1、高三年级英语学科高三年级英语学科课题：阅读理解之词义猜测课题：阅读理解之词义猜测 2020高考英语阅读理解高考英语阅读理解之之词义猜测题策略与技巧词义猜测题策略与技巧Strategies and Techniques for Guessing the Meanings of Words or Phrases While Reading高考大纲中关于阅读理解的要求高考大纲中关于阅读理解的要求:要求考生读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以要求考生读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生
2、应能：1.理解主旨要义；理解主旨要义；2.理解文中具体信息；理解文中具体信息；3.根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；4.做出判读和推理；做出判读和推理；5.理解文章的基本结构理解文章的基本结构6.理解作者的意图、观点和态度理解作者的意图、观点和态度。2019年年2018年年2017年年全国卷全国卷I1单词stumble 1单词单词dominant 2代词代词 that；短语短语 the water catcher全国卷全国卷II2代词I短语 tug at the heartstrings1 单词单词juicer2 代词代词 that；句子句子 the table
3、are turned.全国卷全国卷III1短语taking on1 句子句子More is more1 单词单词 displaced词句猜测题包括：词义猜测、代词指代和句意猜测题。词句猜测题包括：词义猜测、代词指代和句意猜测题。1.根据逻辑关系（同义或近义关系等），解释说明（下定义，定语从句等），构词法（合成，派生等），文化常识等方法进行猜测词义。2.能够把握代词指代所在的段落或前文表达的含义，抓住关键词或关键句，理清逻辑关系，进而推断代词的指代内容。3.能够对原句进行语法或语义上的准确分析，结合原文意义对划线句子做出合理的推理和判断，从而来进行句意猜测。学习目标（learning aims）
4、:一、逻辑关系猜词义1同义或近义关系2反义关系3因果关系Logical Relation1同义或近义关系猜一猜1.Mr.Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.对点真题：2.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the
5、 attackers.Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.（2017.全国卷.D)A.The attackers get attacked.B.The insects gather under the table.C.The plants get ready to fight back.D.The perfumes attract natural enemies.利用上下文中出现的同义或近义的单词或短语推知生词的意思。常见信利用上下文中出现的同义或近义的单词
6、或短语推知生词的意思。常见信号词：号词：and,or,also,as as，just as,similarly等等健谈的2反义关系利用表对比或转折的信号词，然后根据反义词线索猜测词义。常见信号词/词组有：but，yet，despite,however，while，on the other hand，on the contrary，in contrast，instead 等等 1.Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know.His brother,in contrast,is quite humble and modest.2.I trie
7、d hard not to make serious mistakes,but I slipped up.猜一猜：猜一猜：傲慢的；高傲的出差错，疏忽因果关系3 利用因果关系猜词义，常见的词或短语：since,as,because,for,so,thus,consequently,therefore,hence,owing to,thanks to,on account of,result in,accordingly,sothat等。对点真题：One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette,but yo
8、ull need a warm,sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it,so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.A.A practical idea.B.A vain hope C.A brilliant plan.D.A selfish desire原因二、解释说明法（Explanation）1下定义2定语从句3同位语4举例5标点符号2定语从句3同位语下定义：下定义：is,mean,refer to,namely 等后的内容是对前面解释说明等后的内容是对前面解释说明
9、或由或由that is(to say),in other words，to put it another way引出引出 一些具体的解释性的短语解释生词一些具体的解释性的短语解释生词 定语从句：定语从句修饰和限定了先行词的内容和范畴定语从句：定语从句修饰和限定了先行词的内容和范畴同位语：同位语：同位语是对其前的内容进行解释说明同位语是对其前的内容进行解释说明1.Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken.2.He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children
10、by pulling rabbits out of hats,swallowing fire,and other similar tricks.3.Semantics,the study of the meaning of words,is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.1下定义猜一猜：猜一猜：哑剧语义学变戏法的人4举例关注关注such as，for example，for instance 可以通过所举事例推知前面内容可以通过所举事例推知前面内容!all have caused many languages to d
11、isappear,and dominant languages such as English,Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.(2018 全国卷 C)A.complex.B.advanced.C.powerful.D.modern对点真题：对点真题：5标点符号冒号、破折号和括号等标点符号，可表示解释说明。冒号、破折号和括号等标点符号，可表示解释说明。1.You may borrow from the library any periodicals:News Weekly,Readers Digest,The New Yorke
12、rs.2.We are on the night shift from midnight to 7 a.m.猜一猜：期刊夜班三、构词法(formation)1合成法2派生法3转化法（考点熟词生意）合成法：指两个或多个单词按照一定的组合规律组合在一合成法：指两个或多个单词按照一定的组合规律组合在一起，形成一个新的单词。起，形成一个新的单词。猜一猜：猜一猜：ill-treat_ single-handed _ new-born_ color-blind_ 对点真题：对点真题：Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside.I ran the ris
13、k of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare,“But Im just not creative.”1合成法A.mistake B.drawback C.difficulty D.burden虐待独自色盲的新生的down+side 2派生法常见的前缀有常见的前缀有：in/im-:incorrect impossible mini-:miniskirt,minibusre-:rewrite,reuse,reconsiderdis-:disagree,d
14、islike,disappear,mis-:misunderstand,misleadfore-:foretell,forecastover-:overwork,overcoat,overuseant/anti-:antibiotics,anti-Japanesemal-:maltreat,malnutritionab-:abnormal,abusesub-subconscious,subtitle 通过在词根上添加前缀或后缀构造新词。一般讲前缀改变词义不变词性，后缀改通过在词根上添加前缀或后缀构造新词。一般讲前缀改变词义不变词性，后缀改变词性不变词义。变词性不变词义。后缀有后缀有：-er t
15、eacher,worker,container-or visitor,sailor,instructor-tion education,satisfaction-ment development,movement-ion action,solution,conclusion-ous dangerous,humorous-ful helpful，careful-able comfortable,acceptable3转化法（考点熟词生意）转化法：转化法：把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变。高考中常把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变。高考中常考熟词生意考熟词生意,同学们注意积累，做题时也要结合语境
16、进行检查。同学们注意积累，做题时也要结合语境进行检查。1.Dont let your personal feelings cloud your judgment.2.He wolfed down three bowls of rice.猜一猜：猜一猜：模糊狼吞虎咽四、生活常识和文化背景（Common sense）Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belong
17、ings？The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.1.What do the words“more is more”in paragraph 1 probably mean？A.The more,the better.B.Enough is enough.C.More money,more worries.D.Earn more and spend more.同学们可以利用生活常识和文化背景进行猜测词义，但每个人已有的知识和经验存同学们可以利
18、用生活常识和文化背景进行猜测词义，但每个人已有的知识和经验存在差异，做题时要多结合语境。在差异，做题时要多结合语境。对点真题:（2018全国卷）五、利用上下文语境（Context）My Favorite Books Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series（系列）of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads.Matilda Roald Dahl I once wrote a paper on the influence of
19、fairy tales on Roald Dahls writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words.Matildas battles with her cruel me parents and the bossy headmisres，Miss Trunchbull，are equally fumy and frightening，but theyre also aspirational.(2019.全国卷2)1.What does“I”refer to?A.Stephen King
20、.B.Gillian Flynn.C.Jo Usmar.D.Roald Dahl利用上下文语境猜测词义要注意进行全面考虑，结合关键词和词利用上下文语境猜测词义要注意进行全面考虑，结合关键词和词语的搭配等语的搭配等对点真题：词义猜测词义猜测逻辑关系逻辑关系同义或近义同义或近义反义反义因果因果解释说明解释说明下定义下定义定语从句定语从句同位语同位语举例举例标点符号标点符号 构词法构词法合成；合成；派生；派生；转化转化文化常识文化常识语境语境Mind Map:猜测词义题的解题步骤：猜测词义题题涉及选材背景、句型结构、文章主旨、作者观点猜测词义题题涉及选材背景、句型结构、文章主旨、作者观点态度等方面。
21、联系主旨，态度等方面。联系主旨，整合上下文信息整合上下文信息是解这类题的关键。是解这类题的关键。首先，要确认所要求猜测单词、短语或句子在文中的首先，要确认所要求猜测单词、短语或句子在文中的位置位置；其次，审读题干，确认其次，审读题干，确认猜测点猜测点。第三，整合上下文信息，确认猜测点与第三，整合上下文信息，确认猜测点与语境语境之间的关系。之间的关系。第四，猜测句子的第四，猜测句子的大致意思大致意思。最后，最后，比较选择项，确定答案比较选择项，确定答案。22Victory is always possible for the person who refuses to stop fighting!
