1、2023-5-7法律英语1Lesson SevenCriminal Law2023-5-7法律英语2Laws are generally found to be nets of such a texture,as the little creep through,the great break through,and the middle-sized are alone entangled in.William Shensto,British poet 人们通常会发现，法律就是这样的一种人们通常会发现，法律就是这样的一种网，触犯法律的人，小的可以穿网而过，网，触犯法律的人，小的可以穿网而过，大
2、的可以破网而出，只有中等的才会坠大的可以破网而出，只有中等的才会坠入网中。入网中。英国诗人英国诗人 申斯通申斯通 WW2023-5-7法律英语3 It is better to fight for justice than to rail at the ill.Alfreds Tennyson,British writer 与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。英国作家 丁尼生 A2023-5-7法律英语4Background 美国刑法的主要渊源是：联邦宪法、源于英国并且在各州美国刑法的主要渊源是：联邦宪法、源于英国并且在各州得到不同发展的关于惩罚犯罪的普通法、州刑法和联邦刑得到不同发展的关于惩罚犯罪的
3、普通法、州刑法和联邦刑法。但是刑法主要还是属于各州的司法管辖权范围。法。但是刑法主要还是属于各州的司法管辖权范围。合理辩护理由：未成年；错误；精神不正常；醉酒状态；合理辩护理由：未成年；错误；精神不正常；醉酒状态；被迫行为；正当防卫；紧急避险；警察圈套。被迫行为；正当防卫；紧急避险；警察圈套。2023-5-7法律英语5Background 美国刑法的具体犯罪可以粗略的分为四个部分：美国刑法的具体犯罪可以粗略的分为四个部分：侵犯人身罪、侵犯财产罪、刑法典中的其他犯罪以及职业性侵犯人身罪、侵犯财产罪、刑法典中的其他犯罪以及职业性经济犯罪。经济犯罪。2023-5-7法律英语6Wordscrime n
4、.罪行；罪恶；恶行罪行；罪恶；恶行criminal n.&adj.罪犯、犯人；罪犯、犯人；犯罪的犯罪的crime against humanitycrime by taking advantage of credit cards/dutycrime concerning securities/VAT invoicescrime of auditors providing falsified certificationcrime of homicide2023-5-7法律英语7Wordscriminal casecriminal groupcriminal procedure at first
5、instancecriminal procedure at second instance v 犯（罪）从事犯（罪）从事commit armed robberycommit murdercommit a new crime2023-5-7法律英语8Wordsjustifiable 合法的、正当的合法的、正当的justifiable defense justifiable homicide刑罚名称：刑罚名称：death penaltydeath penalty with a reprievepenalty for lifefixed-term imprisonmentpenal servitud
6、eput(sb.)under public surveillance2023-5-7法律英语9CLICK TO ADD TEXT2023-5-7法律英语10Background Model Penal Code Model Penal Code was created by a group of law professors,judges,and lawyers to offer a comprehensive revision of the criminal law.The Model Penal Code is not law and has no binding effect.It ha
7、s,however,been the model for many state criminal codes and has been very influential on state and local legislators.http:/www.legal- Punishment guidelines for sentencing(量刑指南)Criminal liabilityCapital punishmentDEATH PENALTY 2023-5-7法律英语122023-5-7法律英语13Insanity defense精神不正常辩护John Hinckley Ronald Rea
8、gan2023-5-7法律英语14TEXT Homicide Not all homicides are criminal.Justifiable homicide 正当杀人 Excusable homicide 可宽恕的杀人2023-5-7法律英语15Justifiable homicide Self-defense 正当防卫 Police officer to prevent the commission of a forcible felony 警察预防暴力性重罪 To prevent a dangerous felon escaping 防止危险的重罪犯逃跑2023-5-7法律英语16
9、Excusable homicide A person accidentally and without gross negligence causes the death of another individual.没有严重过失没有严重过失2023-5-7法律英语17Criminal homicide有罪杀人 A killing amounts to a criminal homicide when it done without lawful justification or excuse.murdermanslaughter恶意杀人恶意杀人谋杀谋杀非恶意杀人非恶意杀人非预谋杀人非预谋杀人
10、2023-5-7法律英语18The elements of the crimes of murderCourts decisionsLegislatures Separate statuteCriminal codeCommon law2023-5-7法律英语191.Murder Killing a human being with“malice”恶意、预谋杀人California Penal CodeSECTION 187-199 SECTION 187-199：Murder is the Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being,or
11、a unlawful killing of a human being,or a fetus,with fetus,with malice aforethoughtmalice aforethought.2023-5-7法律英语20Malice Express malice明示恶意 Implied malice暗示恶意A deliberate intention to take away the life of a fellow creature故意剥夺他人生命故意剥夺他人生命No considerable provocation 没有出现相当程度的挑衅没有出现相当程度的挑衅An abando
12、ned and malignant heart冷酷邪恶的心冷酷邪恶的心2023-5-7法律英语21Express malice vs.Implied malice Fire a rifle at a moving passenger trainPush another off the side of a mountain2023-5-7法律英语22Penalty for murder Death 死刑 Prison terms extending to“life”终身监禁 Prison to a special number of years 一定年限的监禁2023-5-7法律英语23(a)F
13、elony murder 重罪恶意谋杀 Felony murder：a murder that occurs while the accused is in the act of committing another felony,such as armed robbery.Felony murder carries a heavier sentence than plain murder.http:/www.legal-dictionary.org/2023-5-7法律英语24 Killing during the course of a felony such as robbery.在抢劫
14、这样的重罪过程中杀人 Gun goes off accidentally killing the robbery victim,or a bystander,or a police officer.手枪意外走火，杀死被抢劫的受害者、旁观者或警察 A dangerous crime as robbery satisfies the requirement of malice 抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件2023-5-7法律英语25Malice Malice may also be attributed to a robber whose partner in the crime intent
15、ionally kills someone during the commission of the crime or the attempted escape.在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，一个强盗的同伙故意杀死人，那么该强盗也属于有恶意。2023-5-7法律英语26Co-felons guilty of murder重罪共犯谋杀 In the course of an exchange of shots between robbers and the police,a police officer is accidentally killed by another officer.在抢劫者
16、与警察的交火过程中，一个警察意外地被另一个警察打死。2023-5-7法律英语27每个参与者都有恶意The dangerousness of the robbery itselfAct as an agent for the others in accomplishing their objective2023-5-7法律英语28Death penalty 死刑 在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到只要有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处罚就应该重得多，因此，立法机关规定，对杀人抢劫的处罚比无致命抢劫的处罚多15年以上。2023-5-7法律英语29(b)Degrees of murder 恶意杀人罪的等级 Vary
17、ing penalties for murderpunishable by death or long imprisonmentFirst degree murderSecond degree murderpunishable with a lesser penalty2023-5-7法律英语30First degree murder A“willful,deliberate and premeditated”killing,such as a poisoning or a killing during the commission of a dangerous felony 有意的、故意的、
18、有预谋的杀人，比如投毒，或者在危险的重罪发生过程中杀人。2023-5-7法律英语31Common lawMurder恶意杀人恶意杀人 Manslaughter非恶意杀人非恶意杀人 2023-5-7法律英语322.Manslaughter Unlawful killing of another without malice.无恶意的非法杀人voluntaryinvoluntaryPrison term:1-14 years2023-5-7法律英语33(a)Voluntary manslaughter自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人 An intentional killing upon“great p
19、rovocation”and in the heat of“passion”巨大挑衅巨大挑衅激情之下激情之下故意杀人故意杀人2023-5-7法律英语34Voluntary manslaughter the person killed another person;the person acted in the heat of passion;and heat of passion was caused by adequate provocation.http:/ Heat of passion may be provoked by fear,rage,anger or terror.Provo
20、cation,in order to be adequate,must be such as might naturally cause a reasonable person in the passion of the moment to lose self-control and act on impulse and without reflection.http:/ classic example A killing of paramour or of the spouse,or bothmanslaughterThe provocation was greatIn the“heat o
21、f passion”2023-5-7法律英语37Be treated less harshly than murder Frailties of the human nature人类的脆弱性 Instinctive reaction本能的反应 Be discouraged by criminal sanction通过刑事处分加以阻拦 2023-5-7法律英语38 In such paramour killing cases the conviction rate is quite low.在杀死情敌的案例中，定罪率很低 Concocted explanation of self-defense
22、 编造的有关自卫的解释 Acquittal by reason of“the unwritten law”根据“不成文法”作出的无罪判决2023-5-7法律英语39 In applying test whether an intentional killing was upon great provocation and in the heat of passion,the question is put to the jury,or to the judge in non-jury cases,as to whether the accused reacted as a“reasonable
23、 man”.对故意杀人是否由于受到极大的刺激和处于激情之下的判断，是由陪审团作出的，在没有陪审团的案件中，由法官作出判断。由他们决定被告是否是一个“理智的人”。2023-5-7法律英语40(b)Involuntary manslaughter非自愿性非恶意杀人，过失杀人 Unintentional killing 无意的杀人 resulting from gross negligence,重大过失 or as a result of dangerous unlawful conduct 非法的危险行为2023-5-7法律英语41VEHICULAR MANSLAUGHTERmanslaughte
24、r2023-5-7法律英语42Negligent homicide过失杀人罪过失杀人罪Reckless homicide疏忽大意杀人罪疏忽大意杀人罪For application to killings by motorists who were driving in a reckless or grossly negligent mannerA number of states have created crimes as2023-5-7法律英语43 because of the difficulty encountered in convicting motorists for the m
25、ore revoltingly labeled offense of manslaughter 之所以制定这种特殊的有关杀人法律，是因为难以将撞死人的有罪司机划归比较令人讨厌的一般杀人犯罪。This special kind of homicide legislation was enactedA minimum penalty of one year in penitentiary2023-5-7法律英语44Advisable(明智的)To categorize such conduct with less revolting label of reckless or negligent h
26、omicide and also to permit the imposition of lesser penalties than one prescribed for manslaughter.将这种行为划归不那么令人讨厌的对其施加比一般杀人罪更轻的处罚。疏忽大意杀人罪或过失杀人罪，2023-5-7法律英语45 The permissible range of penalties in reckless homicide or negligent homicide statutes is generally a fine up to$1000,罚款1000美元 or incarcerati
27、on other than in a penitentiary for any period up to one year,禁闭，而不是监狱，时间最多1年 or imprisonment in a penitentiary up to five years.关押在监狱，刑期最长5年2023-5-7法律英语46 The flexibility of penalties in traffic death cases has the effect of encouraging pleas of guilty from offenders,and it results in convictions t
28、hat might not be secured if a judge or jury had no choice other than a penitentiary sentence or an acquittal.对交通事故致死案处罚的灵活性会鼓励罪犯认罪，并导致那些如果法官或陪审团除监禁判决或无罪释放外别无选择时，便可能无法定罪。2023-5-7法律英语473.Federal Homicide Law No general federal homicide law 联邦没有涉及杀人的法律 Exception Killing within a federal territory,in fe
29、deral buildings or upon federal property,or killing of federal officials or officers.2023-5-7法律英语48银行抢劫犯杀死联邦调查局人银行抢劫犯杀死联邦调查局人员员在邮局杀人在邮局杀人2023-5-7法律英语494.Modern Murder-manslaughter legislation Illinois Criminal Code 避免使用“恶意”和“冷酷而邪恶的心”这样的概念，而是使用了更精确、更好理解的术语。2023-5-7法律英语50Murder:A person who kills anot
30、her individual without lawful excuse commits murder (a)if he intended to kill him or do great bodily harm 故意杀死他人，或造成严重身体伤害；2023-5-7法律英语51(b)if,without intending to kill,it clearly appears that he must have known that his conduct probably would cause death 不是故意杀人，但显然他能够预见他的行为会导致死亡；2023-5-7法律英语52(c)if
31、 death resulted from the commission of a very serious crime like robbery,burglary or rape.实施严重的犯罪而导致他人死亡，如抢劫、入室抢劫和强奸。2023-5-7法律英语535.Capital Punishment Much controversy Whether capital punishment serves its intended purpose a deterrent to murder.死刑是否能实现其预期的目的威慑杀人案件的发生Rather academic2023-5-7法律英语54The
32、 rapid decline in executions 1966年执行1例死刑1967年执行2例死刑1968年执行0例死刑 判决的死刑有400多例ExecutionSentence of death死刑判决死刑判决多，执行多，执行少少2023-5-7法律英语55 An increasing unwillingness to execute murderers who have been sentenced to death 越来越不愿意对被判死刑的人执行死刑 A legal concept regarding jury selection in capital cases that will
33、 make jury imposition of the death penalty much more difficult to obtain 在死刑案件中对陪审员的挑选，使得死刑判决越来越难以作出。2023-5-7法律英语56The Supreme Court held:即任陪审员不得仅仅因为其反对死刑的良心顾忌而被要求退出陪审团。Prospective jurors Conscientious scruples Death penalty2023-5-7法律英语57The Court said that To do so,constitutes a deprivation of due
34、process,because the defendant would not then be accorded a trial by a“fair and impartial jury”.这样做构成了对正当程序的剥夺，因为对被告的审判将不是由“公正、公平的陪审团”做出的。2023-5-7法律英语58 当即任陪审员陈述，他在担任陪审员的特定案件中不会考虑放弃反对死刑的良心顾忌时，是个唯一的例外，这时可以要求该即任陪审员退出陪审团。2023-5-7法律英语59专业词汇 Criminal Law Model Penal Code Crime Punishment Criminal liabilit
35、y Capital punishment Insanity defense2023-5-7法律英语60 Homicide Self-defense forcible felonyrobbery，burglary gross negligence criminal homicide Malice deliberate intentionMurderManslaughter2023-5-7法律英语61 Death(Death penalty)Prison terms extending to“life”Prison to a special number of years Felony murde
36、r Co-felons guilty of murder the commission of the crime Degrees of murder First degree murder Second degree murder2023-5-7法律英语62 ManslaughterVoluntary manslaughterInvoluntary manslaughter great provocation in the heat of passion criminal sanction conviction rate Acquittal “the unwritten law”“reason
37、able man”2023-5-7法律英语63 Unintentional killing gross negligence dangerous unlawful conduct Reckless homicide Negligent homicide fine incarceration penitentiary imprisonment2023-5-7法律英语64 Bank robber fugitive the commission of a very serious crime robbery,burglary or rape Sentence of death Execution i
38、mposition of the death penalty Prospective jurors Conscientious scruples 2023-5-7法律英语65 如何学习法律和参加考试如何学习法律和参加考试=How to Study Lake Law Exams作者：(美)伯克哈特，(美)斯坦 著，如何学习法律及应试一书是专门为美国法学院的新生撰写的。本书内容一共分为十四章。第一章是导论，简要介绍了本书的内容；第二章讲述了进入法学院学习之前应该做的准备；第三章介绍了美国的法律制度；第四章介绍了美国的律师职业；第五章介绍了学习法律的基本方法；第六章介绍了法学院一年级的学习课程；第七
39、章介绍了法学院图书馆的使用方法；第八章讲述了课前准备方法；第九章讲述了课堂学习经验；第十章讲述了课后学习方法；第十一章介绍了各种学习辅助手段；第十二章介绍了考试的情况及注意事项；第十三章介绍了一年级学生的课外活动情况；第十四章介绍了一年级以后的学习活动情况；最后还提供了一些考试例题及答案。2023-5-7法律英语66法律英语案例探究，杨俊峰著，清华大学出版社2007年版悦读法律英语，陈忠诚著，法律出版社2007年版英美法经典判例选读-美国侵权法，申嘉编译，民主法制出版社2007年版英美法经典判例选读-契约法，宋雷，民主法制出版社2006年版英美法经典判例选读-刑事诉讼法，沙丽金，民主法制出版社
40、2006年版英美法经典判例选读-美国财产法，陈辉萍，民主法制出版社2006年版英美法经典判例选读-美国刑法，马静，民主法制出版社2006年版英美法经典判例选读-美国宪法，何姗姗，民主法制出版社2006年版法律英语听说教程（上、下册），唐桂民，对外经贸大学出版社2005年版。2023-5-7法律英语67 http:/ 1、用词比较正式、拘谨。比如，不用before而用prior，不用but而用provided that，不用after而用sequent，不用tell而用advise，不用begin或start而用commence，不用use而用employ，不用according to而用in
41、accordance with，不用show而用demonstrate，等等。.2、大量使用外来词语，特别是拉丁词语。比如，de facto（事实上的），in re（关于），inter alia（除了别的因素以外；特别），alibi（不在犯罪现场），bona fide（真正的，真诚的），quasi（好像；准），per se（自身），ad hoc（专门的；专门地），等等。2023-5-7法律英语693、使用具有不同意义的常用词。比如，action（诉讼），avoid（取消），consideration（对价），execute（签署），prejudice（损害），save（除了，除外），serve
42、（送达），said（上述，该），minor（未成年）或major（已成年），instrument（法律文件），等等。4、经常使用古英语和中古英语。古英语（Old English）是公元约1100年以前的英语，中古英语（Middle English）则是公元约1100年至1500年间的英语。这一点主要体现在大量使用以here,there和where与介词合成的词，比如，hereafter，herein，hereunder，hereafter，thereto，whereby，wherein，等等。6.使用法律术语和行话、套话。比如，burden of proof（举证责任），cause of ac
43、tion（案由），letters patent（专利证书），negotiable instrument（流通票据），reasonable doubt（合理的怀疑），contributory negligence（与有过失），等等。2023-5-7法律英语70 5、有意使用模糊语言。这主要用于不愿肯定地表示自己立场与观点、表示礼貌和对他人的尊重等情况。2023-5-7法律英语71词汇和句型词汇和句型 be at once.and.他是公司的经理，同时也是公司的他是公司的经理，同时也是公司的股东。股东。in the sense.in other sense written 书面的书面的 writt
44、en declaration written audit report written evidence written protest2023-5-7法律英语72词汇和句型词汇和句型 One of the most.is that.预防合同争议最有效的方法之一就预防合同争议最有效的方法之一就是签定书面合同。是签定书面合同。Have a right to do 受害方有权起诉要求获得赔偿。受害方有权起诉要求获得赔偿。.presuppose.离婚以有效婚姻的存在为前提。离婚以有效婚姻的存在为前提。2023-5-7法律英语73词汇和句型词汇和句型One of the most efficaciou
45、s methods of preventing contract disputes is that contracting parties conclude written contract.The damaged party(victim)has a right to appeal for damages.Divorce presupposed the existence of a legal marriage.2023-5-7法律英语74阅读小技巧（阅读小技巧（1）法律英语中长句的阅读技巧法律英语中长句的阅读技巧1、认识长句、认识长句 长句是让我们感到很困难的句子，长句的明显特点就长句是让
46、我们感到很困难的句子，长句的明显特点就是句子比较长，一个句子往往有三、四行，甚至一个句是句子比较长，一个句子往往有三、四行，甚至一个句子就是一段。大家在阅读时经常会陷入一个很长的句子子就是一段。大家在阅读时经常会陷入一个很长的句子中，不知道它到底讲了些什么。长句之所以长，中，不知道它到底讲了些什么。长句之所以长，主要有下面几个原因：主要有下面几个原因：2023-5-7法律英语75阅读小技巧（阅读小技巧（1）从句多又长：一个主句带多个从句，从句中又有从句。从句多又长：一个主句带多个从句，从句中又有从句。应对方法：应对方法：首先找到主句的主体部分首先找到主句的主体部分（即主语、谓语和宾（即主语、谓
47、语和宾语），再确定从句的主体部分，如果从句中还有从句，语），再确定从句的主体部分，如果从句中还有从句，再确定下面一层从句的主、谓、宾再确定下面一层从句的主、谓、宾。注意阅读时一层一层。注意阅读时一层一层进行，先把同一层次的内容看完，再看下一层次的内容。进行，先把同一层次的内容看完，再看下一层次的内容。2023-5-7法律英语76阅读小技巧（阅读小技巧（1）(The progress to the statute book of the necessary legal infrastructure for electronic commerce)has in many countries bee
48、n delayed(by a difficult and politically sensitive debate)(created by the concerns of law enforcement authorities)that(the widespread use of strong encryption may facilitate crime and terrorism to(a degree that will de-stabilize civilized governments).)2023-5-7法律英语77阅读小技巧（阅读小技巧（1）这句句子包含的信息量大，内容一层又一层
49、，各个成分环环相扣，根本无法用一个汉语句子来翻译。首先，主语又长又复杂（The progress to the statute book of the necessary legal infrastructure for electronic commerce），而且因修辞关系出现换位现象（to the statute book与of the necessary legal infrastructure for electronic commerce前后倒置）。状语（by a difficult and politically sensitive debate）后面有定语修饰语（created
50、 by the concerns of law enforcement authorities），而定语又带同位语从句（that the widespread use of strong encryption may facilitate crime and terrorism to a degree that will de-stabilize civilized governments），同位语中又有状语（to a degree that will de-stabilize civilized governments）。2023-5-7法律英语78阅读小技巧（阅读小技巧（1）根据以上分析，
