1、I.基本知识：基本知识：独立主格结构独立主格结构是由是由名词名词或或代词代词加加非谓语动词非谓语动词、形容词形容词等构成的一种结构，用等构成的一种结构，用于修饰整个句子。其名词或代词与其后的于修饰整个句子。其名词或代词与其后的非非谓语动词谓语动词、形容词形容词等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。独立主格结构的类型：独立主格结构的类型：1.非谓语动词独立主格结构非谓语动词独立主格结构2.无动词独立主格结构无动词独立主格结构3.with复合结构复合结构独立主格结构的用法特点：常置于句首或句独立主格结构的用法特点：常置于句首或句末，与句子之间不能使用任何连接词，主要末，与句子之间不能使用
2、任何连接词，主要用作状语；用作状语；with复合结构也可用作定语。复合结构也可用作定语。一般式一般式to doto be donedoingbeing done完成式完成式having done having been done过去分词过去分词done主动主动被动被动1.非谓语动词独立主格结构非谓语动词独立主格结构.学习体会与归纳学习体会与归纳n.pron.+non-infinitiveHis friends to come tonight,he his best to prepare the dinner.We our efforts,each man working like two.is
3、 trying谓语动词之后谓语动词之后redoubled与谓语动词同时在进行与谓语动词同时在进行The last bus having gone,we home.had to walk谓语动词之前谓语动词之前doing/having done/to do 的的异异同同与谓语动词动作的与谓语动词动作的时间关系时间关系逻辑主逻辑主谓关系谓关系doinghaving doneto do与谓语同时与谓语同时谓语之前谓语之前谓语发生时谓语发生时尚未发生尚未发生主主动动主动主动主动主动主动主动The test finished,well have our summer vocation.The food
4、to be cooked,the pan was put over the fire.因为要做饭，锅放在了火上。因为要做饭，锅放在了火上。谓语动作发生时尚未发生谓语动作发生时尚未发生被动被动The food being cooked,Jims mother was listening to music.两个动作同时进行两个动作同时进行被动被动The food having been cooked,Jims mother listened to music.杰姆的妈妈一边做饭，一边听音乐。杰姆的妈妈一边做饭，一边听音乐。在谓语动作在谓语动作之前发生之前发生被动被动杰姆的妈妈做好了饭以后，听了音乐
5、。杰姆的妈妈做好了饭以后，听了音乐。被动被动在谓语动作在谓语动作之前发生之前发生考试结束以后，我们将开始暑假考试结束以后，我们将开始暑假了。了。to be done/being done/(having been)done的的异异同同与谓语动词动作的与谓语动词动作的时间关系时间关系逻辑主逻辑主谓关系谓关系to be donebeing donehaving been donedone与谓语同时与谓语同时谓语之前谓语之前(=done)谓语发生时谓语发生时尚未发生尚未发生被被动动谓语之前谓语之前Many trees and flowers to be planted,our newly-built
6、 school will look more beautiful.The manager looks worried,many things to settle.被动被动“n./pron.+不定式不定式”的独立主格结构中，如的独立主格结构中，如果果n./pron.为不定式动作的承受者，且句子主为不定式动作的承受者，且句子主语为不定式动作的执行者时，通常不定式要用语为不定式动作的执行者时，通常不定式要用主动式，否则不定式要用被动式。主动式，否则不定式要用被动式。被动式被动式主动式主动式被动被动2.无动词独立主格结构无动词独立主格结构n.pron.+(being)+predicativen.adj
7、.adv.prep-phrase此结构常被看作是此结构常被看作是“名词名词/代词代词+being+表语表语”省略了省略了being的结构。的结构。Ten students entered for the competition,the youngest being a boy of 12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个个12岁的男孩。岁的男孩。The little girl entered the room,her face being red with cold.小女孩走进了房间，她的脸冻得通红。小女孩走进了房间，她的脸冻得通红。Schoo
8、l being over,we all went home.放学后，我们都回家去了。放学后，我们都回家去了。He is standing in front of the blackboard,his back being towards us.他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。I received many Christmas gifts,some of them books.He turned to me,his eyes sleepy.The music on,I cant focus my mind on the work.The new teacher came
9、in,a smile on her face.注注:在表示方式的独立主格结构中，为了使句子在表示方式的独立主格结构中，为了使句子简洁，往往将简洁，往往将“逻辑主语逻辑主语+介词短语介词短语”中的中的冠词或代词都省略。冠词或代词都省略。The guard stood by the door,gun in hand.注意：注意：being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略：在下列两种情况下一般不能省略：1)“There being+名词名词”结构中：结构中：There being no bus,we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。2
10、)逻辑主语为逻辑主语为代词代词时：时：It being Sunday,all the offices are closed.因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。There being a lot of work to do,I cant go with you.There having been no rain for a long time,the ground was very dry.It being fine,we will have the sports meeting next week.to dodoingdone n.adj.adv.prep-phr
11、ase3.with复合结构复合结构前述的前述的“n./pron.+非谓语动词非谓语动词”和和“n./pron.+(being)表语表语“两种独立主格结构中，大两种独立主格结构中，大多可在其前加上介词多可在其前加上介词with，这就形成了，这就形成了with复复合结构。合结构。withwithout+O+OCWith so much work to do,I dont know if Ill have time to go out.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.With his homework finished
12、,he went to see a film.The old man lives alone with the dog his only companion.He stood in the rain,with his clothes wet.With John away,weve got more room.Vincent sat at the desk,with a pen in his mouth.巩固练习巩固练习1.There I met several people,two of _ being foreigners.2.There I met several people,two o
13、f _ were foreigners.3.There I met several people,and two of _ were foreigners.A.who B.them C.whom D.thatB.独立主格结构独立主格结构C.B.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句and连接并列句连接并列句要特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之要特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间可用逗号分开，但间可用逗号分开，但不能使用任何连接词不能使用任何连接词。4.Father came home,_.Which is wrong?A.a dog following him B.followed by a do
14、g C.being followed by a dog D.a dog followed himD.5._ more time,he is sure to finish his test paper.Which is wrong?A.If he gives B.Given C.If given D.If he is givenA.6._ a rainy day,all the farmers had to stay inside.A.It being B.Being C.It was D.There wasA.7.There _ nothing more to do,Mr.Goodman le
15、ft for home.A.was B.being C.to be D.has been B.8.The dining room is clean and tidy,with a table already_ for a big meal.A.laid B.laying C.to lay D.being laidA.9.He wrote a lot of novels,many of _ translated into foreign languages.A.it B.them C.which D.thatB.10.With prices _ going up,it is sometimes
16、difficult for us to make ends meet on our small income.A.kept B.keeping C.to keep D.being keptB.11.Silver is the best conductor of electricity,copper _ it closely.A.followed B.following C.to follow D.followsB.12.Not far from the school there was a garden,_ owner seated in it playing chess with his l
17、ittle grandson every afternoon.A.its B.whose C.which D.that A.13.With some books he needed _,he went into the bookstore quickly.A.to buy B.bought C.to be bought D.buyingA.14.All things _,the planned trip will have to be called off.A.considered B.be considered C.considering D.having consideredA.15.Th
18、e soldier rushed into the cave,his right hand _ a gun and his face _ with sweat.A held;covered B.holding;covering C.holding;covered D.held;covering C.16.The four of us agreed on a division of labor,each _ a quarter of the book.A.to translate B.translated C.translating D.translate A.17.The guests _,s
19、he began to clean the room.A.leaving B.to leave C.left D.having leftD.18.We were very excited at the sight of two five-star red flags rising in the stadium,two pairs of Chinese athletes _ at the moment.A.to award B.awarded C.awarding D.being awardedD.19.On the bank of the river,we found him _ on a beach,with his eyes _ on a kite in the sky.A.seating;fixing B.sitting;fixing C.sat;fixed D.seated;fixedD.20._ of danger in the street at night,she had to go home with a friend _ her.A.Warned;accompanied B.Having warned;accompanying C.Warning;accompanying D.Having been warned;accompanying D.
