如何使用引导词如何使用引导词:1.关系代词关系代词主语主语宾语宾语定语指代人指代人指代物指代物2.关系副词关系副词_,_,_who(that)whom(that)whosewhichthatwhichthatwhosewhenwherewhy链接高考链接高考:1.(2006北京北京)Women_drinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeehaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanthose
26、_dont.2.(2004上海上海)Afastfoodrestaurantistheplace_,justasthenamesuggests,eatingisperformedquickly.whowhowhere3.(2003北京北京)Wearelivinginanage_manythingsaredoneoncomputer.4.(2005北京春北京春)Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarm_wevisitedthreemonthsago?5.(1996NMET)AfterlivinginParisfor50years,hereturnedtothesmallto
27、wn_hegrewupasachild.when that/which（）where6.(2006福建福建)Lookout!Dontgetclosetothehouse_roofisunderrepair.7.(2002上海上海)Isthisthereason_heexplainedtothemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?whose(that/which)1.关系代词关系代词that与与which的不同点的不同点2.介词介词+关系代词关系代词引导的定语从句引导的定语从句3.as引导的定语从句引导的定语从句4.一些特殊词之后定语从句关联词的选择一些特殊词之
28、后定语从句关联词的选择5.定语从句定语从句与与其它从句、强调句型其它从句、强调句型的比较的比较高考热点高考热点1:that与与which的不同点的不同点:A.1).Hehandedeverything_hehadstolen.(1988MET)2).Theonlything_wecandonowistoworkhardatourlessons.3).Thisisthemostexcitingfilm_Ihaveeverseen.4).Theytalkedofthepersonsandthings_theyrememberedintheschool.(that)(that)(that)(that
29、)-4).Whoistheman_isstandingoverthere?总结总结:下列下列5种情况下种情况下,要用要用that引导引导定语从句定语从句,不能用不能用which.1).当先行词当先行词是是all,much,little,something,anything,everything.nothing等不定代词时等不定代词时;或者先行词或者先行词被被all,much,little,some,any,every,no等词等词修饰时修饰时;that2.当先行词当先行词被序数词和最高级修饰时被序数词和最高级修饰时;3.当先行词当先行词被被theonly;thevery;thefirst;th
30、elast等词修饰时等词修饰时;4.当先行词中当先行词中既有人又有物既有人又有物时时;5.当当主句中有主句中有who或者或者which时时,为了避免重复为了避免重复,定语从句只能用定语从句只能用that引导引导.B.1.(2005浙江卷浙江卷)Jimpassedthedrivingtest,_surprisedeverybodyintheoffice.2.(1998NMET)Wilmabecamethefirstwomantowin3Olympicgoldmedalsintrack,_madehermotherveryproud.3.(2004北京卷北京卷)Luckily,wehadbroug
31、htamapwithout_wewouldhavelostourway.whichwhichwhich-总结总结:下列两种情况下下列两种情况下不能用不能用that引导引导定语从句定语从句:1.引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句,不能用不能用that;2.关系代词前有介词前置关系代词前有介词前置时时,不能用不能用that;再如再如:Thisistheclassroom_westudyin.Thisistheclassroomin_westudy.(that/which)which高考热点高考热点2:介词介词+关系代词关系代词的考查的考查1.(2006湖南卷湖南卷)Wesawseveraln
32、ativesadvancingtowardsourparty,andoneofthemcameuptous,_wegavesomebellsandglasses.A.towhichB.towhomC.withwhomD.withwhich2.(2005山东卷山东卷)Hewaseducatedatalocalgrammarschool,_hewentontoCambridge.A.fromwhichB.afterthatC.afterwhichD.fromthat3.(2006浙江卷浙江卷)Iwasgiventhreebooksoncooking,thefirst_Ireallyenjoyed.
33、A.ofthatB.ofwhichC.thatD.which4.(2005重庆卷重庆卷)Markwasastudentatthisuniversityfrom1999to2003,_hestudiedveryhardandwasmadeChairmanoftheStudents Union.A.duringwhichtimeB.forwhichtimeC.duringwhosetimeD.bythattime高考热点高考热点3:_1.(NMET)Theteachersetussuchadifficultproblem_noneofusworkedout.(对比对比:Theteachersetu
34、ssuchadifficultproblem_noneofusworkedout.)2.(2000上海春上海春)Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowprice_peopleexpected.asthat-as-as引导的定语从句引导的定语从句3.(2001NMET)_isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.总结总结:1.as可以可以引导限制性定语从句，引导限制性定语从句，先行词中有先行词中有such,as,so,thesame等词修饰等词修饰,构成固定搭配构成固定搭配:suchas;asas
35、.,so.as;thesame.as.同时同时as充当从句的主语充当从句的主语、宾语或者宾语或者表语表语.As2.as还可以还可以引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句,代表主句的所有内容代表主句的所有内容,as从句从句放在主句前放在主句前,放在主句后放在主句后.从句动词经常是从句动词经常是:see,know,mention.imagine,mention,expect,pointout等词等词.as的含义为的含义为“正如正如,像像.一样一样”Notes:which也可以也可以引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句,代表主句的所有内容代表主句的所有内容,但是但是which从句从句只能放在主
36、句后。只能放在主句后。as与与which引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句的区别的区别:1.(1998上海上海)Hewasveryrudetothecustomsofficer,_ofcoursemadethingsevenworse.2.(1999NMET)CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,_personallyIdoubtverymuch.3.(2004北京北京)_isreportedinthenewspapers,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.whichwhichAs4.(2005浙
37、江浙江)_Iexplainedonthephone,yourrequestwillbeconsideredatthenextmeeting.As高考热点高考热点4:一些特殊词之后定语从句关联词的选择一些特殊词之后定语从句关联词的选择:A.1.(2003上海上海)Icanthinkofmany_studentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldntwriteagoodessay.2.(2007陕西）陕西）Todaywearegoingtodiscussanumberof_beginnersofEnglishfailtouse
38、thelanguageproperly.wherewhere3.(2006山东卷山东卷)Wearejustgoingtoreach_bothsideswillsittogetherandtalk.4.(2007江西卷江西卷)Aftergraduationshereachedinhercareer_sheneededtodecidewhattodo.但是，有时候需要克服思维定势，但是，有时候需要克服思维定势，具体问题具体分析：具体问题具体分析：-Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourself?-Yes,thereisonepoint_wemustinsiston.2006江西
39、卷江西卷wherewhere(that)-B.Peoplewereexcitedatthenews_ChinasucceededinlaunchingChangeOne.2.Thenews_hetoldusmadeusexcited.that同位语从句同位语从句（that/which）定语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句与与同位语从句同位语从句1.1).Hehastwodaughters,bothof_aredoctors.2).Hehastwodaughters,andbothof_aredoctors.2.1._iswellknownthatChinahaslaunchedChangeOnes
40、uccessfully.2._isknowntoall,ChangeOnehasbeenlaunchedsuccessfully.3._isknowntoallthatChinahassucceededinsendingupChangeOne.whomthemItAsWhat3.1.Heissuchagoodteacher_wealllikehim.2.Heissuchagoodteacher_wealllike.3.Heisagoodteacher,_weallknow.4.Heisagoodteacher,_makesusrespecthim.thatasaswhich4.1.Isthis
41、thefactory_heworkedfiveyearsago?2.Isthisthefactory_hevisitedtheotherday?3.Isthisfactory_hevisitedtheotherday?where(that/which)theone(that)Littlebylittle,onegoesfarRevision(复习名词性从句复习名词性从句):Fillintheblankswithproperwords:1.(2007NMET)_mattersinlearningEnglishisenoughpractice.2.(2006安徽安徽)Awarmthoughtsud
42、denlycametome_Imightusethepocketmoneytobuysomeflowersformymothersbirthday.What that3.(2007浙江浙江)Whynottryyourluckdowntown,Bob?Thats_thebestjobsare.4.(1996NMET)_wewillgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.5.(1996上海上海)_hashelpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.whereWhetherWhoever6._makesthisshopdiff
43、erentisthatitoffersmorepersonalservices.(2006辽宁辽宁)7.Hedidntmake_clearwhenandwherethemeetingwouldbeheld.(2007天津天津)Whatit谈谈谈谈“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”的用法的用法 一、用法说明一、用法说明介词+whom只能指人；介词+which只能指物。如：Look,there comes Tom,for whom I have waiting for an hour.瞧，汤姆来啦，我等他等了一个小时。Last Saturday evening,I went to Wu Dongs b
44、irthday party,in which I met a foreigner named Jim.上周星期六的晚上我去参加了吴东的生日聚会，在会上我会到了一个叫吉姆的外国人。She came into the house,on whose wall there was a portrait of Einstein.她进入了房间，房子的墙壁上有一张爱因斯坦的画像。二、注意事项二、注意事项(1)有时，前面的介词可移到有时，前面的介词可移到定语从句的中间或后面，此时whom可用who,that代替；which可以用that代替。而且who,whom,which,that都可省略。如：The ma
45、n with whom you talked just now is our manager.The man who you talked with just now is our manager.你刚才与他谈话的那个人就是我们的经理。He handed me a pen,with which I wrote down my address for him.He handed me a pen,which I wrote down my address with for him.他递给我一支钢笔，我就用那支钢笔给他写下了我的地址。(2)当先行词是时间、地点、原因从句时，介词当先行词是时间、地点
46、、原因从句时，介词+which一般在定语一般在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语，于是介词+which可以分别用when,where,why代替。但若介词+which不是作时间、地点、原因状语，则不能用when,where,why代替。如：Last week,I visited Shanghai,in which I have made several friends.Last week,I visited Shanghai,where I have made several friends.上周我参观了上海，在那儿我叫上几个朋友。I will remember the day foreve
47、r on which I won the first place in the contest.I will remember the day forever when I won the first place in the contest.三、介词的选用三、介词的选用介词+关系代词引导定语从句时，介词往往受上下文的约束，究竟使用哪个介词时得从下面几方面来进行考虑。(1)从先行词跟介词的搭配习惯出发。如：从先行词跟介词的搭配习惯出发。如：In front of my house,there is a tree,in which some birds are singing.我的房子前有一棵树
48、，鸟儿正在树上唱歌。(在树上一般用介词in)(2)从定语从定语从句中的动词、形容词对介词的习惯要求出发。如：(from )The computer for which I paid 5,000yuan is made in Shenzhen.我花了五千元所买的这台电脑使深圳造的。(pay 与for搭配)(3)从先行词、从先行词、定语从句中的动词或形容词两方面同时考虑出发。如：Do you know the girl with whom the man talked just now?你认识跟那个男谈话的女孩吗？(talk 究竟接to,with还是接about,这该由动词及现行词一起决定)(4)
49、复合介词复合介词+关系代词。如：关系代词。如：Go down this road,at the end of which you can see a high building and it is our office building.沿着条路走，在路的尽头你会看到一座高大的建筑，那就是我们的办公大楼。(5)名词名词+介词介词+关系代词。如：关系代词。如：He has three children,one of whose children is studying abroad now.他又三个小孩，其中一个在国外读书。注意：当定语从句的动词与介词是不可分割的固定搭配时，介词不能放到关系代词之前。如：She has a little daughter,who is looked after by her grandma.就不能写成：She has a little daughter,after whom is looked by her grandma.因为，look after 是不可分开的固定短语。
